Gustilo IIIC fractures in the lower limb

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series B

Volumn 94 B, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 698-703

  Soni, A ^a   Tzafetta, K ^b   Knight, S ^a   Giannoudis, P V ^c  

^a LEEDS GENERAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^b BROOMFIELD HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABOVE KNEE AMPUTATION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BELOW KNEE AMPUTATION; BLOOD VESSEL INJURY; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; DEVICES; EMPLOYMENT; FALLING; FEMALE; FEMORAL ARTERY; FEMUR FRACTURE; FIBULA FRACTURE; FOLLOW UP; FRACTURE EXTERNAL FIXATION; FRACTURE NONUNION; FREE TISSUE GRAFT; GUNSHOT INJURY; GUSTILO TYPE IIIC FRACTURE; HUMAN; INJURY SEVERITY; LEG FRACTURE; LIMB FRACTURE; LIMB SALVAGE; MALE; MANGLED EXTREMITY SEVERITY SCORE; OPEN REDUCTION; OSTEOSYNTHESIS; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PEDICLED SKIN FLAP; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCORING SYSTEM; TIBIA FRACTURE; TIBIAL ARTERY; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VEIN GRAFT; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE; WOUND CLOSURE; WOUND INFECTION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AMPUTATION; CHILD; EMPLOYMENT; FEMALE; FRACTURE FIXATION; FRACTURE FIXATION, INTERNAL; FRACTURE HEALING; FRACTURES, OPEN; FRACTURES, UNUNITED; HUMANS; INJURY SEVERITY SCORE; LEG; LEG INJURIES; LIMB SALVAGE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; SURGICAL FLAPS; SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR SYSTEM INJURIES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84860846208     PISSN: 0301620X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.94B5.27948     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Court-Brown CM, Rimmer S, Prakash U, McQueen MM. The epidemiology of open long bone fractures. Injury 1998;29:529-534. (Pubitemid 28423369)
2. Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DN. Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures. J Trauma 1984;24:742-746. (Pubitemid 14069063)
3. Hansen ST Jr. Overview of the severely traumatized lower limb: reconstruction versus amputation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989;243:17-19. (Pubitemid 19165358)
4. Hansen ST Jr. The type-IIIC tibial fracture: salvage or amputation. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1987;69-A:799-800.
5. Chung KC, Saddawi-Konefka D, Haase SC, Kaul G. A cost-utility analysis of amputation versus salvage for Gustilo IIIB and IIIC open tibial fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;124:1965-1973.
6. Arangio GA, Lehr S, Reed JF 3rd. Reemployment of patients with surgical salvage of open, high-energy tibial fractures: an outcome study. J Trauma 1997;42:942-945. (Pubitemid 27258327)
7. Hertel R, Strebel N, Ganz R. Amputation versus reconstruction in traumatic defects of the leg: outcome and costs. J Orthop Trauma 1996;10:223-229. (Pubitemid 126432694)
8. MacKenzie EJ, Jones AS, Bosse MJ, et al. Health-care costs associated with amputation or reconstruction of a limb-threatening injury. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2007;89-A:1685-1692. (Pubitemid 47229873)
9. Caudle RJ, Stern PJ. Severe open fractures of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1987;69-A:801-807. (Pubitemid 17162600)
10. Lange RH, Bach AW, Hansen ST Jr, Johansen KH. Open tibial fractures with associated vascular injuries: prognosis for limb salvage. J Trauma 1985;25:203-208. (Pubitemid 15065796)
11. McNutt R, Seabrook G, Schmitt DD, et al. Blunt tibial artery trauma: predicting the irretrievable extremity. J Trauma 1989;12:1624-1627. (Pubitemid 20024866)
12. Gregory RT, Gould RJ, Peclet M, et al. The mangled extremity syndrome (M.E.S.): a severity grading system for multisystem injury of the extremity. J Trauma 1985;22:1147-1150. (Pubitemid 16208674)
13. Howe HR Jr, Poole GV Jr, Hansen KJ, et al. Salvage of lower extremities following combined orthopedic and vascular trauma: a predictive salvage index. Am Surg 1987;53:205-208. (Pubitemid 17060052)
14. Tu YK, Hsu DT, Su JI, Hsu DT, Chen RJ. The predictive value of MESS application in lower extremities trauma. J Orthop Surg ROC 1995;12:24-32.
15. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Advanced Trauma Life Support: student course manual. Eighth ed. 2008.
16. Gopal S, Majumder S, Batchelor AG, et al. Fix and flap: the radical orthopaedic and plastic treatment of severe open fractures of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2000;82-B:959-966.
17. No authors listed. EuroQol: a new facility measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 1990;16:199-208.
