Lobbying allies?: The NSZZ Solidarnonb Coordinating Office Abroad, 1982-1989

Journal of Cold War Studies

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 83-125

  Goddeeris, Idesbald ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84861456128     PISSN: 15203972     EISSN: 15313298     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/JCWS_a_00143     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. For notes from the meeting in Brussels, see Biuletyn Informacyjny Biura Informacyjnego Solidarności w Szwecji, No. 7 (25 February 1982), pp. 15-16.
2. Przekazy: Biuletyn Informacyjny Grupy Roboczej Solidarnonść Berlin Zachodni, No. 3 (April 1982), pp. 38-49.
3. The Grupa Delegatów Krajowego Zjazdu NSZZ Solidarnonść za Granica{ogonek} had its own periodical, Solidarnonść i Wytrwalonb, of which at least six volumes were published from March to August 1982. The group had eleven members, including Krystyny Ruchniewicz, who ran a secretariat in Brussels. See also Solidarnonść: Biuletyn informacyjny (Brussels), No. 9 (7 March 1982), pp. 1-4; and "Wywiad z JerzymMilewskim, " Pogla{ogonek}d: Dwutygodnik Komitetu Obrony Solidarności, No. 82 (4/9) (12May 1985), p. 12.
4. Yossi Shain, The Frontier of Loyalty: Political Exiles in the Age of the Nation-State (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005), p. 167.
5. On the relief fromWest Germany in the 1980s, see Krystyna Jagiello, Aniol przemówil po niemiecku (Warsaw: Presspublica, 1993).
6. Albrecht Riechers, Hilfe für Solidarnonść: Zivilgesellschaftliche und staatliche Beispiele aus der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in den Jahren 1980-1982 (Bonn: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2006), available online at http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/historiker/03788.pdf.
7. Gabriela Kreihs, Dobro ukryte w archiwach: Akcja dobroczynna Konciola katolickiego w czasie kryzysu gospodarczego i politycznego w Polsce lat 1981-1990 (Katowice, Poland: Ksie{ogonek}garnia nw. Jacka, 2004).
8. Friszke, "Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna. " Czarlewski's prominence in Friszke's work can be explained by the fact that Czarlewski is one of Friszke's main sources. Friszke and his research team went through a great deal of material, both intelligence archives and personal papers. They also looked at other underground activists, such as Eugeniusz Szumiejko, Bogdan Lis, andWiktor Kulerski. However, they did not use the most important material on which this article is based: exile periodicals, Zdzislaw Najder's papers, and a volume in the Security Service (SB) archive pertaining to the Coordinating Office. The SB copied documents from one file to another, but Friszke did not consult any of the files I found in Instytut Pamie{ogonek}ci Narodowej (IPN); BU 01917/116; IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 1-12; and IPN, 514/21 t. 1-37. He also did not draw on the SB investigative files in his discussion of the events surrounding the SB's collection of materials on Jacek Knapik's defection and Lis's arrest.
9. The Solidarnonść Archives in Gdańsk has claimed that they have about 40 meters of materials transferred from the Coordinating Office repository in Brussels, but Joanna Pilarska has expressed doubts about this information. Having found that the archives in Brussels were neglected and even destroyed by rain and lack of interest, she doubts that anything could have been transferred. See J. Pilarska, interview, Warsaw, 16 January 2006.
10. See also Arch Puddington, Lane Kirkland: Champion of American Labor (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2005), p. 186.
11. B. Lis to J. Milewski, Gdańsk, 8 May 1982, in Onrodek Karta, Archiwum Opozycji-Zdzislaw Najder, Solidarnonść Zagranica{ogonek} do r. 1985 (hereinafter referred to as Najder-do 1985). See also M. Lopiński, M. Moskit, and M. Wilk, Konspira: Rzecz o podziemnej "Solidarności" (Paris: Przednwit, 1984), p. 97.
12. For detailed biographies, see IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 4, p. 195; IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 12, pp. 164-165; and "Wywiad z Jerzym Milewskim, " pp. 10-11. An extensive necrology is provided in Ryszarda Socha, "Urze{ogonek}dnik Rzeczypospolitej, " Kultura (Paris), No. 613 (October 1998), pp. 125-134.
