메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 43, Issue 1-3, 2012, Pages 167-184

A review of draw solutes in forward osmosis process and their use in modern applications

Author keywords

Desalination; Draw solutions; Forward osmosis; Wastewater reuse

Indexed keywords


EID: 84861116799     PISSN: 19443994     EISSN: 19443986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2012.672168     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (264)

References (73)
  • 1
    • 57449108313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water conservation in irrigation can increase water use
    • F.A. Ward, M. Pulido-Velazquez, Water conservation in irrigation can increase water use, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105(47) (2008) 18215-18220.
    • (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci , vol.105 , Issue.47 , pp. 18215-18220
    • Ward, F.A.1    Pulido-Velazquez, M.2
  • 2
    • 33748802505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of concentrative and dilutive internal concentration polarization on flux behavior in forward osmosis
    • J.R. McCutcheon, M. Elimelech, Influence of concentrative and dilutive internal concentration polarization on flux behavior in forward osmosis, J. Membr. Sci. 284(1/2) (2006) 237-247.
    • (2006) J. Membr. Sci , vol.284 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 237-247
    • McCutcheon, J.R.1    Elimelech, M.2
  • 3
    • 84871640336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HTI Inc
    • HTI Inc., About Humanitarian Water, 2011. Available from: http://www.htiwater.com/divisions/humanitarian/about.html.
    • (2011) About Humanitarian Water
  • 7
    • 33746743599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DUROS® osmotic pharmaceutical systems for parenteral & site-directed therapy
    • J.C. Wright, R.M. Johnson, S.I. Yum, DUROS® osmotic pharmaceutical systems for parenteral & site-directed therapy, Drug Delivery Technol. 3(1) (2003). http://www.drug-dev.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=43487287552E4D019B3EEA3DF2E2D150.
    • (2003) Drug Delivery Technol , vol.3 , Issue.1
    • Wright, J.C.1    Johnson, R.M.2    Yum, S.I.3
  • 8
    • 69549090551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solute coupled diffusion in osmotically driven membrane processes
    • N.T. Hancock, T.Y. Cath, Solute coupled diffusion in osmotically driven membrane processes, Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (17) (2009) 6769-6775.
    • (2009) Environ. Sci. Technol , vol.43 , Issue.17 , pp. 6769-6775
    • Hancock, N.T.1    Cath, T.Y.2
  • 9
    • 78049293209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of fouling behavior in forward osmosis (FO) and reverse osmosis (RO)
    • S. Lee et al., Comparison of fouling behavior in forward osmosis (FO) and reverse osmosis (RO), J. Membr. Sci. 365(1/2) (2010) 34-39.
    • (2010) J. Membr. Sci , vol.365 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 34-39
    • Lee, S.1
  • 10
    • 0031561097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of porous support fabric on osmosis through a Loeb-Sourirajan type asymmetric membrane
    • S. Loeb et al., Effect of porous support fabric on osmosis through a Loeb-Sourirajan type asymmetric membrane, J. Membr. Sci. 129(2) (1997) 243-249.
    • (1997) J. Membr. Sci , vol.129 , Issue.2 , pp. 243-249
    • Loeb, S.1
  • 11
    • 77954276408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reverse draw solute permeation in forward osmosis: Modeling and experiments
    • W.A. Phillip, J.S. Yong, M. Elimelech, Reverse draw solute permeation in forward osmosis: Modeling and experiments, Environ. Sci. Technol. 44(13) (2010) 5170-5176.
    • (2010) Environ. Sci. Technol , vol.44 , Issue.13 , pp. 5170-5176
    • Phillip, W.A.1    Yong, J.S.2    Elimelech, M.3
  • 12
    • 0000899447 scopus 로고
    • Die Rolle der osmotischen Druckes in der Analogie zwischen Lösungen und Gasen
    • J.H. Van't Hoff, Die Rolle der osmotischen Druckes in der Analogie zwischen Lösungen und Gasen, Z. Phys. Chem. 1 (1887) 481-508.