18. Rabin R, de Charro F. EQ-5D: a measure of health status from the EuroQol group. Ann Med 2001;33:337-343. (Pubitemid 32675374)
19. Veliskakis K. Primary internal fixation in open fractures of the tibial shaft: the problem of wound healing. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1959;41-B:342-354.
20. Webb LX, Bosse MJ, Castillo RC, et al. Analysis of surgeon-controlled variables in the treatment of limb-threatening type-III open tibial diaphyseal fractures. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2007;89-A:923-928. (Pubitemid 46724579)
21. Flint LM, Richardson JD. Arterial injury with lower extremity fracture. Surgery 1983;93:5-8. (Pubitemid 13093399)
22. Segal D, Brenner M, Gorczyca J. Tibial fractures with infrapopliteal arterial injuries. J Orthop Trauma 1987;1:160-169.
23. Brinker MR, Bailey DE Jr. Fracture healing in tibia with an associated vascular injury. J Trauma 1997;42:11-19. (Pubitemid 27045046)
24. Bosse MJ, Mackenzie EJ, Kellam JF, et al. A prospective evaluation of the clinical utility of lower-extremity injury severity scores. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2001;83- A:3-14. (Pubitemid 32116102)
25. Lin CH, Wei FC, Levin LS, Su JI, Yeh WL. The functional outcome of lower-extremity fractures with vascular injury. J Trauma 1997;43:480-485. (Pubitemid 27415439)
26. Bosse MJ, McCarthy ML, Jones AL, et al. The insensate foot following severe lower extremity trauma: an indication for amputation? J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2005;87-A:2601-2608. (Pubitemid 41747024)
27. Nanchahal J, Nayagam S, Khan U, et al. BAPRAS: standards for the management of open fractures of the lower limb, 2009:20. http://www.bapras.org. uk/page.asp?id=724 (date last accessed 8 February 2012).
28. Gustilo RB, Gruniger RP, Davis T. Classification of type III (severe) open fractures relative to treatment and results. Orthopedics 1987;10:1781-1788. (Pubitemid 18019357)
29. Yaeger RA, Hobson RW 2nd, Lynch TG, et al. Popliteal and infrapopliteal arterial injuries: differential management and amputation rates. Am Surg 1984;50:155-158. (Pubitemid 14159059)
30. Seligson D, Ostermann PAW, Henry SL, Wolley T. The management of open fracture associated with arterial injury requiring vascular repair. J Trauma 994;37:938-940.
31. Alexander JJ, Piotrowski JJ, Graham D, Franceschi D, King T. Outcome of complex vascular and orthopedic injuries of the lower extremity. Am J Surg 1991;162:111-116.
32. Saddawi-Konefka D, Kim HM, Chung KC. A systematic review of outcomes and complications of reconstruction and amputation for type IIIB and IIIC fractures of the tibia. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;122:1796-1805.
33. Soucacos PN, Beris AE, Xenakis TA, Malizos KN, Vekris MD. Open type IIIB and IIIC fractures treated by an orthopaedic microsurgical team. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995;314:59-66.
34. Puno RM, Grossfeld SL, Henry SL, et al. Functional outcome of patients with salvageable limbs with grade III-B and III-C open fractures of tibia. Microsurgery 1996;17:167-173. (Pubitemid 27014974)
35. Quirke TE, Sharma PK, Boss WK Jr, Oppenheim WC, Rauscher GE. Are type IIIC lower extremity injuries an indication for primary amputation. J Trauma 1996;40:992-996. (Pubitemid 26179395)
36. Pelissier P, Boireau P, Martin D, Baudet J. Bone reconstruction of lower extremity: complications and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;111:2223-2229. (Pubitemid 36676799)
37. Parmaksizoglu F, Koprulu AS, Unal MB, Cansu E. Early or delayed limb lengthening after acute shortening in the treatment of traumatic below-knee amputations and Gustilo and Anderson type IIIC open tibial fractures: the results of a case series. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2010;92-B:1563-1567.
38. Chung KC, Shauver MJ, Saddawi-Konefka D, Haase SC. A decision analysis of amputation versus reconstruction for severe open tibial fracture from the physician and patient perspectives. Ann Plast Surg 2011;66:185-191.
39. Alexander JJ, Piotrowski JJ, Graham D, Franceschi D, King T. Outcome of complex vascular and orthopedic injuries of the lower extremity. Am J Surg 1991;162:111-116.
40. Hollinshead WH. Anatomy for surgeons. Vol. 3. New York: Harper and Row, 1969:805.
41. Pollak AN, Jones AL, Castillo RC, et al. The relationship between time to surgical debridement and incidence of infection after open high-energy lower extremity trauma. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2010;92-A:7-15.
42. Dellinger EP, Miller SD, Wertz MJ, et al. Risk of infection after open fracture of the arm or leg. Arch Surg 1988;123:1320-1327. (Pubitemid 18262711)