13. For the protocols of the meeting, see Najder-do 1985. See also P. Chruszczyński, interview, in Kultura, No. 481 (October 1987), p. 108.
14. J. Milewski, interview, Voice of America, 21 March 1982, transcribed in IPN 01521/2175, p. 17. The WCL was the successor to the International Confederation of Christian Trade Unions.
15. Tabin left the editorial board in October 1988 and was replaced by Chruszczyński. See Solidarnonść: Biuletyn informacyjny (Paris), No. 202 (12 October 1988), p. 17.
16. For biographical information about Blumsztajn and Chojecki, see Skórzyński et al., Opozycja w PRL, Vol. 1, pp. 41-43, 54-56.
17. K. Pomian, letter to the editor of Kultura, 13 September 1987, in Kultura, No. 481 (October 1987), p. 143. Ne{ogonek}dzyński is mentioned, among others, in the Note of the meeting of the Coordinating Office, Paris, 28 May 1988, in Najder-do 1988.
18. Members of the Solidaritets Informationskontor i Sverige regularly participated in Danish demonstrations, met with the Danish prime minister and trade unionists, and collaborated with the Nordic/ Scandinavian umbrella trade union Nordens Fackliga Samoorganisation. See Biuletyn informacyjny Biura Informacyjnego Solidarności w Szwecji, No. 8 (8 March 1982), p. 9.
19. "Biuro Koordynacyjne NSZZ "Solidarnonść" za granica{ogonek}, " in IPN BU 01820/49, Vol. 1, p. 13; and "Notatka dot. tzw. Biura Koordynacyjnego, " in IPN BU 01820/49, Vol. 12, p. 192. The masthead of Blumsztajn's Bulletin d'information, No. 50 (12 January 1983), lists nine cities: Amsterdam, Bremen, Brussels, New York, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Toronto, and Zurich.
20. Riechers, Hilfe für Solidarnonść, pp. 38-58, esp. 56 (quoting a letter in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung from 30 July 1982).
21. Kowalewski himself had Trotskyist sympathies. In the 1970s, he spent time in Cuba and wrote Guerilla latyno-amerykańska: Szkice z dziejów rewolucyjnych walk partyzanckich XX wieku (Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1978), in which he defended the concept of "active struggle" (walka czynna). S. Blumsztajn, interview, Warsaw, 13 January 2006.
22. For letters of Kowalewski and others to Józef Pinior in Wroclaw found after the arrest of Pinior in April 1983, see IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 3, p. 69. See also an interview with Piotr Chruszczyński in Kultura, No. 481 (October 1987), p. 109; K. Gebert, Magia slów: Polityka francuska wobec Polski po 13 grudnia 1981 r. (London: The Annex, 1991), p. 47; and Friszke, "Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna, " p. 64.
23. Report of an interrogation of Andrzej Zaja{ogonek}c, in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 3, pp. 107-123. See also Andrzej Zaja{ogonek}c, interview with P. Chruszczyński in Kultura, No. 481 (October 1987), p. 116. Zaja{ogonek}c was in France for a few years from April 1982.
24. See Krystyna Ruchniewicz-Misiak's reaction on the 25th anniversary of Solidarnonść in "Replika z emigracji, " Glos: Tygodnik Katolicko-Narodowy, No. 17 (May 2006), http://www.glos.com.pl/ Archiwum_nowe/Rok%202006/017/strona/replikaEmigracji.html.
25. Pilarska, interview; and "Struktura..., second half of 1986, " in IPN, BU MSW II 800. The members of the Paris committee at that time were Chruszczyński, T. Labe{ogonek}dv, D. Nowakowska, W. Sikora, and Tabin.
26. "Ugrupowania emigracyjne 'Solidarności' na Zachodzie, " in IPN, BU MSW II 3998, pp. 11-15; and "'Solidarnonść' na Zachodzie, " Kultura, No. 438 (March 1984), pp. 95-96.
27. "Struktura..., second half of 1986, " in IPN, BU MSW II 800; and J. Milewski to L. Wale{ogonek}sa, Brussels, 17 November 1985, in Najder-do 1985.
28. All information in this paragraph is from M. Garztecki, interview, Warsaw, 16 October 2008; and M. Garztecki, emails, from March 2009.
