Water availability and landuse during the Upper and Epipaleolithic in southwestern Syria

Journal of Archaeological Science

Volumn 39, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 2272-2279

  Bretzke, Knut ^a   Drechsler, Philipp ^a   Conard, Nicholas J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Human landuse; Paleolithic; PAW; Spatial analysis; TWI

Indexed keywords

DETECTION METHOD; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; LAND USE; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALEOLITHIC; RESOURCE USE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; WATER AVAILABILITY;

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC;

EID: 84860886401     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: 10959238     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.033     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Baadsgaard A., Chazan M., Scott Cummings L., Janetski J.C. Natufian strategy shifts: evidences from Wadi Mataha 2, Petra, Jordan. Eurasian Prehist. 2010, 7:9-30.
2. Bakdach J. Die paläolithischen Freilandfundstellen auf dem Hochplateau um Jabrud und in der Nabek-Ebene. Damaszener Mitteilungen 2000, 12:1-16.
3. Banks W.E., d'Errico F., Dibble H.L., Krishtalka L., West D., Olszewski D.I., Peterson A.T., Anderson D.G., Gillam J.C., Montet-White A., Crucifix M., Marean C.W., Sánchez-Goñi M.-F., Wolfarth B., Vanhaeren M. Eco-cultural niche modeling: new tools for reconstructing the geography and ecology of past human populations. PaleoAnthropology 2006, 4:68-83.
4. Banks W.E., d'Errico F., Peterson A.T., Vanhaeren M., Kageyama M., Sepulchree P., Ramsteine G., Jostf A., Lunt D. Human ecological niches and ranges during the LGM in Europe derived from an application of eco-cultural niche modeling. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2008, 35:481-491.
5. Banning E.B., Parslow C., Betts M., Lohr M., Maher L. Middle Epipalaeolithic sites in Wadi Ziqlab, Northern Jordan. Paléorient 2001, 27:5-19.
6. Barling R.D., Moore I.D., Grayson R.B. A quasi-dynamic wetness index for characterizing the spatial distribution of zones of surface saturation and soil water content. Water. Resour. Res. 1994, 30:1029-1044.
7. Bar-Matthews M., Ayalon A. Climatic conditions in the Eastern Mediterranian during the last glacial (60-10 kyr bp) and their relations to the Upper Paleolithic in the Levant: oxygene and carbon isotope systematics of cave deposits. More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East 2003, 13-18. Oxbow, Oxford. A.N. Goring-Morris, A. Belfer-Cohen (Eds.).
8. Bar-Matthews M., Ayalon A., Kaufman A., Wasserburg G.J. The eastern Mediterranean paleoclimate as a reflection of regional events: Soreq cave, Israel. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 166:85-95.
9. Bar-Oz G., Dayan T. The Epipalaeolithic faunal sequence in Israel: a view from Neve David. J. Archaeol. Sci. 1999, 26:67-82.
10. Barth M.M. The lithic artifacts of Baaz Rockshelter. Tübingen Damascus Excavation and Survey Project 1999-2005 2006, 25-110. Kerns Verlag, Tübingen. N.J. Conard (Ed.).
11. Bar-Yosef O. The late Pleistocene in the Levant. The Pleistocene Old World: Regional Perspectives 1987, 219-236. Plenum Press, New York. O. Soffer (Ed.).
12. Bar-Yosef O. The Natufian culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture. Evol. Anthropol. 1998, 6:159-177.
13. Bar-Yosef O., Valla F. The Natufian culture and the origin of the Neolithic in the Levant. Curr. Anthropol. 1990, 31:433-436.
14. Baxter M.J., Beardah C.C., Wright R.V.S. Some archaeological applications of kernel density estimates. J. Archaeol. Sci. 1997, 24:347-354.
15. Beven K.J., Kirkby M. A physically-based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrol. Sci. Bull. 1979, 24:43-69.
16. Binford L.R. Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Hunter-gatherer and Environmental Data Sets 2001, University of California Press, Berkeley.
17. Bretzke K. Oberflächenfunde als Quelle siedlungsarchäologischer Untersuchungen. Eine Fallstudie zum Jungpaläolithikum der Zentrallevante. Mitt. Ges. Urgesch. Blaubeuren 2008, 17:69-96.
