The role of large predators in maintaining riparian plant communities and river morphology

Geomorphology

Volumn 157-158, Issue , 2012, Pages 88-98

  Beschta, Robert L ^a   Ripple, William J ^a  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bank erosion; Channel morphology; Predators; Riparian vegetation; Trophic cascades; Ungulates

Indexed keywords

BANK EROSION; BIODIVERSITY; CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY; FLOODPLAIN; FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY; NATIONAL PARK; OVERBANK FLOW; PLANT COMMUNITY; PREDATOR; RIPARIAN VEGETATION; RIVER CHANNEL; SAPLING; TROPHIC CASCADE; UNGULATE;

OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK; UNITED STATES; UTAH; WASHINGTON [UNITED STATES]; YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK; ZION NATIONAL PARK;

ANIMALIA; UNGULATA;

EID: 84860917012     PISSN: 0169555X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.04.042     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Bachelet D., Lenihan J.M., Daly C., Neilson R.P., Ojima D.S., Parton W.J. MC1: a dynamic vegetation model for estimating the distribution of vegetation and associated ecosystem fluxes of carbon, nutrients, and water. USDA, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-508 2000, 95 pp.
2. Bailey C.T. Animal Life of Yellowstone National Park 1930, Charles C. Thomas, Baltimore, MD.
3. Baker B.W., Ducharme H.C., Mitchell D.C.S., Stanley T.R., Peinetti H.R. Interaction of beaver and elk herbivory reduces standing crop of willow. Ecological Applications 2005, 15:110-118.
4. Baker M.B., Ffolliott P.F., DeBano L.F., Neary D.G. Riparian Areas of the Southwestern United States: Hydrology, Ecology, and Management 2004, Lewis Publishers, Washington, DC.
5. Bakke B. Hoh River wild steelhead issue paper: stock and fishery information. Native Fish Society Conservation Report, No. 1 2009.
6. Barmore W.J. Ecology of Ungulates and their Winter Range in Northern Yellowstone National Park: Research and Synthesis 1962-1970 2003, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth, WY.
7. Baxter C.V., Fausch K.D., Saunders W.C. Tangled webs: reciprocal flows of invertebrate prey link streams and riparian zones. Freshwater Biology 2005, 50:201-220.
8. Belsky A.J., Matzke A., Uselman S. Survey of livestock influences on streams and riparian ecosystems in the western United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 1999, 199:419-431.
9. Riparian vegetation and channel morphology. Water Science and Application 2004, 8. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
10. Berger J., Stacey P.B., Bellis L., Johnson M.P. A mammalian predator-prey balance: grizzly bear and wolf extinction affect avian neotropical migrants. Ecological Applications 2001, 11:947-960.
11. Beschta R.L. Restoration of riparian and aquatic systems for improved aquatic habitats in the upper Columbia River Basin. Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options 1996, 475-491. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY. D.J. Stouder, P.A. Bisson, R.J. Naiman (Eds.).
12. Beschta R.L. Long-term changes in channel morphology of gravel-bed rivers: three case studies. Gravel-bed Rivers in the Environment 1998, Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, CO. P.C. Klingeman, R.L. Beschta, P.D. Komar, J.B. Bradley (Eds.).
13. Beschta R.L. Riparian shade and stream temperature: an alternative perspective. Rangelands 1997, 19:25-28.
14. Beschta R.L. Reduced cottonwood recruitment following extirpation of wolves in Yellowstone's northern range. Ecology 2005, 86:391-403.
15. Beschta R.L., Jackson W.L. The intrusion of fine sediments into a stable gravel bed. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 1979, 36:204-210.
16. Beschta R.L., Ripple W.J. River channel dynamics following extirpation of wolves in northwestern Yellowstone National Park, USA. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2006, 31:1525-1539.
17. Beschta R.L., Ripple W.J. Wolves, elk, and aspen in the winter range of Jasper National Park, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2006, 37:1-13.
18. Beschta R.L., Ripple W.J. Increased willow heights along northern Yellowstone's Blacktail Deer Creek following wolf reintroduction. American Naturalist 2007, 67:613-617.
19. Beschta R.L., Ripple W.J. Wolves, trophic cascades, and rivers in Olympic National Park, USA. Ecohydrology 2008, 1:118-130.
20. Beschta R.L., Ripple W.J. Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States. Biological Conservation 2009, 142:2401-2414.
21. Beschta R.L., Ripple W.J. Recovering riparian plant communities with wolves, in northern Yellowstone USA. Restoration Ecology 2010, 18:380-389.
