Surface functionalization of silica nanoparticles supports colloidal stability in physiological media and facilitates internalization in cells

Langmuir

Volumn 28, Issue 20, 2012, Pages 7598-7613

  Graf, Christina ^a   Gao, Qi ^a   Schütz, Irene ^a   Noufele, Christelle Njiki ^a   Ruan, Wentao ^a   Posselt, Uta ^a   Korotianskiy, Elena ^a   Nordmeyer, Daniel ^a   Rancan, Fiorenza ^b   Hadam, Sabrina ^b   Vogt, Annika ^b   Lademann, Jürgen ^b   Haucke, Volker ^a   Rühl, Eckart ^a  

^a FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^b CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABSOLUTE VALUES; ALKOXYSILANES; ALKYL CHAIN; AMINOSILANES; CELL CULTURE MEDIA; CELLULAR UPTAKE; COLLOIDAL STABILITY; FUNCTIONALIZED; HELA CELL; L-ARGININE; L-LYSINE; PHYSIOLOGICAL BUFFERS; PHYSIOLOGICAL MEDIA; POSITIVE VALUE; POSITIVELY CHARGED; SILICA NANOPARTICLES; SILICA PARTICLES; STERIC STABILIZATION; SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION; TRIS BUFFERS;

ADSORPTION; AMINO ACIDS; CELL CULTURE; CELL MEMBRANES; ETHANOL; IONIC STRENGTH; PHYSIOLOGY; POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS; SILANES; SILICA; ZETA POTENTIAL;

STABILIZATION;

AMINO ACID; BUFFER; NANOPARTICLE; SILANE DERIVATIVE; SILICON DIOXIDE; WATER;

ADSORPTION; ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; COLLOID; HELA CELL; HUMAN; METABOLISM; OSMOLARITY; SURFACE PROPERTY; TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL;

ADSORPTION; AMINO ACIDS; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; BUFFERS; COLLOIDS; HELA CELLS; HUMANS; NANOPARTICLES; OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION; SILANES; SILICON DIOXIDE; SURFACE PROPERTIES; WATER;

EID: 84861354486     PISSN: 07437463     EISSN: 15205827     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/la204913t     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Talapin, D. V.; Lee, J. S.; Kovalenko, M. V.; Shevchenko, E. V. Prospects of Colloidal Nanocrystals for Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 389-458
2. Sengupta, S.; Eavarone, D.; Capila, I.; Zhao, G. L.; Watson, N.; Kiziltepe, T.; Sasisekharan, R. Temporal targeting of tumour cells and neovasculature with a nanoscale delivery system Nature 2005, 436, 568-572
3. Doshi, N.; Mitragotri, S. Designer Biomaterials for Nanomedicine Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 3843-3854
4. Han, G.; Ghosh, P.; Rotello, V. M. Functionalized gold nanoparticles for drug delivery Nanomedicine 2007, 2, 113-123
5. Davis, M. E.; Zuckerman, J. E.; Choi, C. H. J.; Seligson, D.; Tolcher, A.; Alabi, C. A.; Yen, Y.; Heidel, J. D.; Ribas, A. Evidence of RNAi in humans from systemically administered siRNA via targeted nanoparticles Nature 2010, 464, 1067-U140
6. Thierry, B.; Zimmer, L.; McNiven, S.; Finnie, K.; Barbe, C.; Griessert, H. J. Electrostatic self-assembly of PEG copolymers onto porous silica nanoparticles Langmuir 2008, 24, 8143-8150
