Contemporary concepts in the pharmacotherapy of depression in older people

Canadian Pharmacists Journal

Volumn 145, Issue 3, 2012, Pages

  Rojas Fernandez, Carlos ^a   Mikhail, Mina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; AMFEBUTAMONE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT; CITALOPRAM; CYTOCHROME P450; DESIPRAMINE; DESVENLAFAXINE; DULOXETINE; ESCITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; LINEZOLID; MIRTAZAPINE; MOCLOBEMIDE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE; PETHIDINE; PLACEBO; SEROTONIN NORADRENALIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TAMOXIFEN; TRAMADOL; UNINDEXED DRUG; VENLAFAXINE; VINBLASTINE; VINCRISTINE; WARFARIN;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ABNORMAL DREAMING; AGING; AGITATION; ANHEDONIA; ANOREXIA; ANXIETY; APATHY; ARTHRALGIA; ASTHENIA; BEDTIME DOSAGE; BLURRED VISION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; CONCENTRATION LOSS; CONSTIPATION; DEATH; DECREASED APPETITE; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; DOSE DEPENDENT QT PROLONGATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRY EYE; DYSPEPSIA; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GERIATRIC CARE; GERONTOPSYCHIATRY; HEADACHE; HEART CONDUCTION; HUMAN; HYPERHIDROSIS; HYPERSOMNIA; HYPOCHONDRIASIS; HYPONATREMIA; HYPOTENSION; INAPPROPRIATE VASOPRESSIN SECRETION; INCIDENCE; INCREASED APPETITE; INSOMNIA; LATE LIFE DEPRESSION; LETHARGY; MOTOR RETARDATION; NAUSEA; NERVOUSNESS; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NURSING HOME; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PHARMACIST; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PREVALENCE; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; PSYCHOMOTOR DISORDER; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDER; QT PROLONGATION; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; RHINOPHARYNGITIS; SEDATION; SEIZURE THRESHOLD; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER; SOMNOLENCE; SORE THROAT; SUICIDE; SWEATING; THOUGHT DISORDER; TINNITUS; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TREMOR; URINE RETENTION; VOMITING; WEAKNESS; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION; XEROSTOMIA;

EID: 84861406916     PISSN: 17151635     EISSN: 1913701X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3821/145.3.cpj128     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Fourth edition, text revision. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
2. Alexopoulos GS, Buckwalter K, Olin J, et al. Comorbidity of late life depression: an opportunity for research on mechanisms and treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2002;52:543-58.
3. Alexopoulos GS, Kiosses DN, Klimstra S, et al. Clinical presentation of the "depression-executive dysfunction syndrome" of late life. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;10:98-106.
4. Alexopoulos GS. Depression in the elderly. Lancet 2005;365:1961-70.
5. Alexopoulos GS, Schultz SK, Lebowitz BD. Late-life depression: a model for medical classification. Biol Psychiatry 2005;58:283-9.
6. World Health Organization. Depression. Available: www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/definition/en/ (accessed February 27, 2012).
7. Rothschild AJ. The diagnosis and treatment of late-life depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57(Suppl 5):5-11.
8. Jeste DV, Blazer DG, First M. Aging-related diagnostic variations: need for diagnostic criteria appropriate for elderly psychiatric patients. Biol Psychiatry 2005;58:265-71.
9. Lebowitz BD, Pearson JL, Schneider LS, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of depression in late life: consensus statement update. JAMA 1997;278:1186-90.
10. Mulsant BH, Ganguli M. Epidemiology and diagnosis of depression in late life. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60(Suppl.20):9-15.
11. Charney DS, Reynolds CF III, Lewis L, et al. Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance consensus statement on the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in late life. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:664-72.
12. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9. Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001;16:606-13.
13. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatric Res 1982;17:37-49.
14. Carney RM, Freedland KE. Depression, mortality and medical morbidity in patients with coronary heart disease. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:241-47.
15. Luber MP, Meyers BS, Williams-Russo PG, et al. Depression and service utilization in elderly primary care patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;9:169-76.
16. Chen P, Ganguli M, Mulsant BH, et al. The temporal relationship between depressive symptoms and dementia: a communitybased prospective study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:261-6.
17. Alexopoulos GS. Vascular disease, depression and dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:1178-80.
18. Alexopoulos GS, Meyers BS, Young RC, et al. The course of geriatric depression with "reversible dementia": a controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1693-9.
19. Roman GC. Vascular depression: an archetypal neuropsychiatric disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60:1306-8.
