Social anxiety modulates subliminal affective priming

PLoS ONE

Volumn 7, Issue 5, 2012, Pages

  Paul, Elizabeth S ^a   Pope, Stuart A J ^a   Fennell, John G ^a   Mendl, Michael T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COGNITION; EMOTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MENTAL TASK; MOOD; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL PHOBIA; STIMULUS RESPONSE; SUBLIMINAL AFFECTIVE PRIMING; VISUAL STIMULATION;

ADULT; ANGER; ANXIETY; ATTENTION; AWARENESS; EMOTIONS; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; MALE; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PILOT PROJECTS; REACTION TIME; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SUBLIMINAL STIMULATION; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 84861213310     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037011     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. De Gelder B, Tamietto M, van Boxtel G, Goebel R, Sahraie A, et al. (2008) Intact navigation skills after bilateral loss of striate cortex. Curr Biol 18: R1128-R1129.
2. De Gelder B, Vroomen J, Pourtois G, Weizcrantz L, (1999) Non-conscious recognition of affect in the absence of striate cortex. Neuroreport 10: 3759-3763.
3. Tamietto M, De Gelder B, (2010) Neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals. Nat Rev Neurosci 11: 697-709.
4. Pessoa L, Adolphs R, (2010) Emotion processing and the amygdala: from low road to many roads of evaluating biological significance. Nat Rev Neurosci 11: 773-781.
5. Morris JS, Ohman A, Dolan RJ, (1999) Conscious and unconscious learning in the human amygdala. Nature 393: 467-470.
6. Ohman A, (1993) Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomenon: Clinical phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives, and information-processing mechanisms. In: Lewis M, Haviland JM, editors. Handbook of Emotions New York Guilford Press pp. 511-536.
7. Esteves F, Dimberg U, Ohman A, (1994) Automatically elicited fear: conditioned skin conductance responses to masked facial expressions. Cog Emo 8: 99-108.
8. Dimberg U, Peterson M, (2000) Facial reactions to happy and angry facial expressions: evidence for right hemisphere dominance. Psychophysiology 37: 693-696.
9. Klauer KC, Musch J, (2003) Affective priming with subliminally presented pictures. Can J Exp Psychol 57: 97-114.
10. Mogg K, Bradley BP, (1999) Orienting of attention to threatening facial expressions presented under conditions of restricted awareness. Cogn Emo 13: 713-740.
11. Murphy ST, Zajonc RB, (1993) Affect, cognition and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. J Pers Soc Psychol 64: 723-739.
12. Winkielman P, Zajonc RB, Schwarz N, (1997) Subliminal affective priming resists attributional interventions. Cogn Emo 11: 433-465.
13. Rotteveel M, de Groot P, Geutskens A, Phaf RH, (2001) Stronger suboptimal than optimal affective priming? Emotion 1: 348-364.
14. Wong PS, Root JC, (2003) Dynamic variations in affective priming. Consc Cogn 12: 147-168.
15. Winkielman P, Berridge KC, Wilbarger JL, (2005) Unconscious affective reactions to masked happy versus angry faces influence consumption behaviour and judgements of value. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 31: 121-135.
16. Scherer KR, (2001) Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking. In: Scherer KR, Schorr A, Johnstone T, editors. Appraisal Processes in Emotion. Theory, Methods and Research Oxford OUP.
17. Rolls ET, (2005) Emotion Explained Oxford Oxford University Press.
18. Gilboa-Schetman E, Foa EB, Amir N, (1999) Attentional biases for facial expressions in social phobia: The face in the crowd paradigm. Cogn Emo 13: 301-318.
19. Horley K, Williams LM, Gonzalvez C, Gordon E, (2003) Social phobics do not see eye to eye: A visual scanpath study of emotional expression processing. J Anx Dis 17: 33-44.
20. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed Eashingto, DC APA.
21. Furmark T, (2002) Social phobia: Overview of community surveys. Acta Scand 105: 84-93.
22. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, et al. (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age of onset distributions of DSM disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiat 62: 593-602.
23. Miskovic V, Schmidt LA, (2012) Social fearfulness in the human brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36: 459-478.
24. Leary MR, (1983) A brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 9: 371-375.
25. Liebowitz MR, (1987) Social phobia. Mod Prob Pharm 22: 141-173.
26. Dannlowski U, Ohrmann P, Bauer J, Kugel H, Arolt V, et al. (2007) Amygdala reactivity predicts automatic negative evaluations for facial emotions. Psych Res: Neuroim 154: 13-20.
27. Staugaard SR, (2010) Threatening faces and social anxiety: A literature review. Clin Psy Rev 30: 669-690.
28. Machado-de-Sousa JP, Arrais KC, Alves NT, Chagas MHN, de Meneses-Gaya C, et al. (2010) Facial affect processing in social anxiety: Tasks and stimuli. J Neurosci Meth 193: 1-6.