29. M. Michalski to the TKK in Poland, Stockholm, 15 June 1987, in Onrodek Karta, Archiwum Opozycji-Zdzislaw Najder, Solidarnonść Zagranica{ogonek} do r. 1987 (hereinafter referred to as Najder-do 1987).
30. For examples of the reports, appeals, and interviews published outside of Brussels and Paris, see the U.S. Studium Papers, Vol. 8, No. 4 (October 1984), pp. 93-101.
31. See Solidarnonść News, No. 5 (15 August 1983).
32. J. Milewski to Z. Bujak, Brussels, 24 November 1984, in Najder-Polska{ogonek}; J. Milewski to Z. Bujak, Brussels, 28 April 1985, in Najder-Polska{ogonek}; and J. Milewski to Z. Bujak, Brussels, 30 June 1985, in Najder-do 1985.
33. Z. Milewski to the TKK, Brussels, 4 March 1985, in Najder-do 1985; Z. Milewski to the TKK, Brussels, 30 June 1985, in Najder-do 1985; and Z. Milewski to the TKK, Brussels, 15 July 1983, in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 11, pp. 231-240.
34. Pilarska, interview.
35. Milewski to Borusewicz, 4 March 1985.
36. J. Milewski to Z. Bujak, Brussels, 28 April 1985, in Najder-do 1985.
37. J. Milewski to Z. Bujak, 6 August 1984, in Najder-Polska{ogonek}; and J. Milewski to the TKK and L. Wale{ogonek}sa, Brussels, 30 June 1985, in Najder-do 1985.
38. Pilarska, interview; Socha, "Urze{ogonek}dnik Rzeczypospolitej, " p. 130; and Skórzyński et al., Opozycja w PRL, Vol. 1, p. 319. The visit is not mentioned in the press materials produced by the Coordinating Office. Slowik stayed more than three months, and the Coordinating Office organized meetings for him at the White House and State Department, with congressional representatives, with the pope, and with a large number of West European politicians and trade unionists.
39. For more on communication with the Polish underground, see Friszke, "Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna, " pp. 67, 78, 80, 120.
40. Łopiński, Moskit, and Wilk, Konspira, p. 142.
41. Marek Kunicki-Goldfinger, "Spoleczny Komitet Nauki, " in Friszke, ed., Solidarnonść podziemna 1981-1989, pp. 581-589. Lasota's activities have not yet been studied in detail and fall beyond the scope of this article.
42. Norbert Boratyn et al., "Czynniki okrenlaja{ogonek}ce dynamike{ogonek} ruchu 'Solidarnonść' w latach 1980-1981, " in Marcin Kula, ed., Solidarnonść w ruchu 1980-1981 (Warsaw: NOWA, 2000), pp. 17-37; and Ireneusz Krzemiński, "Proces formowania sie{ogonek} Niezaleínego Samorza{ogonek}dnego Zwia{ogonek}zku Zawodowego 'Solidarnonść,'" in Ireneusz Krzemiński et al., eds., Polacy-jesień '80 (Warsaw: Wydzial Filozofii i Socjologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2005), pp. 133-134.
43. Lawrence Goodwyn, Breaking the Barrier: The Rise of Solidarity in Poland (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 283-285, 307.
44. See, for example, J. Milewski, letter to the editor, Kultura, No. 429 (June 1983), p. 169.
45. ICFTU Finance Department to the WCL, Brussels, 26 February 1982, in International Institute for Social History (IISH), Amsterdam, ICFTU 613b, p. 935.
46. ICFTU executive board materials 1982-1989, in IISH, ICFTU 257, 270, 282, 288, 297, 307.
47. See the interview with GeneralWladyslaw Pozoga, the deputy head of theMinistry of Internal Affairs, in Solidarnonść News, No. 71 (30 June 1986), p. 2.
48. Solidarnonść News, No. 80 (19 November 1986), p. 1.
49. Rebecca Gumbrell-McCormick, "Facing New Challenges: The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (1972-1990s), " in van der Linden, ed., The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, pp. 323-333, 349.
50. Patrick Pasture, "Jan Kulakowski: From Exile to International Trade Union Leader and Diplomat, " inMichel Dumoulin and Idesbald Goddeeris, eds., Integration or Legitimacy? Polish Exiles in Belgium and the European Construction (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Academia Bruylant, 2005), pp. 99-120.
