Locomotive implication of a Pliocene three-toed horse skeleton from Tibet and its paleo-altimetry significance

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Volumn 109, Issue 19, 2012, Pages 7374-7378

  Deng, Tao ^a,b   Li, Qiang ^a   Tseng, Zhijie Jack ^c,d   Takeuchi, Gary T ^c   Wang, Yang ^e   Xie, Guangpu ^f   Wang, Shiqi ^a   Hou, Sukuan ^a   Wang, Xiaoming ^a,c  

^a INSTITUTE OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY AND PALEOANTHROPOLOGY   (China)

^b NORTHWEST UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f Gansu Provincial Museum   (China)

Author keywords

Paleoecology; Stable isotope; Tectonics; Vertebrate paleontology

Indexed keywords

ALTITUDE; ARTICLE; CHINA; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; HABITAT; HORSE; LOCOMOTION; MORPHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PLIOCENE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKELETON;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; BONE AND BONES; CARBON ISOTOPES; FEMUR; FOSSILS; GEOGRAPHY; HORSES; METACARPAL BONES; MOTOR ACTIVITY; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; PALEONTOLOGY; SKELETON; TIBET; TIBIA; TIME FACTORS;

EQUIDAE; HIPPARION; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 84860788094     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: 10916490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201052109     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Ji HX, Hsu CQ, Huang WP (1980) The Hipparion fauna from Guizhong Basin, Xizang. Palaeontology of Xizang, Book 1, ed Chinese Academy of Sciences (Science Press, Beijing), pp 18-32.
2. Zheng SH (1980) The Hipparion fauna of Bulong Basin, Biru, Xizang. Palaeontology of Xizang, Book 1, ed Chinese Academy of Sciences (Science Press, Beijing), pp 33-47.
3. Li FL, Li DL (1990) Latest Miocene Hipparion (Plesiohipparion) of Zanda Basin. Paleontology of the Ngari Area, Tibet (Xizang), eds Yang ZY, Nie ZT (China Univ Geoscience Press, Wuhan), pp 186-193.
4. Saylor JE, et al. (2009) The late Miocene through present paleoelevation history of southwestern Tibet. Am J Sci 309:1-42.
5. Wang SF, Zhang WL, Fang XM, Dai S, Kempf O (2008) Magnetostratigraphy of the Zanda Basin in southwest Tibet Plateau and its tectonic implications. Chin Sci Bull 53: 1393-1400. (Pubitemid 351632487)
6. Sack WO (1988) The stay-apparatus of the horse's hindlimb, explained. Equine Pract 11:31-35.
7. Hermanson J, MacFadden BJ (1996) Evolutionary and functional morphology of the knee in fossil and extant horses (Equidae). J Vert Paleont 16:349-357.
8. Boyd LE, Carbonaro DA, Houpt KA (1988) The 24-hour time budget of Przewalski horses. Appl Anim Behav Sci 21:5-17.
9. Bernor RL, Tobien H, Hayek LAC, Mittmann HW (1997) Hippotherium primigenium (Equidae, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Höwenegg (Hegao, Germany). Andrias 10:1-230.
10. MacFadden BJ (1992) Fossil Horses: Systematics, Paleobiology, and Evolution of the Family Equidae (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge).
11. Eisenmann V (1995) What metapodial morphometry has to say about some Miocene Hipparions. Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins, eds Vrba ES, Denton GH, Partridge TC, Burckle LH (Yale Univ Press, New Haven), pp 148-164.
12. Eisenmann V, Sondaar PY (1989) Hipparions and the Mio-Pliocene boundary. Boll Soc Paleont Ital 28:217-226.
13. Hussain ST (1975) Evolutionary and functional anatomy of the pelvic limb in fossil and recent Equidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia). Anat Histol Embryol 4:179-192.
14. Camp CL, Smith N (1942) Phylogeny and functions of the digital ligaments of the horse. Univ California Mem 13:69-124.
15. Evander RL (1989) Phylogeny of the family Equidae. The Evolution of Perissodactyls, eds Prothero DR, Schoch RM (Oxford Univ Press, New York), pp 109-127.
16. Thomason JJ (1986) The functional morphology of the manus in tridactyl equids Merychippus and Mesohippus: Paleontological inferences from neontological models. J Vert Paleont 6:143-161.
17. Qiu ZX, Huang WL, Guo ZH (1987) The Chinese hipparionine fossils. Palaeont Sin New Ser C 25:1-243.
18. Janis CM (1976) The evolutionary strategy of the Equidae and the origins of rumen and cecal digestion. Evolution 30:757-774.
19. Deng T, et al. (2011) Out of Tibet: Pliocene woolly rhino suggests high-plateau origin of Ice Age megaherbivores. Science 333:1285-1288.
20. Burbank DW, Derry LA, France-Lanord C (1993) Reduced Himalayan sediment production 8 Myr ago despite an intensified monsoon. Nature 364:48-50. (Pubitemid 23393821)
21. Zhang P, Molnar P, Downs WR (2001) Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2-4 Myr ago due to the influence of climate change on erosion rates. Nature 410:891-897. (Pubitemid 32335827)
22. Raymo ME, Ruddiman WF (1992) Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate change. Nature 359:117-122. (Pubitemid 23375019)
23. Guo ZT, et al. (2002) Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China. Nature 416:159-163. (Pubitemid 34246469)
24. Molnar P, England P, Martinod J (1993) Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the Indian monsoon. Rev Geophys 31:357-396. (Pubitemid 24423082)
25. Spicer RA, et al. (2003) Constant elevation of southern Tibet over the past 15 million years. Nature 421:622-624. (Pubitemid 36227667)
26. Rowley DB, Currie BS (2006) Palaeo-altimetry of the late Eocene to Miocene Lunpola basin, central Tibet. Nature 439:677-681. (Pubitemid 43237608)
27. Wang Y, Deng T, Biasatti D (2006) Ancient diets indicate significant uplift of southern Tibet after ca. 7 Ma. Geology 34:309-312.
28. Harrison TM, Copeland P, Kidd WS, Yin A (1992) Raising tibet. Science 255:1663-1670.
29. Wu ZY (1987) Origin and evolution of the flora of Tibet. Flora of Xizangica, Vol. 5, ed Wu ZY (Science Press, Beijing), pp 874-902.
30. Wang XP, Zhang L, Fang JY (2004) Geographical differences in alpine timberline and its climatic interpretation in China. Acta Geogr Sin 59:871-879. (Pubitemid 40162201)
31. Sabaa AT, Sikes EL, Hayward BW, Howard WR (2004) Pliocene sea surface temperature changes in ODP Site 1125, Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand. Mar Geol 205: 113-125. (Pubitemid 38458921)
32. Tranquillni W (1979) Physiological Ecology of the Alpine Timberline (Springer, Berlin).
33. Dowsett HJ (2007) The PRISM paleoclimate reconstruction and Pliocene sea-surface temperature. Micropaleont Soc Spec Pub 2:459-480.
34. Zachos J, Pagani M, Sloan L, Thomas E, Billups K (2001) Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science 292:686-693. (Pubitemid 32385533)