20. Robinson RG. Poststroke depression: prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and disease progression. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:376-87.
21. Krishnan KR, Hays JC, Blazer DG. MRI-defined vascular depression. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:497-501.
22. nd ed. Bethesda (MD): American Society of Health System Pharmacists; 2010:317-32.
23. Unützer J. Clinical practice: late-life depression. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2269-76.
24. Heo M, Murphy CF, Fontaine KR, et al. Population projection of US adults with lifetime experience of depressive disorder by age and sex from year 2005 to 2050. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008;23:1266-70.
25. Wang PS, Schneeweiss S, Brookhart M., et al. Suboptimal antidepressant use in the elderly. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;25:118-26.
26. Rojas-Fernandez C, Thomas VS, Carver D, Tonks R. Suboptimal use of antidepressants in the elderly: a population-based study in Nova Scotia. Clin Ther 1999;21:1937-50.
27. Mamdani MM, Parikh SV, Austin PC, et al. Use of antidepressants among elderly subjects: trends and contributing factors. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:360-7.
28. Blazer DG, Hybels CF, Fillenbaum GG, et al. Predictors of antidepressant use among older adults: have they changed over time? Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:705-10.
29. Kupfer DJ. Achieving adequate outcomes in geriatric depression: Standardized criteria for remission. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;25(Suppl. 1):S24-8.
30. Rajji TK, Mulsant BH, Lotrich FE, et al. Use of antidepressants in late-life depression. Drugs Aging 2008;25:841-53.
31. Driscoll HC, Karp JF, Dew MA, et al. Getting better, getting well: understanding and managing partial and non-response to pharmacological treatment of non-psychotic major depression in old age. Drugs Aging 2007;24:801-14.
32. Mauskopf JA, Simon GE, Kalsekar A, et al. Nonresponse partial response and failure to achieve remission: humanistic and cost burden in major depressive disorder. Depress Anxiety 2009;26:83-97.
33. Zisook S, Ganadjian K, Moutier C, et al. Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D): lessons learned. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:1184-5.
34. Mittmann N, Herrmann N, Einarson TR, et al. The efficacy, safety and tolerability of antidepressants in late life depression: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 1997;46:191-217.
35. Mottram P, Wilson K, Strobl J. Antidepressants for depressed elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(1):CD003491.
36. Kent JM. SNaRIs, NaSSAs and NaRIs: new agents for the treatment of depression. Lancet 2000;355:911-8.
37. DeVane CL. Differential pharmacology of newer antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59(Suppl. 20):85-93.
38. Hemeryck A, Belpaire FM. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cytochrome P450 mediated drug-drug interactions: an update. Current Drug Metabolism 2002;3, 13-37.
39. Stahl SM, Grady MM, Moret C, Briley M. SNRIs: their pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in comparison with other classes of antidepressants. CNS Spectr 2005;10:732-47.
40. Repchinsky C, ed. Compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Pharmacists Association; 2010.
41. Semla TP, Beizer JL, Higbee MD. Geriatric dosage handbook. 16th ed. Hudson (OH): Lexi-Comp, Inc.; 2010.
42. Draper B, Berman K. Tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: issues relevant to the elderly. Drugs Aging 2008;25:501-19.
43. Wilson K, Mottram P. A comparison of side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants in older depressed patients: a meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004;19:754-62.
44. Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, et al. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a U.S. consensus panel of experts. Arch Inter Med 2003;163:2716-24.
45. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1112.
46. Kent JM. SNaRIs, NaSSAs and NaRIs: new agents for the treatment of depression. Lancet 2000;355:911-8.
47. Wellington K, Perry CM. Venlafaxine extended-release: a review of its use in the management of depression. CNS Drugs 2001;15:643-69.
48. Thase ME. Effects of venlafaxine on blood pressure: a metaanalysis of original data from 3,744 depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:502-8.
49. Stahl SM, Felker A. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: a modern guide to an unrequited class of antidepressants. CNS Spectr 2008;13:855-70.
50. Ravindran L, Conn D, Ravindran A. Pharmacotherapy of depression in older adults. Geriatr Aging 2005;8:20-7.
51. Driscoll HC, Karp JF, Dew MA, et al. Getting better, getting well: understanding and managing partial and non-response to pharmacological treatment of non-psychotic major depression in old age. Drugs Aging 2007;24:801-14.
52. Jefferson JW. Strategies for switching antidepressants to achieve maximum efficacy. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;9(Suppl E1):14-18.