22. Beyer H.L., Merrill E.H., Varley N., Boyce M.S. Willow on Yellowstone's northern range: evidence for a trophic cascade?. Ecological Applications 2007, 17:1563-1571.
23. Binkley D., Moore M.M., Romme W.H., Brown P.M. Was Aldo Leopold right about the Kaibab deer herd?. Ecosystems 2005, 9:1-16.
24. Bureau of Land Management Birds as Indicators of Riparian Vegetation Condition in the Western U.S. 1998, US Department of Interior, BLM/ID/PT-98/004+6635.
25. Cahalane V.H. Wildlife surpluses in the National Parks. Transactions of the Sixth North American Wildlife Conference 1941, 355-360.
26. Chadde S., Kay C.E. Tall-willow communities on Yellowstone's northern range: a test of the 'natural regulation' paradigm. Effects of Grazing by Wild Ungulates in Yellowstone National Park, National Park Service, Technical Report, NPS/NRYELL/NRTR/96-01, Denver, CO 1996, F.J. Singer (Ed.).
27. Chapin D.M., Beschta R.L., Shen H.W. Relationships between flood frequencies and riparian plant communities in the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 2002, 38:603-617.
28. Cummins K.W. Stream ecosystem structure and function. BioScience 1974, 24:631-641.
29. Daily C., Bachelet D., Lenihan J.M., Neilson R.P., Parton W., Ojima D. Dynamic simulation of tree-grass interactions for global change studies. Ecological Applications 2000, 10:449-469.
30. Diamond J.M. Laboratory, field and natural experiments. Nature 1983, 304:586-587.
31. Dixon J.S., Sumner E.L. The deer problem, deer trapping, and deer removal at Zion Canyon, Utah. Transactions of the 4th North American Wildlife Conference, February 13-15, 1939, Detroit, MI 1939, 231-236.
32. Dobkin S.D., Singer F.J., Platts W.S. Ecological Condition and Avian Response in Willow, Aspen, and Cottonwood Communities of the National Elk Refuge, Jackson, Wyoming 2002, High Desert Research Institute, Bend, OR.
33. Elmore W., Beschta R.L. Riparian areas; perceptions in management. Rangelands 1987, 9:260-265.
34. Fonda R.W. Forest succession in relation to river terrace development in Olympic National Park, Washington. Ecology 1974, 55:927-942.
35. Fouty, S.C., 2003. Current and historic stream channel response to changes in cattle and elk grazing pressure and beaver activity. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene.
36. River Channel Changes 1977, Wiley, New York, NY. K.J. Gregory (Ed.).
37. Gregory S.V., Swanson F.J., McKee W.A., Cummins K.W. An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones: focus on links between land and water. BioScience 1991, 41:540-551.
38. Grimm R.L. Northern Yellowstone winter range studies. Journal of Wildlife Management 1939, 8:329-334.
39. Groeneveld, D.P., Griepentrog, T.E., 1985. Interdependence of groundwater, riparian vegetation, and streambank stability: a case study. In: Johnson, R.R., Ziebell, C.D., Patton, D.R., Ffolliott, P.F., Hamre, R.H. (technical coordinators), Riparian ecosystems and their management: reconciling conflicting uses. First North American Conference. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-120, Fort Collins, CO, pp. 44-48.
40. Halofsky J., Ripple W. Linkages between wolf presence and aspen recruitment in the Gallatin elk winter range of southwestern Montana, USA. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 2008, 81:195-207.
41. Halofsky J., Ripple W., Beschta R.L. Recoupling fire and aspen recruitment after wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 2008, 256:1004-1008.
42. Harmon M., Franklin J.F. Age distribution of western hemlock and its relation to Roosevelt elk populations in the South Fork Hoh River Valley, Washington. Northwest Science 1983, 57:249-255.
43. Hickin E.J. Vegetation and river channel dynamics. Canadian Geographer 1984, 12:111-126.
44. Hill M.T., Platts W.S. Ecosystem restoration: a case study in the Owens River Gorge, California. Fisheries 1998, 23:18-27.
45. Hupp C.R., Bornette G. Vegetation as a tool in the interpretation of fluvial geomorphic processes and landforms in humid temperate areas. Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology 2003, 269-288. Wiley & Sons, San Francisco, CA. G.M. Kondolf, H. Piegay (Eds.).
46. Kauffman J.B., Beschta R.L., Otting N., Lytjen D. An ecological perspective of riparian and stream restoration in the western United States. Fisheries 1997, 22:12-24.
47. Kauffman J.B., Krueger W.C. Livestock impacts on riparian ecosystems and streamside management implications. a review. Journal of Range Management 1984, 37:430-437.
48. Kauffman J.B., Matthew M., Mahrt L.A., Edge W.D. Wildlife of riparian habitats. Wildlife-Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington 2001, 361-388. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR. D.H. Johnson, T.A. O'Neil (Eds.).