    • (1887) Z. Phys. Chem , vol.1 , pp. 481-508
    • van't Hoff, J.H.1
  • 13
    • 24744456112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osmotic pressures studied using a simple equationof- state and its applications
    • A. Yokozeki, Osmotic pressures studied using a simple equationof- state and its applications, Appl. Energy 83(1) (2006) 15-41.
    • (2006) Appl. Energy , vol.83 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-41
    • Yokozeki, A.1
  • 14
    • 33947478967 scopus 로고
    • Theory of the Donnan membrane equilibrium. II. Calculation of the osmotic pressure and the salt distribution in a Donnan system with highly-charged colloid particles
    • D. Stigter, T.L. Hill, Theory of the Donnan membrane equilibrium. II. Calculation of the osmotic pressure and the salt distribution in a Donnan system with highly-charged colloid particles, J. Phys. Chem. 63 (1959) 551-556.
    • (1959) J. Phys. Chem , vol.63 , pp. 551-556
    • Stigter, D.1    Hill, T.L.2
  • 15
    • 18644385888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel ammonia-carbon dioxide forward (direct) osmosis desalination process
    • J.R. McCutcheon, R.L. McGinnis, M. Elimelech, A novel ammonia-carbon dioxide forward (direct) osmosis desalination process, Desalination 174(2005) (2005) 1-11.
    • (2005) Desalination , vol.174 , Issue.2005 , pp. 1-11
    • McCutcheon, J.R.1    McGinnis, R.L.2    Elimelech, M.3
  • 16
    • 84861125704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forward (direct) osmosis: A novel and prospective process for brine control
    • H.Y. Ng, W. Tang, Forward (direct) osmosis: A novel and prospective process for brine control, Water Environ. Found. (2006) 4345-4352.
    • (2006) Water Environ. Found , pp. 4345-4352
    • Ng, H.Y.1    Tang, W.2
  • 17
    • 79955863537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel low energy fertilizer driven forward osmosis desalination for direct fertigation: Evaluating the performance of fertilizer draw solutions
    • S. Phuntsho et al., A novel low energy fertilizer driven forward osmosis desalination for direct fertigation: Evaluating the performance of fertilizer draw solutions, J. Membr. Sci. 375(2011) (2011) 172-181.
    • (2011) J. Membr. Sci , vol.375 , Issue.2011 , pp. 172-181
    • Phuntsho, S.1
  • 18
    • 77957931701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection of inorganicbased draw solutions for forward osmosis applications
    • A. Achilli, T.Y. Cath, A.E. Childress, Selection of inorganicbased draw solutions for forward osmosis applications, J. Membr. Sci. 364(1/2) (2010) 233-241.
    • (2010) J. Membr. Sci , vol.364 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 233-241
    • Achilli, A.1    Cath, T.Y.2    Childress, A.E.3
  • 19
    • 77957937635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of draw solutes using 2-methylimidazole-based compounds in forward osmosis
    • S.K. Yen et al., Study of draw solutes using 2-methylimidazole-based compounds in forward osmosis, J. Membr. Sci. 364 (1/2) (2010) 242-252.
    • (2010) J. Membr. Sci , vol.364 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 242-252
    • Yen, S.K.1
  • 20
    • 77952411527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double-skinned forward osmosis membranes for reducing internal concentration polarization within the porous sublayer
    • K.Y. Wang, R.C. Ong, T.-S. Chung, Double-skinned forward osmosis membranes for reducing internal concentration polarization within the porous sublayer, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 49(10) (2010) 4824-4831.
    • (2010) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res , vol.49 , Issue.10 , pp. 4824-4831
    • Wang, K.Y.1    Ong, R.C.2    Chung, T.-S.3
  • 21
    • 72649087949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of draw solution concentration and operating conditions on forward osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis performance in a spiral wound module
    • Y. Xu et al., Effect of draw solution concentration and operating conditions on forward osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis performance in a spiral wound module, J. Membr. Sci. 348(1/2) (2010) 298-309.