7. Brayner, R. The toxicological impact of nanoparticles Nano Today 2008, 3, 48-55
8. CORDIS In European Communities, CORDIS; http://cordis.europa.eu/2009.
9. Napierska, D.; Thomassen, L. C. J.; Lison, D.; Martens, J. A.; Hoet, P. H. The nanosilica hazard: another variable entity Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2010, 7
10. Warheit, D. B.; Borm, P. J.; Hennes, C.; Lademann, J. Testing strategies to establish the safety of nanomaterials: conclusions of an ECETOC workshop Inhal. Toxicol. 2007, 19, 631-643
11. Wilhelm, C.; Gazeau, F.; Roger, J.; Pons, J. N.; Bacri, J. C. Interaction of anionic superparamagnetic nanoparticles with cells: Kinetic analyses of membrane adsorption and subsequent internalization Langmuir 2002, 18, 8148-8155
12. Kim, J. S.; Yoon, T. J.; Yu, K. N.; Noh, M. S.; Woo, M.; Kim, B. G.; Lee, K. H.; Sohn, B. H.; Park, S. B.; Lee, J. K.; Cho, M. H. Cellular uptake of magnetic nanoparticle is mediated through energy-dependent endocytosis in A549 cells J. Vet. Sci. 2006, 7, 321-326
13. Geiser, M.; Rothen-Rutishauser, B.; Kapp, N.; Schurch, S.; Kreyling, W.; Schulz, H.; Semmler, M.; Hof, V. I.; Heyder, J.; Gehr, P. Ultrafine particles cross cellular membranes by nonphagocytic mechanisms in lungs and in cultured cells Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 1555-1560
14. Mo, Y.; Barnett, M. E.; Takemoto, D.; Davidson, H.; Kompella, U. B. Human serum albumin nanoparticles for efficient delivery of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase gene Mol. Vision 2007, 13, 746-757
15. Young, A. Structural insights into the clathrin coat Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2007, 18, 448-458
16. Lajoie, P.; Nabi, I. R. Regulation of raft-dependent endocytosis J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2007, 11, 644-653
17. Conner, S. D.; Schmid, S. L. Regulated portals of entry into the cell Nature 2003, 422, 37-44
18. Medina-Kauwe, L. K.; Xie, J.; Hamm-Alvarez, S. Intracellular trafficking of nonviral vectors Gene Ther. 2005, 12, 1734-1751
19. Hu, L.; Mao, Z. W.; Gao, C. Y. Colloidal particles for cellular uptake and delivery J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 3108-3115
20. Holgate, S. T. Exposure, Uptake, Distribution and Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Humans. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 6, 1-19.
21. Leonenko, Z.; Finot, E.; Amrein, M. Adhesive interaction measured between AFM probe and lung epithelial type II cells Ultramicroscopy 2007, 107, 948-953
22. Mailänder, V.; Landfester, K. Interaction of Nanoparticles with Cells Biomacromolecules 2009, 10, 2379-2400
23. Stark, W. J. Nanoparticles in Biological Systems Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 1242-1258
24. Limbach, L. K.; Bereiter, R.; Müller, E.; Krebs, R.; Gälli, R.; Stark, W. J. Removal of oxide nanoparticles in a model wastewater treatment plant: Influence of agglomeration and surfactants on clearing efficiency Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 5828-5833
25. Lynch, I.; Cedervall, T.; Lundqvist, M.; Cabaleiro-Lago, C.; Linse, S.; Dawson, K. A. The nanoparticle-protein complex as a biological entity; a complex fluids and surface science challenge for the 21st century Adv. Colloid Interfac. 2007, 134-35, 167-174
26. Wilhelm, C.; Billotey, C.; Roger, J.; Pons, J. N.; Bacri, J. C.; Gazeau, F. Intracellular uptake of anionic superparamagnetic nanoparticles as a function of their surface coating Biomaterials 2003, 24, 1001-1011
27. Jansch, M.; Stumpf, P.; Graf, C. M.; Rühl, E.; Müller, R. H. Adsorption kinetics of plasma proteins on superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles Int. J. Pharm. 2012, 428, 125-33
28. Aggarwal, P.; Hall, J. B.; McLeland, C. B.; Dobrovolskaia, M. A.; McNeil, S. E. Nanoparticle interaction with plasma proteins as it relates to particle biodistribution, biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2009, 61, 428-437
29. Drescher, D.; Orts-Gil, G.; Laube, G.; Natte, K.; Veh, R. W.; Osterle, W.; Kneipp, J. Toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles on eukaryotic cell model is determined by particle agglomeration and serum protein adsorption effects Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2011, 400, 1367-1373