49. Kauffman J.B., Pyke D.A. Range ecology, global livestock influences. In Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 2005, 5:33-52.
50. Kay C.E. Yellowstone's Northern Elk Herd: A Critical Evaluation of the "Natural-Regulation" Paradigm 1990, Dissertation Utah State University, Logan, UT.
51. Kay C.E. The condition and trend of aspen, Populus tremuloides, in Kootenay and Yoho National Parks: implications for ecological integrity. Canadian Field Naturalist 1997, 111:607-616.
52. Kay, C.E., 2001. Long-term aspen exclosures in Yellowstone ecosystem. In: Shepperd, W.D., Binkley, D., Bartos, D.L., Stohlgren, T.J. (compilers). Sustaining aspen in western landscapes: symposium proceedings, RMRS-P-18, USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, pp. 225-240.
53. Knighton D. Fluvial Forms and Processes 1984, Edward Arnold, Baltimore, MD.
54. Laliberte A.S., Ripple W.J. Range contractions of North American carnivores and ungulates. BioScience 2004, 54:123-138.
55. Larson A.J., Paine R.T. Ungulate herbivory: indirect effects cascade into the treetops. PNAS 2007, 104:5-6.
56. Leopold A. A biotic view of the land. Journal of Forestry 1939, 37:727-730.
57. Leopold A. Deer irruptions. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 1943, 35:351-366.
58. Leopold A., Sowls L.K., Spencer D.L. A survey of over-populated deer ranges in the United States. Journal of Wildlife Management 1947, 11:162-183.
59. Leopold L.B., Wolman M.G., Miller J.P. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology 1964, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, CA.
60. Lovaas A.L. People and the Gallatin Elk Herd 1970, Montana Fish and Game Department, Helena, MO.
61. Morgenroth C. Roosevelt elk in the Olympic Mountains. Olympic National Forest Report: Olympia, WA 1909.
62. Fluvial Geomorphology 1973, Publications in Geomorphology, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY. M. Morisawa (Ed.).
63. Naiman R.J., Decamps J. The ecology of interfaces: riparian zones. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1997, 28:621-658.
64. National Research Council Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems 1992, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
65. National Research Council Riparian Areas: Function and Management 2002, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
66. Olson D.M., Dinerstein E., Wikramanayake E.D., Burgess N.D., Powell G.V.N., Underwood E.C., D'amico J.A., Itoua I., Strand H.E., Morrison J.C., Loucks C.J., Allnutt T.F., Ricketts T.H., Kura Y., Lamoreux J.F., Wettengel W.W., Hedao P., Kassem K.R. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on earth. BioScience 2001, 51:933-938.
67. Ohmart R.D. Historical and present impacts of livestock grazing on fish and wildlife resources in western riparian habitats. Rangeland Wildlife 1996, 245-279. Society for Range Management, Denver, CO. P.R. Krausman (Ed.).
68. Paine R.T. Food webs: linkage, interaction strength and community infrastructure. Journal of Animal Ecology 1980, 49:667-685.
69. Parrett C., Johnson D.R. Methods of estimating flood frequency in Montana based on data through water year 1998. USDI, Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations Report 03-4308 2004.
70. Patten D.T. Dynamics of the shrub continuum along the Gallatin River in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 1968, 49:1107-1112.
71. Peek J.M., Lovaas A.L., Rouse R.A. Population changes within the Gallatin elk herd, 1932-65. Journal of Wildlife Management 1967, 31:304-316.
72. Platts W.S. Livestock grazing. Special Publication 1991, 19:389-423. America Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.
73. Pollock M.M., Heim M., Werner D. Hydrologic and geomorphic effects of beaver dams and their influence on fishes. American Fisheries Society Symposium 2003, 31:1-21.
74. Presnall C.C. A survey of the deer situation in Zion Canyon, Utah. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 1938, 15:107-110.
75. Quinault Indian Nation and US Forest Service Quinault River Watershed Analysis 1999, Quinault Indian Nation, Taholah, WA.
76. Ratti J.T., Scott J.M., Wiseman P.A., Gillesberg A., Miller C.A., Szepanski M.M., Svancara L.K. Feasibility of wolf reintroduction to Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Northwest Science 2004, 78:1-76. (special issue).
77. Richards K. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels 1982, Methuen, New York.
78. Ripple W.J., Beschta R.L. Wolves and the ecology of fear: can predation risk restructure ecosystems?. BioScience 2004, 54:755-766.