53. Segal ZV, Kennedy SH, Cohen NL, et al. Clinical guidelines for the treatment of depressive disorders. V. Combining psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Can J Psychiatry 2001;46(Suppl 1):59S-62S.
54. Rush AJ. STAR*D: what have we learned? Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:201-4.
55. Lam RW, Wan DD, Cohen NL, et al. Combining antidepressants for treatment-resistant depression: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:685-93.
56. Rush AJ, Warden D, Wisniewski SR, et al. STAR*D: revising conventional wisdom. CNS Drugs 2009;23:627-47.
57. Fava M. Augmentation and combination strategies in treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62(Suppl 18):4-11.
58. Nelson JC. Managing treatment-resistant major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(Suppl 1):5-12.
59. Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR, et al. Medication augmentation after the failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1243-52.
60. Blier P, Gobbi G, Turcotte JE, et al. Mirtazapine and paroxetine in major depression: a comparison of monotherapy versus their combination from treatment initiation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009;19:457-65.
61. Adson DE, Kushner MG, Fahnhorst TA. Treatment of residual anxiety symptoms with adjunctive aripiprazole in depressed patients taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Affect Disord 2005;86:99-104.
62. Papakostas GI, Petersen TJ, Kinrys G, et al. Aripiprazole augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:1326-30.
63. Patkar AA, Peindl K, Mago R, et al. An open-label, raterblinded, augmentation study of aripiprazole in treatment-resistant depression. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2006;8:82-7.
64. Simon JS, Nemeroff CB. Aripiprazole augmentation of antidepressants for the treatment of partially responding and nonresponding patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:1216-20.
65. Berman RM, Marcus RN, Swanink R, et al. The efficacy and safety of aripiprazole as adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:843-53.
66. Marcus RN, McQuade RD, Carson WH, et al. The efficacy and safety of aripiprazole as adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder: a second multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:156-65.
67. Berman RM, Fava M, Thase ME, et al. Aripiprazole augmentation in major depressive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with inadequate response to antidepressants. CNS Spectr 2009;14:197-206.
68. Shelton RC, Tollefson GD, Tohen M, et al. A novel augmentation strategy for treating resistant major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:131-4.
69. Thase ME, Corya SA, Osuntokun O, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination, olanzapine and fluoxetine in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:224-36.
70. Bauer M, Pretorius HW, Constant EL, et al. Extended-release quetiapine as adjunct to an antidepressant in patients with major depressive disorder: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70:540-9.
71. Abilify (aripiprazole). Product information. Plainsboro (NJ): Bristol Myers Squibb; 2011.
72. Seroquel (quetiapine). Product information. Wilmington (DE): AstraZeneca; 2011.
73. Fleurence R, Williamson R, Jing Y, et al. A systematic review of augmentation strategies for patients with major depressive disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 2009;42:57-90.
74. Nelson C, Papakostas GI. Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of placebo controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:980-91.
75. Mulsant BH, Houck PR, Gildengers AG, et al. What is the optimal duration of a short-term antidepressant trial when treating geriatric depression? J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:113-20.
76. Williams JW Jr, Barrett J, Oxman T, et al. Treatment of dysthymia and minor depression in primary care: a randomized controlled trial in older adults. JAMA 2000;284:1519-26.
77. Hinrichsen GA. Recovery and relapse from major depressive disorder in the elderly. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:1575-9.
78. Reynolds CF III, Dew MA, Pollack BG, et al. Maintenance treatment of major depression in old age. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1130-8.
79. Reynolds CF 3rd, Frank E, Perel JM, et al. Nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy as maintenance therapies for recurrent major depression: a randomized controlled trial in patients older than 59 years. JAMA 1999;281:39-45.
80. Gallo JJ, Bogner HR, Morales KH, et al. The effect of a primary care practice-based depression intervention on mortality in older adults: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:689-98.
81. Driscoll HC, Basinski J, Mulsant BH, et al. Late-onset major depression: clinical and treatment-response variability. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005;20:661-7.
82. Scheerder G, De Coster I, Van Audenhove C. Pharmacists' role in depression care: a survey of attitudes, current practices and barriers. Psychiatr Serv 2008;59:1155-60.
83. Wiersgalla M, Salzman C. Enzyme metabolism and drug interactions. In: Salzman C, ed. Clinical geriatric psychopharmacology. 4th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
84. Yamada M, Yasuhara H. Clinical pharmacology of MAO inhibitors: safety and future. Neurotoxicology 2004;25:215-21.