30. Kittler, S.; Greulich, C.; Gebauer, J. S.; Diendorf, J.; Treuel, L.; Ruiz, L.; Gonzalez-Calbet, J. M.; Vallet-Regi, M.; Zellner, R.; Koller, M.; Epple, M. The influence of proteins on the dispersability and cell-biological activity of silver nanoparticles J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 512-518
31. Orts-Gil, G.; Natte, K.; Drescher, D.; Bresch, H.; Mantion, A.; Kneipp, J.; Osterle, W. Characterisation of silica nanoparticles prior to in vitro studies: from primary particles to agglomerates J. Nanopart. Res. 2011, 13, 1593-1604
32. Gerion, D.; Pinaud, F.; Williams, S. C.; Parak, W. J.; Zanchet, D.; Weiss, S.; Alivisatos, A. P. Synthesis and properties of biocompatible water-soluble silica-coated CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 8861-8871
33. Graf, C.; Vossen, D. L. J.; Imhof, A.; van Blaaderen, A. A general method to coat colloidal particles with silica Langmuir 2003, 19, 6693-6700
34. Atarashi, T.; Kim, Y. S.; Fujita, T.; Nakatsuka, K. Synthesis of ethylene-glycol-based magnetic fluid using silica-coated iron particle J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 1999, 201, 7-10
35. Tartaj, P.; Gonzalez-Carreno, T.; Serna, C. J. Magnetic behavior of gamma-Fe2O3 nanocrystals dispersed in colloidal silica particles J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 20-24
36. Iler, R. K. The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties and Biochemistry of Silica; Wiley: New York, 1979.
37. Cavaliere-Jaricot, S.; Darbandi, M.; Nann, T. Au-silica nanoparticles by "reverse" synthesis of cores in hollow silica shells Chem. Commun. 2007, 20, 2031-2033
38. Ketelson, H. A.; Brook, M. A.; Pelton, R. H. Sterically stabilized silica colloids: Radical grafting of poly(methyl methacrylate) and hydrosilylative grafting of silicones to functionalized silica Polym. Adv. Technol. 1995, 6, 335-344
39. He, X. X.; Wang, K. M.; Tan, W. H.; Li, J.; Yang, X. H.; Huang, S. S.; Li, D.; Xiao, D. Photostable luminescent nanoparticles as biological label for cell recognition of system lupus erythematosus patients J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2002, 2, 317-320
40. Liu, S. H.; Han, M. Y. Synthesis, Functionalization, and Bioconjugation of Monodisperse, Silica-Coated Gold Nanoparticles: Robust Bioprobes Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 961-967
41. Graf, C.; Dembski, S.; Hofmann, A.; Rühl, E. A General Method for the Controlled Embedding of Nanoparticles in Silica Colloids Langmuir 2006, 22, 5604-5610
42. Park, J. N.; Forman, A. J.; Tang, W.; Cheng, J. H.; Hu, Y. S.; Lin, H. F.; McFarland, E. W. Highly Active and Sinter-Resistant Pd-Nanoparticle Catalysts Encapsulated in Silica Small 2008, 4, 1694-1697
43. Santra, S.; Liesenfeld, B.; Dutta, D.; Chatel, D.; Batich, C. D.; Tan, W. H.; Moudgil, B. M.; Mericle, R. A. Folate conjugated fluorescent silica nanoparticles for labeling neoplastic cells J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2005, 5, 899-904
44. Burns, A. A.; Vider, J.; Ow, H.; Herz, E.; Penate-Medina, O.; Baumgart, M.; Larson, S. M.; Wiesner, U.; Bradbury, M. Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles with Efficient Urinary Excretion for Nanomedicine Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 442-448
45. Dembski, S.; Graf, C.; Krüger, T.; Gbureck, U.; Ewald, A.; Bock, A.; Rühl, E. Photoactivation of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots embedded in silica colloids Small 2008, 4, 1516-1526
46. Bottini, M.; Cerignoli, F.; Mills, D. M.; D'Annibale, F.; Leone, M.; Rosato, N.; Magrini, A.; Pellecchia, M.; Bergamaschi, A.; Mustelin, T. Luminescent silica nanobeads: Characterization and evaluation as efficient cytoplasmatic transporters for T-lymphocytes J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 7814-7823
47. He, X. X.; Liu, F.; Wang, K. M.; Ge, J.; Qin, D. L.; Gong, P.; Tan, W. H. Bioeffects of different functionalized silica nanoparticles on HaCaT cell line Chin. Sci. Bull. 2006, 51, 1939-1946
48. van Blaaderen, A.; Velikov, K. P.; Hoogenboom, J. P.; Vossen, D. L. J.; Yethiraj, A.; Dullens, R.; van Dillen, T.; Polman, A., A. Manipulation of colloidal crystallization for photonic applications: from self-organization to do-it-youself-organization.. In Photonic Crystals and Light Localization in the 21st Century, Soukoulis, C. M., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 2001; Vol. 563, p 239.