51. Idesbald Goddeeris, "Western Trade Unions and Solidarnonść: A Comparison from a Polish Perspective, " The Polish Review, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Autumn 2007), pp. 305-329.
52. Andrzej Chwalba, Czasy "Solidarności": Francuscy zwia{ogonek}zkowcy i NSZZ "Solidarnonść" (Kraków: Ksie{ogonek}garnia Akademicka, 1997).
53. Jacques Lévesque, "The Messianic Character of 'New Thinking': Why and What For?" in Olav Njølstad, ed., The Last Decade of the Cold War: From Conflict Escalation to Conflict Transformation (London: Frank Cass, 2004), p. 169.
54. José Faraldo, "Spanish Trade Unions, " paper presented at the "Solidarity?Western European Trade Unions and Solidarnonść, 1980-89" conference, Brussels and Leuven, Belgium, December 2006.
55. Giles Hart, For Our Freedom and Yours: Za Nasza{ogonek} i Wasza{ogonek} Wolnonść-A History of the Polish Solidarity Campaign of Great Britain 1980-1994 (London: Polish Solidarity Campaign, 1995).
56. Berger, "Solidarnonść, " pp. 75-76.
57. Leaflet, n.d., in Najder-do 1985. Although undated, the leaflet mentions events that occurred in late 1985 and does not refer to Solidarnonść's affiliation with the ICFTU and WCL, which began in November 1986.
58. J. Milewski to T. Kahn, Brussels, 27 June 1986, in Najder-do 1985; J. Milewski to 'Raymond' (senior director for international communications and information [of the AFL-CIO?]), Brussels, 31 December 1986, in Onrodek Karta, Archiwum Opozycji-Zdzislaw Najder, Solidarnonść Zagranica{ogonek} do r. 1986 (hereinafter referred to as Najder-do 1986; and M. Chojecki, interview, Warsaw, 17 January 2006.
59. Gregory F. Domber, "The AFL-CIO, the Reagan Administration and Solidarnonść, " The Polish Review, Vol. 52, No. 3 (2008), pp. 277-279.
60. The AFL-CIO's position toward Reagan, whose presidency Walter Galenson calls "the most difficult period for organized labor since the early 1930s, " is well known, but the American trade union had also been disappointed with Carter's economic policy. See Walter Galenson, The American Labor Movement, 1955-1995 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996), p. 53.
61. James M. Shevis, "The AFL-CIO and Poland's Solidarity, "World Affairs, Vol. 144, No. 1 (Summer 1981), pp. 31-32.
62. "Pomoc finansowa dla NSZZ 'Solidarnonść' z zagranicy, " Kultura, No. 480 (September 1987), p. 109; and "Wywiad z Jerzym Milewskim, " p. 13. Bégin, in "Kontakte, " p. 318, claims the French collection was actually 10.1 million francs ($1.26 million). See also Jonathan Kwitny, Man of the Century: The Life and Times of Pope John Paul II (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997), pp. 421-422, 448-449; and Jan Kulakowski, interview, Brussels, 19 December 2005.
63. The Coordinating Office raised about $450,000 in 1985 and 1986. See "Pomoc finansowa dla NSZZ 'Solidarnonść' z zagranicy, " Kultura, No. 480 (September 1987), pp. 108-110. This is a translation of official information released by the office. For an English version, see Solidarnonść News, No. 96 (15 August 1987).
64. "1983 Report of the United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, " in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 2, p. 63; Colin S. Cavell, Exporting "Made-in-America" Democracy: The National Endowment for Democracy and U.S. Foreign Policy (Lanham, MD: University Press of Press, 2002), p. 89.
65. "1983 Report of the United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, " esp. p. 63.
66. "Endowment for Democracy: Program pomocy dla krajów europejskich za rok 1986, " Kultura, No. 478-479 (July-August 1987), pp. 162-163; National Endowment for Democracy: 1986 Donations for Poland, in Najder-do 1986; and Cavell, Exporting, p. 94.
67. See Kim Scipes, "It's Time to Come Clean: Open the AFL-CIO Archives on International Labor Operations, " Labor Studies Journal, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer 2000), pp. 4-25. Direct collaboration between the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Coordinating Office was explicitly and regularly denied, and financial records were made available to corroborate the denials.