    • (2010) J. Membr. Sci , vol.348 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 298-309
    • Xu, Y.1
  • 22
    • 69349085841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a combined system of forward osmosis and reverse osmosis for seawater desalination
    • Y.-J. Choi et al., Toward a combined system of forward osmosis and reverse osmosis for seawater desalination, Desalination 247(1/3) (2009) 239-246.
    • (2009) Desalination , vol.247 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 239-246
    • Choi, Y.-J.1
  • 23
    • 59649089317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The forward osmosis membrane bioreactor: A low fouling alternative to MBR processes
    • A. Achilli et al., The forward osmosis membrane bioreactor: A low fouling alternative to MBR processes, Desalination 239 (1/3) (2009) 10-21.
    • (2009) Desalination , vol.239 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 10-21
    • Achilli, A.1
  • 24
    • 33645792981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Desalination by ammonia-carbon dioxide forward osmosis: Influence of draw and feed solution concentrations on process performance
    • J.R. McCutcheon, R.L. McGinnis, M. Elimelech, Desalination by ammonia-carbon dioxide forward osmosis: Influence of draw and feed solution concentrations on process performance, J. Membr. Sci. 278(2006) (2006) 114-123.
    • (2006) J. Membr. Sci , vol.278 , Issue.2006 , pp. 114-123
    • McCutcheon, J.R.1    McGinnis, R.L.2    Elimelech, M.3
  • 25
    • 77954221658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel hybrid forward osmosis-nanofiltration (FO-NF) process for seawater desalination: Draw solution selection and system configuration
    • C.H. Tan, H.Y. Ng, A novel hybrid forward osmosis-nanofiltration (FO-NF) process for seawater desalination: Draw solution selection and system configuration, Desalin. Water Treat. 13(2010) (2010) 356-361.
    • (2010) Desalin. Water Treat , vol.13 , Issue.2010 , pp. 356-361
    • Tan, C.H.1    Ng, H.Y.2
  • 26
    • 70149100852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance evaluation of sucrose concentration using forward osmosis
    • E.M. Garcia-Castello, J.R. McCutcheon, M. Elimelech, Performance evaluation of sucrose concentration using forward osmosis, J. Membr. Sci. 338(1/2) (2009) 61-66.
    • (2009) J. Membr. Sci , vol.338 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 61-66
    • Garcia-Castello, E.M.1    McCutcheon, J.R.2    Elimelech, M.3
  • 27
    • 0032508909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of the direct osmotic concentration of tomato juice in tubular membrane-module configuration. I. The effect of certain basic process parameters on the process performance
    • K.B. Petrotos, P. Quantick, H. Petropakis, A study of the direct osmotic concentration of tomato juice in tubular membrane-module configuration. I. The effect of certain basic process parameters on the process performance, J. Membr. Sci. 150(1) (1998) 99-110.
    • (1998) J. Membr. Sci , vol.150 , Issue.1 , pp. 99-110
    • Petrotos, K.B.1    Quantick, P.2    Petropakis, H.3
  • 28
    • 79960644734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relating solution physicochemical properties to internal concentration polarization in forward osmosis
    • S. Zhao, L. Zou, Relating solution physicochemical properties to internal concentration polarization in forward osmosis, J. Membr. Sci. 379(1/2) (2011) 459-467.
    • (2011) J. Membr. Sci , vol.379 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 459-467
    • Zhao, S.1    Zou, L.2
  • 29
    • 61549128227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High recovery of concentrated RO brines using forward osmosis and membrane distillation
    • Martinetti, C.R., A.E. Childress, and T.Y. Cath, High recovery of concentrated RO brines using forward osmosis and membrane distillation. J. Membr. Sci. 331(1/2) (2009) 31-39.
    • (2009) J. Membr. Sci , vol.331 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 31-39
    • Martinetti, C.R.1    Childress, A.E.2    Cath, T.Y.3
  • 32
    • 78649446779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of physical and chemical parameters on forward osmosis membrane fouling during algae separation
    • S. Zou et al., The role of physical and chemical parameters on forward osmosis membrane fouling during algae separation, J. Membr. Sci. 366(1/2) (2011) 356-362.