49. Verhaegh, N. A. M.; van Blaaderen, A. Dispersions of Rhodamine-Labeled Silica Spheres-Synthesis, Characterization, and Fluorescence Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy Langmuir 1994, 10, 1427-1438
50. van Blaaderen, A.; Vrij, A. Synthesis and Characterization of Colloidal Dispersions of. Fluorescent, Monodisperse Silica Spheres Langmuir 1992, 8, 2921-2931
51. Ow, H.; Larson, D.; Srivastava, M.; Baird, B.; Webb, W.; Wiesner, U. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 113-117
52. Stöber, W.; Fink, A.; Bohn, E. Controlled Growth of Monodisperse Silica Spheres in Micron Size Range J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1968, 26, 62
53. Pastoriza-Santos, I.; Perez-Juste, J.; Liz-Marzan, L. M. Silica-coating and hydrophobation of CTAB-stabilized gold nanorods Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 2465-2467
54. van Dillen, T.; Snoeks, E.; Fukarek, W.; van Kats, C. M.; Velikov, K. P.; van Blaaderen, A.; Polman, A. Nucl. Instrum. Methods, B 2001, 175, 350
55. Imhof, A.; Megens, M.; Engelberts, J. J.; de Lang, D. T. N.; Sprik, R.; Vos, W. L. Spectroscopy of fluorescein (FITC) dyed colloidal silica spheres J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 1408-1415
56. Arriagada, F. J.; Osseo-Asare, K. Synthesis of nanosize silica in a nonionic water-in-oil microemulsion: Effects of the water/surfactant molar ratio and ammonia concentration J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1999, 211, 210-220
57. Bogush, G. H.; Zukoski, C. F. Uniform Silica Particle Precipitation: An Aggregative Growth Model J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1991, 142, 19-34
58. Philipse, A. P. Quantitative aspects of the growth of (charged) silica spheres Colloids Polym. Sci. 1988, 266, 1174-1180
59. van Blaaderen, A.; van Geest, J.; Vrij, A. Monodisperse Colloidal Silica Spheres from Tetraalkoxysilanes: Particle Formation and Growth Mechanism J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1992, 154, 481-501
60. Hartlen, K. D.; Athanasopoulos, A. P. T; Kitaev, V. Facile preparation of highly monodisperse small silica spheres (15 to >200 nm) suitable for colloidal templating and formation of ordered arrays Langmuir 2008, 24, 1714-1720
61. Clift, M. J. D.; Rothen-Rutishauser, B.; Brown, D. M.; Duffin, R.; Donaldson, K.; Proudfoot, L.; Guy, K.; Stone, V. The impact of different nanoparticle surface chemistry and size on uptake and toxicity in a murine macrophage cell line Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2008, 232, 418-427
62. Marquis, B. J.; Maurer-Jones, M. A.; Braun, K. L.; Haynes, C. L. Amperometric assessment of functional changes in nanoparticle-exposed immune cells: varying Au nanoparticle exposure time and concentration Analyst 2009, 134, 2293-2300
63. Chen, K. L.; Mylon, S. E.; Elimelech, M. Aggregation kinetics of alginate-coated hematite nanoparticles in monovalent and divalent electrolytes Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 1516-1523
64. Holthoff, H.; Egelhaaf, S. U.; Borkovec, M.; Schurtenberger, P.; Sticher, H. Coagulation rate measurements of colloidal particles by simultaneous static and dynamic light scattering Langmuir 1996, 12, 5541-5549
65. Lin, M. Y.; Lindsay, H. M.; Weitz, D. A.; Ball, R. C.; Klein, R.; Meakin, P. Universal Reaction-Limited Colloid Aggregation Phys. Rev. A 1990, 41, 2005-2020
66. Zhou, Z. K.; Chu, B. Fractal Study of Polystyrene Latex and Silica Particle Aggregates Physica A 1991, 177, 93-100