68. Kwitny, Man of the Century, pp. 422-425, 427, 452, 506. Kwitny, who has a political axe to grind, tries to prove that the pope-unlike Józef Glemp (who collaborated with the authorities) and Reagan (with whom the Vatican disagreed on matters such as social policy, the arms' race, the embargo on trade with Poland, and the Falklands War)-was the only one who continued to believe in Solidarnonść. Kwitny denies that the U.S. administration played a significant role in the dénouement of the ColdWar. He claims that the CIA did not support the Polish underground (using many interviews to take the edge off journalistic accounts by Carl Bernstein and Peter Schweizer about a "holy alliance" between Reagan and John Paul II to undertake a clandestine campaign to hasten the dissolution of the Communist empire) and that the AFL-CIO was at war with the U.S. government and aided Solidarnonść independently. All of these assertions are wrong. The U.S. government actively fought Communism and cooperated with the AFL-CIO, as well as with the Coordinating Office. Whether the U.S. government set up secret operations with the Holy See-the core of the disagreement between Bernstein and Kwitny-is a question that cannot be fully answered here.
69. J. Milewski, interview, Deutschlandfunk, 22 May 1985, in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 5, p. 91.
70. Solidarnonść: Biuletyn informacyjny (Brussels), No. 6 (14 February 1982), pp. 4-5.
71. J. Milewski to Adam (B. Lis), Brussels, 30 October 1983, in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 11, pp. 217-226. See also Leszek Jesień and Jan Kulakowski, Spotkania na Bagateli: Polska Europa Nwiat: Z Janem Kulakowskim rozmawia Leszek Jesień (Warsaw: Rhetos, 2004), pp. 140-143.
72. Solidarnonść News, No. 1 (10 June 1983), p. 2.
73. Robert F. Gorman and Edward S. Mihalkanin, Historical Dictionary of Human Rights and Humanitarian Organizations (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press Inc., 1997).
74. Memorandum from Slawomir Czarlewski to ICRC, February 1983, in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 4, pp. 56 ff.
75. Gorman and Mihalkanin, Historical Dictionary, p. 105.
76. "Informacja: Dotyczy da{ogonek}íeń administracji amerykańskiej do wykorzystania 'sprawy polskiej' na forum KBWE, " 25 January 1982, in IPN, BU MSW II 3874.
77. Wojciech Gontarski, "Biuro Koordynacyjne NSZZ 'Solidarnonść' za granica{ogonek} w Brukseli, " MA Thesis, Instytut Kryminalistyki i Kryminologii of the Akademia Spraw Wewne{ogonek}trznych, 1989, p. 109, in IPN, BU 01521/2175. This source, however, may not be reliable. Gontarski's interpretations are propagandistic and completely in line with the official doctrine of the Communist authorities, and his thesis contains glaring mistakes and exaggerations. For instance, Gontarski claims (on p. 61) that, according to an 8 January 1985 Radio Free Europe broadcast, the Coordinating Office was receiving $900,000 a year. The broadcast actually mentions a figure that is only half that amount. See the record of it in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 4, pp. 71-73.
78. See also the reports in Poland Watch, No. 3 (Spring-Summer 1983), pp. 41-42.
79. "ICFTU Circular No. 17, " 18 April 1984, in IISH, ICFTU 555.
80. J. Milewski, interview, Radio Free Europe, 14 May 1985, transcript, in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 5, p. 100.
81. Victor-Yves Ghebali, The International Labour Organisation: A Case Study on the Evolution of U.N. Specialised Agencies (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1989), p. 234.
82. See also Chwalba, Czasy "Solidarności, " pp. 193-197.
83. Ghebali, The International Labour Organisation, pp. 110-112. The five countries to have withdrawn and rejoined were Yugoslavia, which withdrew from 1949 to 1951; Venezuela, which withdrew from 1955 to 1958; Lesotho, which withdrew from 1971 to 1980; Vietnam, which withdrew from 1976 to 1980; and the United States, which withdrew from 1975 to 1980.
84. Ghebali, The International Labour Organisation, pp. 110-112. The five countries to have withdrawn and rejoined were Yugoslavia, which withdrew from 1949 to 1951; Venezuela, which withdrew from 1955 to 1958; Lesotho, which withdrew from 1971 to 1980; Vietnam, which withdrew from 1976 to 1980; and the United States, which withdrew from 1975 to 1980.