29. Stevens S, Rist F, Gerlach AL, (2009) Influence of alcohol on the processing of emotional facial expressions in individuals with social phobia. Brit J Clin Psychol 48: 125-140.
30. Mogg K, Bradley BP, (2002) Selective orienting of attention to masked threat faces in social anxiety. Beh Res Ther 40: 1403-1414.
31. Mogg K, Philppot P, Bradley BP, (2004) Selective attention to angry faces in clinical social phobia. J Abnorm Psychol 113: 160-165.
32. Wieser MJ, Pauli P, Alpers GW, Muhlberger A, (2009) Is eye to eye contact really threatening and avoided in social anxiety? An eye tracking and psychophysiology study. J Anx Dis 23: 93-103.
33. Winkielman P, Knutson B, Paulus M, Trujillo JL, (2007) Affective influence on judgements and decisions: Moving towards core mechanisms. Review of General Psychology 11: 179-192.
34. Swinkels A, Giuliano TA, (1995) The measurement and conceptualization of mood awareness: Monitoring and lablling one's mood states. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 21: 934-949.
35. Coffey E, Berenbaum H, Kerns JG, (2003) The dimensions of emotional intelligence, alexithymia and mood awareness: Associations with personality and performance on an emotional stroop task. Cogn Emo 17: 671-679.
36. Schwarz N, Clore GL, (1983) Mood, misattribution, and judgements of well-being - informative and directive functions of affective states. J Pers Soc Psychol 45: 513-523.
37. Anders S, Birbaumer N, Sadowski B, Erb M, Mader I, et al. (2004) Parietal somatosensory association cortex mediates affective blindsight. Nat Neurosci 7: 339-340.
38. Holender D, (1986) Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking - a survey and appraisal. Behav Brain Sci 9: 1-23.
39. Ekman P, Friesen W, (1976) Pictures of facial effect Palo Alto California Consulting Psychologists Press.
40. Schneider W, Eschman A, Zuccolotto A, (2000) E-prime Reference Guide Pittsburgh Psychology Software Tools Inc.
41. Heimberg RG, Horner KJ, Juster HR, Safren SA, Brown EJ, Schneier FR, et al. (1999) Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Psy Med 29: 199-212.
42. Dannlowski U, Kersting A, Donges U-S, Lalee-Mantzel J, Arolt V, et al. (2006) Masked facial affect priming is associated with therapy response in clinical depression. Euro Arch Clin Psych Clin Neurosci 256: 256-221.
43. Suslow T, Roestel C, Arolt V, (2003) Affective priming in schizophrenia with and without affective negative symptoms. Euro Arch Psychiat Clin Neurosci 253: 292-300.
44. Murphy ST, Monahan JL, Zajonc RB, (1995) Additivity of nonconscious affect:Combined effects of priming and exposure. J Pers Soc Psychol 69: 589-602.
45. Sato W, Aoki S, (2006) Right hemispheric dominance in processing of unconscious negative emotion. Brain and Cognition 62: 261-266.
46. Lee E, Kang JI, Park IH, Kim JJ, An SK, (2008) Is a neutral face really evaluated as being emotionally neutral? Psychiat Res 157: 77-85.
47. Yoon K, Zinbarg RE, (2008) Interpreting faces as threatening is a default mode for socially anxious individuals. J Abnorm Psychol 117: 680-685.
48. Joorman J, Gotlib IH, (2006) Is this happiness I see? Biases in the identification of emotional facial expression in depression and social phobia. J Abnorm Psychol 115: 705-714.
49. MacLeod C, Mathews A, Tata P, (1986) Attentional bias in emotional disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 95: 15-20.
50. Fox E, Russo R, Bowles R, Dutton K, (2001) Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? J Exp Psychol: Gen 130: 681-700.
51. Cisler JM, Koster EHW, (2010) Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev 30: 203-216.
52. Garner M, Mogg K, Bradley BP, (2006) Orienting and maintenance of gaze to facial expressions in social anxiety. J Abnorm Psychol 115: 760-770.
53. Strack F, Martin LL, Stepper S, (1988) Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: a non-obtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. J Pers Soc Psychol 54: 768-777.
54. Koschack J, Hoschel K, Irle E, (2003) Differential impairments of facial affect priming in subjects with acute or partially remitted major depressive episodes. J Nerv Ment Dis 191: 175-181.
55. Hoschel K, Irle E, (2001) Emotional priming of facial affect identification in schizophrenia. Schiz Bull 27: 317-327.
56. Williams JMG, Watts FN, MacLeod C, Matthews A, (1988) Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders Chichester, UK Wiley.
57. Williams JMG, Watts FN, MacLeod C, Matthews A, (1997) Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders (2nd Edition) Chichester, UK Wiley.
58. Mogg K, Bradley BP, (1998) A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety. Beh Res Ther 36: 809-848.
59. Bar-Haim Y, Lamy D, Pergamin L, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH, (2007) Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and non-anxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psych Bull 133: 1-24.
60. Mathews A, MacLeod C, (2002) Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety. Cogn Emo 16: 331-354.