67. Lin, M. Y.; Lindsay, H. M.; Weitz, D. A.; Klein, R.; Ball, R. C.; Meakin, P. Universal Diffusion-Limited Colloid Aggregation J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 1990, 2, 3093-3113
68. Limbach, L. K.; Li, Y. C.; Grass, R. N.; Brunner, T. J.; Hintermann, M. A.; Muller, M.; Gunther, D.; Stark, W. J. Oxide nanoparticle uptake in human lung fibroblasts: Effects of particle size, agglomeration, and diffusion at low concentrations Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 9370-9376
69. RÖMPP Online, v 3.5; Georg Thieme Verlag KG, Stuttgart, 2009.
70. Brunner, T. J.; Wick, P.; Manser, P.; Spohn, P.; Grass, R. N.; Limbach, L. K.; Bruinink, A.; Stark, W. J. In vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles: Comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 4374-4381
71. Schaer, E.; Ravetti, R.; Plasari, E. Study of silica particle aggregation in a batch agitated vessel Chem. Eng. Process. 2001, 40, 277-293
72. Asenath-Smith, E.; Chen, W. How To Prevent the Loss of Surface Functionality Derived from Aminosilanes Langmuir 2008, 24, 12405-12409
73. Vejayakumaran, P.; Rahman, I. A.; Sipaut, C. S.; Ismail, J.; Chee, C. K. Structural and thermal characterizations of silica nanoparticles grafted with pendant maleimide and epoxide groups J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2008, 328, 81-91
74. Shen, S.-C.; Ng, W. K.; Chia, L.; Dong, Y.-C.; Tan, R. B. H. Sonochemical synthesis of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-modified monodispersed silica nanoparticles for protein immobilization Mater. Res. Bull. 2011, 46, 1665-1669
75. McNaught, A. D.; Wilkinson, A. IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2 nd ed.; Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford, 1997.
76. Petri-Fink, A.; Steitz, B.; Finka, A.; Salaklang, J.; Hofmann, H. Effect of cell media on polymer coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs): Colloidal stability, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake studies Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2008, 68, 129-137
77. Hofmann, A.; Thierbach, S.; Semisch, A.; Hartwig, A.; Taupitz, M.; Rühl, E.; Graf, C. Highly monodisperse water-dispersable iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 7842-7853
78. Kingshott, P.; Wei, J.; Bagge-Ravn, D.; Gadegaard, N.; Gram, L. Covalent attachment of poly(ethylene glycol) to surfaces, critical for reducing bacterial adhesion Langmuir 2003, 19, 6912-6921
79. Zhang, F.; Kang, E. T.; Neoh, K. G.; Wang, P.; Tan, K. L. Surface modification of stainless steel by grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) for reduction in protein adsorption Biomaterials 2001, 22, 1541-1548
80. Chen, Z. P.; Xu, R. Z.; Zhang, Y.; Gu, N. Effects of Proteins from Culture Medium on Surface Property of Silanes- Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2009, 4, 204-209
81. Pradier, C. M.; Karman, F.; Telegdi, J.; Kalman, E.; Marcus, P. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin on chromium and molybdenum surfaces investigated by Fourier-transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 6766-6773
82. Wiogo, H. T. R.; Lim, M.; Bulmus, V.; Yun, J.; Amal, R. Stabilization of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Biological Media by Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) Langmuir 2011, 27, 843-850
83. Verwey, E. J. W.; Overbeek, J. T. G. Theory of the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids; Elsevier: New York, 1948.