    • (2011) J. Membr. Sci , vol.366 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 356-362
    • Zou, S.1
  • 33
    • 70349203660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel dual-layer forward osmosis membrane for protein enrichment and concentration
    • Q. Yang, K.Y. Wang, T.-S. Chung, A novel dual-layer forward osmosis membrane for protein enrichment and concentration, Sep. Purif. Technol. 69(3) (2009) 269-274.
    • (2009) Sep. Purif. Technol , vol.69 , Issue.3 , pp. 269-274
    • Yang, Q.1    Wang, K.Y.2    Chung, T.-S.3
  • 34
    • 42649117527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A thermodynamic benchmark for assessing an emergency drinking water device based on forward osmosis
    • M. Wallace, Z. Cui, N.P. Hankins, A thermodynamic benchmark for assessing an emergency drinking water device based on forward osmosis, Desalination 227(1/3) (2008) 34-45.
    • (2008) Desalination , vol.227 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 34-45
    • Wallace, M.1    Cui, Z.2    Hankins, N.P.3
  • 35
    • 0016497437 scopus 로고
    • Desalination of seawater by direct osmosis
    • R.E. Kravath, J.A. Davis, Desalination of seawater by direct osmosis, Desalination 16(1975) (1975) 151-155.
    • (1975) Desalination , vol.16 , Issue.1975 , pp. 151-155
    • Kravath, R.E.1    Davis, J.A.2
  • 36
    • 0016967084 scopus 로고
    • Drinking water from sea water by forward osmosis
    • J.O. Kessler, C.D. Moody, Drinking water from sea water by forward osmosis, Desalination 18(3) (1976) 297-306.
    • (1976) Desalination , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 297-306
    • Kessler, J.O.1    Moody, C.D.2
  • 38
    • 0000999486 scopus 로고
    • Composition and sensory characterization of red raspberry juice concentrated by direct-osmosis or evaporation
    • R.E. Wrolstad et al., Composition and sensory characterization of red raspberry juice concentrated by direct-osmosis or evaporation, J. Food Sci. 58 (1993) 633-637.
    • (1993) J. Food Sci , vol.58 , pp. 633-637
    • Wrolstad, R.E.1
  • 39
    • 0000592518 scopus 로고
    • Membrane technology for direct osmosis concentration of fruit juices
    • E.G. Beaudry, K.A. Lampi, Membrane technology for direct osmosis concentration of fruit juices, Food Technol. 44 (1990) 121.
    • (1990) Food Technol , vol.44 , pp. 121
    • Beaudry, E.G.1    Lampi, K.A.2
  • 41
    • 53449089381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water, salt, and ethanol diffusion through membranes for water recovery by forward (direct) osmosis processes
    • P. McCormick et al., Water, salt, and ethanol diffusion through membranes for water recovery by forward (direct) osmosis processes, J. Membr. Sci. 325(1) (2008) 467-478.
    • (2008) J. Membr. Sci , vol.325 , Issue.1 , pp. 467-478
    • McCormick, P.1
  • 43
    • 79953028054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel dual-stage FO system for sustainable protein enrichment using nanoparticles as intermediate draw solutes
    • M.M. Ling, T.-S. Chung, Novel dual-stage FO system for sustainable protein enrichment using nanoparticles as intermediate draw solutes, J. Membr. Sci. 372(1/2) (2011) 201-209.
    • (2011) J. Membr. Sci , vol.372 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 201-209
    • Ling, M.M.1    Chung, T.-S.2
  • 44
    • 80052027545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Desalination process using super hydrophilic nanoparticles via forward osmosis integrated with ultrafiltration regeneration
    • M.M. Ling, T.-S. Chung, Desalination process using super hydrophilic nanoparticles via forward osmosis integrated with ultrafiltration regeneration, Desalination 278 (2011) 194-202.