18. Bretzke K., Kandel A.W., Conard N.J. Deducing landuse patterns from archaeological survey data. Chron. Archéol. Syrie 2011, 5:11-18.
19. Burke A., Ebert D., Cardille J., Dauth D. Paleoethology as a tool for the development of archaeological models of land-use: the Crimean Middle Palaeolithic. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2008, 35:894-904.
20. Collard I.F., Foley R.A. Latitudinal patterns and environmental determinants of recent human cultural diversity: do humans follow biogeographical rules?. Evol. Ecol. Res. 2002, 4:371-383.
21. Conard N.J. An overview of the recent excavations at Baaz Rockshelter, Damascus Province, Syria. Mauer Schau - Festschrift für Manfred Korfmann 2000, 623-640. Verlag Bernhard, Remshalden-Grunbach. R. Aslan, S. Blum, G. Kastl, F. Schweizer, D. Thumm (Eds.).
22. Conard N.J. Tübingen - Damascus Excavation and Survey Project 1999-2005 2006, Kerns, Tübingen.
23. Conard N.J., Masri M. The 2004 excavation at Kaus Kozah cave. Tübingen Damascus Excavation and Survey Project 1999-2005 2006, 189-192. Kerns Verlag, Tübingen. N.J. Conard (Ed.).
24. Conard N.J., Kandel A.W., Abdurachman A. The 2000 excavation at Baaz Rockshelter. Tübingen Damascus Excavation and Survey Project 1999-2005 2006, 171-175. Kerns Verlag, Tübingen. N.J. Conard (Ed.).
25. Conard N.J., Kandel A.W., Dyab A. The 1999 excavation at Baaz Rockshelter. Tübingen Damascus Excavation and Survey Project 1999-2005 2006, 161-166. Kerns Verlag, Tübingen. N.J. Conard (Ed.).
26. Conard N.J., Kandel A.W., Masri M. Results of the 2005 TDASP survey in the Damascus Province, Syria. Tübingen Damascus Excavation and Survey Project 1999-2005 2006, 337-346. Kerns Verlag, Tübingen. N.J. Conard (Ed.).
27. Conard N.J., Kandel A.W., Masri M. The 2003 Ma'aloula Paleolithic survey. Tübingen Damascus Excavation and Survey Project 1999-2005 2006, 311-318. Kerns Verlag, Tübingen. N.J. Conard (Ed.).
28. Conard N.J., Bretzke K., Masri M., Napierala H., Kandel A.W. Modeling middle Paleolithic landuse in the Damascus Province, Syria. Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age 2010, Vol. III:123-144. Kerns Verlag, Tübingen.
29. Conard, N.J., Bretzke, K., Deckers, K., Hillgruber, K.F., Kandel, A.W., Masri, M., Napierala, H., Riehl, S., Stahlschmidt, M., in press. Natufian lifeways in the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains. In: Bar-Yosef, O., Valla, F. (Eds.), The Natufian Culture of the Levant II, International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor.
30. Conolly J., Lake M. Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology 2006, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
31. d'Errico F., Sanchez-Goni M.-F. Neanderthal extinction and the millennial scale climatic variability of the OIS 3. Quaternary Sci. Rev. 2003, 22:769-788.
32. Deckers K., Riehl S., Jenkins E., Rosen A., Dodonov A., Simakova A.N., Conard N.J. Vegetation development and human occupation in the Damascus region of southwestern Syria from the Late Pleistocene to Holocene. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot 2009, 18:329-340.
33. Dodonov A.E., Kandel A.W., Simakova A.N., al-Masri M., Conard N.J. Geomorphology, site distribution, and Paleolithic settlement dynamics of the Ma'aloula Region, Damascus Province, Syria. Geoarchaeology 2007, 22:589-606.
34. Dunnell R.C., Dancey W.S. The siteless survey: a regional scale data collection strategy. J. Archaeol. Method Th. 1983, 6:267-287.
35. Enzel Y., Arnit R., Dayan U., Crouvi O., Kahana R., Ziv B., Sharon D. The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts. Global. Planet. Change. 2008, 60:165-192.
36. Foley R. Off-site archaeology: an alternative for the short-sited. Patterns of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clark 1981, 157-183. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. I. Hodder, G. Isaac, N. Hammond (Eds.).
37. Foley R. The adaptive legacy of human evolution: a search for the environment of evolutionary adaptedness. Evol. Anthropol. 1995, 4:194-203.
38. Frumkin A., Ford D.C., Schwarcz H.P. Continental paleoclimatic record of the last 170,000 years in Jerusalem. Quaternary Res. 1999, 51:317-327.