84. Derjaguin, B.; Landau, L. Acta Physicochim. URSS 1941, 14, 663-667
85. Morrison, I. D. Langmuir 1991, 7, 1920-1922
86. Ravel, R. Clinical Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Application of Laboratory Data, 6 th ed.; Mosby: St. Louis, 1995.
87. Elimelech, M.; Jia, X.; Gregory, J.; Williams, R. Particle Deposition & Aggregation: Measurement, Modelling and Simulation; Butterworth-Heinemann: Woburn, 1998.
88. Borkovec, M.; Behrens, S. H. Stabilization of aqueous colloidal dispersions: electrostatic and steric forces. In Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science, Hubbard, A., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 2002; pp 4795-4805.
89. Abe, T.; Kobayashi, S.; Kobayashi, M. Aggregation of colloidal silica particles in the presence of fulvic acid, humic acid, or alginate: Effects of ionic composition Colloid Surf., A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2011, 379, 21-26
90. Thomassen, L. C. J.; Aerts, A.; Rabolli, V.; Lison, D.; Gonzalez, L.; Kirsch-Volders, M.; Napierska, D.; Hoet, P. H.; Kirschhock, C. E. A.; Martens, J. A. Synthesis and Characterization of Stable Monodisperse Silica Nanoparticle Sols for in Vitro Cytotoxicity Testing Langmuir 2010, 26, 328-335
91. Lee, H. J.; Moon, S. H. Influences of colloidal stability and electrokinetic property on electrodialysis performance in the presence of silica sol J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 270, 406-412
92. van der Heyden, F. H. J.; Stein, D.; Besteman, K.; Lemay, S. G.; Dekker, C. Charge inversion at high ionic strength studied by streaming currents Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 96
93. Borkovec, M.; Papastavrou, G. Interactions between solid surfaces with adsorbed polyelectrolytes of opposite charge Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2008, 13, 429-437
94. Hanover, J. A.; Willingham, M. C.; Pastan, I. Kinetics of Transit of Transferrin and Epidermal Growth-Factor through Clathrin-Coated Membranes Cell 1984, 39, 283-293
95. Wang, S. H.; Song, H. P.; Ong, W. Y.; Han, M. Y.; Huang, D. J. Positively charged and pH self-buffering quantum dots for efficient cellular uptake by charge mediation and monitoring cell membrane permeability Nanotechnology 2009, 20
96. Kabouridis, P. S. Biological applications of protein transduction technology Trends Biotechnol. 2003, 21, 498-503
97. Liu, Y. L.; Shipton, M. K.; Ryan, J.; Kaufman, E. D.; Franzen, S.; Feldheim, D. L. Synthesis, stability, and cellular internalization of gold nanoparticles containing mixed peptide-poly(ethylene glycol) monolayers Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 2221-2229
98. Zhu, Y. F.; Fang, Y.; Borchardt, L.; Kaskel, S. PEGylated hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles as potential drug delivery vehicles Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2011, 141, 199-206
99. Gu, Y. J.; Cheng, J. P.; Lin, C. C.; Lam, Y. W.; Cheng, S. H.; Wong, W. T. Nuclear penetration of surface functionalized gold nanoparticles Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2009, 237, 196-204
100. Yague, C.; Moros, M.; Grazu, V.; Arruebo, M.; Santamaria, J. Synthesis and stealthing study of bare and PEGylated silica micro- and nanoparticles as potential drug-delivery vectors Chem. Eng. J. 2008, 137, 45-53