85. J. Milewski to the TKK and L. Wałe{ogonek}sa, Brussels, 30 June 1985, in Najder-do 1985; and Solidarnonść News, No. 49 (30 June 1985), pp. 1-2.
86. Solidarnonść News, No. 71 (30 June 1986), pp. 1-2.
87. J. Milewski to the TKK and L. Wałe{ogonek}sa, Brussels, 22 March 1986, in Najder-do 1986.
88. Solidarnonść News, No. 93 (30 June 1987), pp. 1-2. Copies of the objection and reports about the hearings of Milewski are in Najder-do 1986.
89. Gebert, Magia slów, p. 32.
90. Helene Sjursen, The United States, Western Europe and the Polish Crisis: International Relations in the Second Cold War (Houndmills, UK: Palgrave, 2003), pp. 27-30, 75-76.
91. J. Milewski, interview, Radio Free Europe, 6 February 1985, in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 4, p. 111; J. Milewski, interview, Radio Free Europe, 20 February 1985, in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 4, p. 114; J. Milewski, interview, Radio Free Europe, 2 May 1985, transcript, in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 5, p. 93; J. Milewski, interview, Radio Free Europe, 14 May 1985, transcript in IPN, BU 01820/ 49, Vol. 5, p. 98; and J. Mikewski, interview, Voice of America, 10 February 1985, trancript in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 5, p. 100.
92. "Material roboczy na zebranie Biura Koordynacyjnego Solidarności w Brukseli, " March 1986, in Najder-do 1986.
93. J. Milewski, interview, Radio Free Europe, 2 May 1985, transcript in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 5, p. 104; and J. Milewski, interview, Radio Free Europe, 19March 1985, transcript in IPN, BU 01820/ 49, Vol. 5, p. 86.
94. Pilarska, interview.
95. J. Milewski to the TKK, 7 May 1983, pp. 227-230; and J. Milewski, interview, Radio Free Europe, 6 February 1982, transcript in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 4, p. 111. On Brandt and Solidarnonść, see, also, Przekazy: Biuletyn Informacyjny Grupy Roboczej Solidarnonść Berlin Zachodni, No. 7 (July 1982), p. 4.
96. Solidarnonść News, No. 59 (15 December 1985), p. 2.
97. Solidarnonść News, No. 59 (15 December 1985), p. 2.
98. "Material roboczy na zebranie Biura Koordynacyjnego Solidarności w Brukseli, " March 1986, in Najder-1986; and J. Milewski to Z. Najder, Brussels, 2 June 1988, in Najder-do 1988.
99. Chwalba, Czasy "Solidarności, " pp. 188-189.
100. Solidarnonść News, No. 82 (15 January 1987), pp. 1-3.
101. J. Milewski to "Adam" (B. Lis), Brussels, 30 October 1983, in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 11, pp. 217-226.
102. J. Milewski, interview, Radio Free Europe, 22 October 1985, transcript in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 11, p. 73; and J. Milewski, interview, Voice of America, 22 October 1985, transcript in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 11, p. 76; and Solidarnonść News, No. 56 (31 October 1985), pp. 1-2.
103. "National Endowment for Democracy: 1986 Donations for Poland, " in Najder-do 1986.
104. Solidarnonść News, No. 96 (15 August 1987), pp. 3-4.
105. Domber, "The AFL-CIO, " pp. 297-298. Domber's Ph.D. dissertation, completed in 2007 at George Washington University, is titled "Supporting the Revolution: America, Democracy, and the End of the Cold War in Poland (1981-1989). "
106. Solidarnonść News, No. 96 (15 August 1987), pp. 3-4.
107. Domber, "The AFL-CIO, " p. 298.
108. Friszke, "Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna, " p. 174.
109. Transcription of a telephone conversation between E. Wasiutyńska and Eugenia Kemble of the FTUI-AFL-CIO, 1 May 1987, in Najder-do 1987.