    • (2011) Desalination , vol.278 , pp. 194-202
    • Ling, M.M.1    Chung, T.-S.2
  • 45
    • 77953353086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly water-soluble magnetic nanoparticles as novel draw solutes in forward osmosis for water reuse
    • 10.1021/ie100438x
    • M.M. Ling, K.Y. Wang, T.-S. Chung, Highly water-soluble magnetic nanoparticles as novel draw solutes in forward osmosis for water reuse, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. (2010), 10.1021/ie100438x.
    • (2010) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res
    • Ling, M.M.1    Wang, K.Y.2    Chung, T.-S.3
  • 46
    • 53549087818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of RO brine-towards sustainable water reclamation practice
    • H.Y. Ng et al., Treatment of RO brine-towards sustainable water reclamation practice, Water Sci. Technol. 58 (2008) 931-936.
    • (2008) Water Sci. Technol , vol.58 , pp. 931-936
    • Ng, H.Y.1
  • 47
    • 78650783411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hybrid FO/RO desalination system: Preliminary assessment of osmotic energy recovery and designs of new FO membrane module configurations
    • O.A. Bamaga et al., Hybrid FO/RO desalination system: Preliminary assessment of osmotic energy recovery and designs of new FO membrane module configurations, Desalination 268 (2011) 163-169.
    • (2011) Desalination , vol.268 , pp. 163-169
    • Bamaga, O.A.1
  • 48
    • 79251517410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stimuli-responsive polymer hydrogels as a new class of draw agent for forward osmosis desalination
    • D. Li et al., Stimuli-responsive polymer hydrogels as a new class of draw agent for forward osmosis desalination, Chem. Commun. 47 (2011) 1710-1712.
    • (2011) Chem. Commun , vol.47 , pp. 1710-1712
    • Li, D.1
  • 49
    • 80054992983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Composite polymer hydrogels as draw agents in forward osmosis and solar dewatering
    • D. Li et al., Composite polymer hydrogels as draw agents in forward osmosis and solar dewatering, Soft Matter 7(21) (2011) 10048-10056.
    • (2011) Soft Matter , vol.7 , Issue.21 , pp. 10048-10056
    • Li, D.1
  • 52
    • 82355163516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forward with osmosis: Emerging applications for greater sustainability
    • L.A. Hoover et al., Forward with osmosis: Emerging applications for greater sustainability, Environ. Sci. Technol. 45(23) (2011) 9824-9830.
    • (2011) Environ. Sci. Technol , vol.45 , Issue.23 , pp. 9824-9830
    • Hoover, L.A.1
  • 53
    • 77955664909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-barrier osmotic dilution process for simultaneous desalination and purification of impaired water
    • T.Y. Cath et al., A multi-barrier osmotic dilution process for simultaneous desalination and purification of impaired water, J. Membr. Sci. 362(1/2) (2010) 417-426.
    • (2010) J. Membr. Sci , vol.362 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 417-426
    • Cath, T.Y.1
  • 54
    • 71249158719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of novel backwash cleaning technique for reverse osmosis in reclamation of secondary effluent
    • J.-J. Qin et al., Development of novel backwash cleaning technique for reverse osmosis in reclamation of secondary effluent, J. Membr. Sci. 346(1) (2010) 8-14.
    • (2010) J. Membr. Sci , vol.346 , Issue.1 , pp. 8-14
    • Qin, J.-J.1
  • 55
    • 77957932739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of an osmotic backwash cycle
    • G. Ramon, Y. Agnon, C. Dosoretz, Dynamics of an osmotic backwash cycle, J. Membr. Sci. 364(1/2) (2010) 157-166.
    • (2010) J. Membr. Sci , vol.364 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 157-166
    • Ramon, G.1    Agnon, Y.2    Dosoretz, C.3
  • 62
    • 0003571842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization
    • World Health Organization, WHO guidelines for drinkingwater quality, 2011. Available from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/guidelines/en/.
    • (2011) WHO Guidelines For Drinkingwater Quality
  • 63
    • 84861667153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fertiliser drawn forward osmosis desalination: The concept, performance and limitations for fertigation
    • 10.1007/s11157-011-9259-2
    • S. Phuntsho et al., Fertiliser drawn forward osmosis desalination: The concept, performance and limitations for fertigation, Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. (2011), 10.1007/s11157-011-9259-2.