79. Ripple W.J., Beschta R.L. Wolves, elk, willows and trophic cascades in the upper Gallatin Range of Southwestern Montana, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 2004, 200:161-181.
80. Ripple W.J., Beschta R.L. Linking wolves and plants: Aldo Leopold on trophic cascades. BioScience 2005, 55:613-621.
81. Ripple W.J., Beschta R.L. Linking a cougar decline, trophic cascade, and catastrophic regime shift in Zion National Park. Biological Conservation 2006, 133:397-408.
82. Ripple W.J., Beschta R.L. Linking wolves to willows via risk-sensitive foraging by ungulares in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management 2006, 230:96-106.
83. Ripple W.J., Beschta R.L. Hardwood tree decline following large carnivore loss on the Great Plains, USA. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 2007, 5:241-246.
84. Ripple W.J., Beschta R.L. Restoring Yellowstone's aspen with wolves. Biological Conservation 2007, 138:514-519.
85. Ripple W.J., Beschta R.L. Trophic cascades involving cougar, mule deer, and black oaks in Yosemite National Park. Biological Conservation 2008, 141:1249-1256.
86. Ripple W.J., Larsen E.J. Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA. Biological Conservation 2000, 95:361-370.
87. Ripple W.J., Painter L.E., Beschta R.L., Gates C.C. Wolves, elk, bison, and secondary trophic cascades in Yellowstone National Park. The Open Ecology Journal 2010, 3:31-37.
88. Ripple W.J., Rooney T.P., Beschta R.L. Large predators, deer, and trophic cascades in boreal and temperate ecosystems. Trophic Cascades 2010, 141-161. Island Press, Washington, DC. J. Terborgh, J.A. Estes (Eds.).
89. Rost A., Rasmussen B. Characterization of a sub-alpine meadow: incision and its effect on riparian zones. American Water Resources Association Specialty Conference, Middleburg 2004, 1-7.
90. Rush W.M. Northern Yellowstone Elk Study 1932, Montana Fish and Game Commission, Helena, MT.
91. Singer F.J. Differences between willow communities browsed by elk and communities protected for 32years in Yellowstone National Park. Effects of Grazing by Wild Ungulates in Yellowstone National Park 1996, 279-290. Natural Resource Information Division, National Park Service, Denver, CO. F.J. Singer (Ed.).
92. Smith J.D. The role of riparian shrubs in preventing floodplain unraveling along the Clark Fork of the Columbia River in the Deer Lodge Valley, Montana. Water Science and Application 2004, 8:71-85. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
93. Smith, C.J., 1943. Report of deer reduction program in Zion national Park. Unpublished report, Zion National Park Files, 12 pp.
94. Sumner E.L. Special Report of Elk in Olympic National Park 1938, USDI National Park Service, San Francisco, CA.
95. Terborgh J., Estes J.A. Trophic Cascades: Predators, Prey, and the Changing Dynamics of Nature 2010, Island Press, Washington, D.C.
96. Trimble S.W., Mendel A.C. The cow as a geomorphic agent-a critical review. Geomorphology 1995, 13:233-253.
97. Van Pelt R., O'Keefe T.C., Latterell J.J., Naiman R.J. Riparian forest stand development along the Queets River in Olympic National Park, Washington. Ecological Monographs 2006, 76:277-298.
98. Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States 1999, Lewis Publishers, Washington, D.C. E.S. Verry, J.W. Hornbeck, C.A. Dolloff (Eds.).
99. Wagner F.H. Yellowstone's Destabilized Ecosystem 2006, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
100. Weaver H. The wolves of Yellowstone. USDI, National Park Service, Natural Resources Report 14 1978.
101. Webster E.B. State and Forest Officials Make Study of Conditions of Elk Herds of the Hoh 1922, Olympic National Forest, Olympia, WA.
102. White, C.A., 2001. Aspen, elk, and fire in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Ph.D. dissertation. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
103. White C.A., Olmsted C.E., Kay C.E. Aspen, elk, and fire in the Rocky Mountain National Parks of North America. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1998, 26:449-462.
104. Wissmar R.C., Braatne J.H., Beschta R.L., Rood S.B. Variability of riparian ecosystems: implications for restoration. Strategies for Restoring River Ecosystems: Sources of Variability and Uncertainty in Natural and Managed Systems 2003, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD. R.C. Wissmar, P.A. Bisson (Eds.).
105. Wolf E.C., Cooper D.J., Hobbs N.T. Hydrologic regime and herbivory stabilize an alternative state in Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Applications 2007, 17:1572-1587.
106. Wright J.P., Jones C.G., Flecker A.S. An ecosystem engineer, the beaver, increases species richness at the landscape scale. Oecologia 2002, 132:96-101.