110. Milewski to Najder, 2 June 1988.
111. Pilarska, interview.
112. Irena Lasota, letter to the editor, Kultura, No. 478-479 (July-August 1987), pp. 165-166.
113. Domber, "The AFL-CIO, " pp. 300-301.
114. Solidarnonść News, No. 101 (1-15 November 1987), p. 1.
115. "Report of the Coordinating Office to the KKW, " 12 January 1988, in Najder-do 1988; and U.S. Senate to U.S. Comptroller General C. A. Bowsher, Washington, DC, 9May 1988, in Najder-do 1988. The authorization language was passed in H.R. 1777, the Foreign Relations Authorizations Act, and the appropriation language was part of a continuing resolution (H.J. Res. 395). On 22 December 1987, H.R. 1777 became public law (P.L.) 100-204, and H.J. Res. 395 became P.L. 100-202. The legislation was initiated by Representative Kemp on 6 August 1987.
116. Domber, "The AFL-CIO, " pp. 301-302.
117. "Report of the Coordinating Office (Brussels), " 10 April 1988, in Najder-do 1988.
118. "Report of the Coordinating Office (Brussels), " 24 July 1988, in Najder-do 1988.
119. The last-known Solidarnonść News, No. 180, is dated December 1992.
120. Solidarnonść News, No. 160 (February 1991), p. 3.
121. Socha, "Urze{ogonek}dnik Rzeczypospolitej, " p. 126.
122. Chwalba, Czasy "Solidarności, " p. 176.
123. Socha, "Urze{ogonek}dnik Rzeczypospolitej, " pp. 131-134. The publication of the list caused the fall of the Jan Olszewski government.
124. Chojecki, interview.
125. Chwalba, Czasy "Solidarności, " pp. 174-175.
126. Socha, "Urze{ogonek}dnik Rzeczypospolitej, " pp. 125, 131-134.
127. Slawomir Cenckiewicz and Piotr Gontarczyk, SB a Lech Wale{ogonek}sa: Przyczynek do biografii (Warsaw: Instytut Pamie{ogonek}ci Narodowej, 2008). Neither this book nor Cenckiewicz's earlier study on migration and Polish security, Oczami bezpieki: Szkice i materialy z dziejów aparatu bezpieczeństwa PRL (Kraków: Wyd. Arcana, 2005), mentions the foreign activities of the SB. Other Polish scholars have been more cautious when discussing leading figures in the Solidarnonść underground who have been suspected of collaboration with the SB (e.g., TKK member Zdzislaw Pietkun). See Friszke, "Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna, " p. 67.
128. Friszke, "Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna, " pp. 91, 181-182.
129. "Anonymous letter, " Brussels, 15 July 1983, in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 8, p. 50.
130. J. Milewski to Z. Bujak, Brussels, 28 April 1985, in Najder-Polska{ogonek}.
131. "Jacket, " No. 11893, in IPN, BU 02027/63.
132. "Korespondenci donosza{ogonek}, " in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 3, p. 195.
133. "Jacket, " No. 10502, in IPN, BU 01592/343.
134. "Jacket, " No. 10564, in IPN, BU 01592/391.
135. Socha, "Urze{ogonek}dnik Rzeczypospolitej, " pp. 131-134.
136. The file, archived on 16 April 1982, is in IPN, BU 01222/1353.
137. See the coverage in Gazeta Wyborcza, 27 June 2006, p. 3.
138. Chwalba, Czasy "Solidarności, " p. 157.
139. J. Milewski to L. Wale{ogonek}sa, Z. Bujak, and the TKK, Brussels, 31 January 1985, in Najder-Polska{ogonek}; J. Milewski to L. Wale{ogonek}sa, Z. Bujak, and the TKK, Brussels, 28 April 1985, in Najder-Polska{ogonek}; and J. Milewski to L. Wale{ogonek}sa, Z. Bujak, and the TKK, Brussels, 22 March 1986 in Najder-do 1986.
140. Solidarnonść News, No. 4 (22 July 1983).
141. J. Milewski to "Adam" (B. Lis), Brussels, 1 September 1983, in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 11, pp. 209-210.
142. See press clippings and translations of Le monde, Le quotidien, Le matin, and Die Welt, 25-26 May 1985, in IPN, BU 01820/49, Vol. 4, p. 231.
143. In 1985 and 1986, some official documents on the Polish opposition even stopped referring to Solidarnonść. See Milewski to the TKK and Wale{ogonek}sa, 15 May 1986. See also Chwalba, Czasy "Solidarności, " p. 177.
144. Friszke, "Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna, " pp. 66-69, 132-145.