39. Gamble C., Davis W., Pettitt P., Richards M. Climate change and evolving human diversity in Europe during the last glacial. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B. 2004, B359:243-254.
40. Gilead I. The Upper Palaeolithic to Epi-Palaeolithic transition in the Levant. Paléorient 1988, 14:177-182.
41. Gilead I. The Upper Paleolithic period in the Levant. J. World. Prehist. 1991, 5:105-154.
42. Goring-Morris N., Hovers E., Belfer-Cohen A. The dynamics of Pleistocene and Early Holocene settlement patterns and human adaptations in the Levant: an overview. Transitions in Prehistory: Essays in Honor of Ofer Bar-Yosef 2009, Oxbow Books, Oxford. J.J. Shea, D.E. Lieberman (Eds.).
43. Henry, D.O., in press. The Natufian and the Younger Dryas. In: Bar-Yosef, O., Valla, F. (Eds.), The Natufian Culture of the Levant II, International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor.
44. Hillgruber K.F. The Last Hunter-Gatherers: The Epipaleolithic in Southwestern Syria 2010, Dep. of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen.
45. Isaac G.L. Stone age visiting cards: approaches to the study of early land-use pattern. Patterns of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clark 1981, 131-155. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. I. Hodder, G. Isaac, N. Hammond (Eds.).
46. Lev-Yadun S., Weinstein-Evron M. Modeling the influence of wood use by the Natufians of El-Wad in the forest of Mount Carmel. J. Isr. Prehist. Soc. - Mitekufat Haeven 2005, 35:285-298.
47. Munro N.D. Small game, the Younger Dryas, and the transition to agriculture in the southern Levant. Mitt. Ges. Urgesch. Blaubeuren 2003, 12:47-71.
48. Napierala, H., Kandel, A.W., Conard, N.J., in press-a. Small game and the shifting subsistence patterns from the Upper Paleolithic to the Natufian at Baaz Rockshelter, Syria. In: Maskour, M., Beech, M. (Eds.), Archaeozoology of the Near East IX, Al Ain, U.A.E.
49. Napierala, H., Van Neer, W., Kandel, A.W., Peters, J., Uerpmann, H.-P., Conard, N.J., in press-b. Fish in the desert? The Younger Dryas and its influence on the paleoenvironment at Baaz Rockshelter, Syria. In: Bar-Yosef, O., Valla, F. (Eds.), The Natufian Culture of the Levant II, International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor.
50. Rust A. Die Höhlenfunde von Jabrud (Syrien) 1950, Karl Wachtholz Verlag, Neumünster.
51. Schmidt F., Persson A. Comparison of DEM data capture and topographic wetness indices. Precis. Agric. 2003, 4:179-192.
52. Schulz J. Handbuch der ökozonen 2000, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart.
53. Solecki R., Solecki R. New data from Yabroud. Les Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes: Revue d'Archéologie et d'Histoire 1966, 14:121-153.
54. Solecki R., Solecki R. Archaeological researches at Yabroud, Syria and vicinity, summer 1987. Ann. Arch. Syr. 1987/1988, 37/38:9-49.
55. Sørensen R., Zinko U., Seibert J. On the calculation of the topographic wetness index: evaluation of different methods based on field observations. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. 2005, 2:1807-1834.
56. Stiner M.C. Thirty years on the " broad spectrum revolution" and Paleolithic demography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2001, 98:6993-6996.
57. Stiner M.C. Paleocommunities and trends in species as prey. The Fauna of Hayonim Cave, Israel. A 200.000-Year Record of Paleolithic Diet, Demography, and Society 2005, 127-148. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography, Cambridge. M.C. Stiner (Ed.).
58. Stutz A.J., Munro N.D., Bar-Oz G. Increasing the resolution of the broad spectrum revolution in the southern Levantine Epipaleolithic (19-12 ka). J. Hum. Evol. 2009, 56:294-306.
59. Suzuki H., Kobori I. Report of the Reconnaissance Survey on Palaeolithic Sites in Lebanon and Syria 1970, The University Museum, Tokyo.
60. Syrian Arab Republic Climatic Atlas of Syria, Climate Division 1977, Meteorological Department. Ministry of Defence, Damascus.
61. United States Geological Survey Shuttle radar topographic mission (accessed 06.06.08.). http://srtm.usgs.gov/index.php.