    • (2011) Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol
    • Phuntsho, S.1
  • 64
    • 84856098146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of integration of forward osmosis and biological process: Membrane performance under elevated salt environment
    • W.C.L. Lay, et al., Study of integration of forward osmosis and biological process: Membrane performance under elevated salt environment. Desalination 283(1) (2011) 123-130.
    • (2011) Desalination , vol.283 , Issue.1 , pp. 123-130
    • Lay, W.C.L.1
  • 65
    • 78649444934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling salt accumulation in osmotic membrane bioreactors: Implications for FO membrane selection and system operation
    • D. Xiao et al., Modeling salt accumulation in osmotic membrane bioreactors: Implications for FO membrane selection and system operation, J. Membr. Sci. 366(1/2) (2011) 314-324.
    • (2011) J. Membr. Sci , vol.366 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 314-324
    • Xiao, D.1
  • 66
    • 0345611168 scopus 로고
    • Production of electric power by mixing fresh and salt water in the hydroelectric pile
    • R.E. Pattle, Production of electric power by mixing fresh and salt water in the hydroelectric pile, Nature 174(1954) (1954) 660.
    • (1954) Nature , vol.174 , Issue.1954 , pp. 660
    • Pattle, R.E.1
  • 67
    • 0942268203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osmotic power-a new and powerful renewable energy source
    • R.J. Aaberg, Osmotic power-a new and powerful renewable energy source, ReFocus 4 (2003) 48-50.
    • (2003) ReFocus , vol.4 , pp. 48-50
    • Aaberg, R.J.1
  • 68
    • 0017930379 scopus 로고
    • Energy from salinity gradients
    • G.L. Wick, Energy from salinity gradients, Energy 3 (1978) 95-100.
    • (1978) Energy , vol.3 , pp. 95-100
    • Wick, G.L.1
  • 69
    • 0016925857 scopus 로고
    • Production of energy from concentrated brines by pressure-retarded osmosis: I. Preliminary technical and economic correlations
    • S. Loeb, Production of energy from concentrated brines by pressure-retarded osmosis: I. Preliminary technical and economic correlations, J. Membr. Sci. 1 (1976) 49-63.
    • (1976) J. Membr. Sci , vol.1 , pp. 49-63
    • Loeb, S.1
  • 70
    • 0016994519 scopus 로고
    • Production of energy from concentrated brines by pressure-retarded osmosis: II. Experimental results and projected energy costs
    • S. Loeb, F. Van Hessen, D. Shahaf, Production of energy from concentrated brines by pressure-retarded osmosis: II. Experimental results and projected energy costs, J. Membr. Sci. 1 (1976) 249-269.
    • (1976) J. Membr. Sci , vol.1 , pp. 249-269
    • Loeb, S.1    van Hessen, F.2    Shahaf, D.3
  • 71
    • 68949192675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power generation with pressure retarded osmosis: An experimental and theoretical investigation
    • A. Achilli, T.Y. Cath, A.E. Childress, Power generation with pressure retarded osmosis: An experimental and theoretical investigation, J. Membr. Sci. 343(1/2) (2009) 42-52.
    • (2009) J. Membr. Sci , vol.343 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 42-52
    • Achilli, A.1    Cath, T.Y.2    Childress, A.E.3
  • 72
    • 78650824899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrophilic superparamagnetic nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and performance in forward osmosis processes
    • Q. Ge et al., Hydrophilic superparamagnetic nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and performance in forward osmosis processes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50(1) (2011) 382-388.
    • (2011) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res , vol.50 , Issue.1 , pp. 382-388
    • Ge, Q.1
  • 73
    • 0001200759 scopus 로고
    • Dyalizer concentrates beverages
    • K. Popper et al., Dyalizer concentrates beverages, Food Eng. 38 (1966) 102-104.
    • (1966) Food Eng , vol.38 , pp. 102-104
    • Popper, K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.