The synergistic leadership theory

Journal of Educational Administration

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 304-322

  Irby, Beverly J ^a   Brown, Genevieve ^a   Duffy, jo Ann ^a   Trautman, Diane ^a  

^a SAM HOUSTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Leadership; Organizational structure; Theory; Values

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860748109     PISSN: 09578234     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/09578230210433409     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Avila, L. (1993), “Why women are ready for educational leadership positions”, in Brown, G. and Irby, B.J. (Eds), Women as School Executives: A Powerful Paradigm, Sam Houston State University, Texas Council of Women School Executives, Huntsville, TX.
2. Bakke, E.W. (1953), The Fusion Process, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
3. Banathy, B. (1992), A Systems View of Education: Concepts and Principles of Effective Practice, Educational Technology Publications, Englewood, NJ.
4. Barnard, C.I. (1938), The Functions of the Executive, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
5. Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (Eds.) (1994), Improving Organizational Effectiveness Through Transformational Leadership, Sage Publishers, Thousand Oaks, CA.
6. Bell, S. (1995), “If I weren’t involved in schools, I might be radical: gender consciousness in context”, in Dunlap, D. and Schmuck, P. (Eds), Women Leading in Education, Vol. 3 No. 16, p. 289.
7. Bolman, L. and Deal, T. (1991), “Leadership and management effectiveness: a multi-frame, multi-sector analysis”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 30, pp. 509-34.
8. Bolman, L. and Deal, T. (1997), Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice, and Leadership, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
9. Bowers, D.G. and Seashore, S.E. (1966), “Predicting organizational effectiveness with a four-factor theory of leadership”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 11, pp. 238-63.
10. Brown, G. and Irby, B.J. (1994), “Needed: a theory including women executives in the rural culture”, in Montgomery, D. (Ed.), Conference Proceedings of Rural Partnerships: Working Together, American Council on Rural Special Education, Austin, TX.
11. Brown, G. and Irby, B.J. (1995), “The development of a feminist-inclusive leadership theory”, in Bredeson, P. and Scribner, J. (Eds), The Professoriate: Challenges and Promises, Technomic, Lancaster, PA.
12. Brown, G., Irby, B.J. and Trautman, D. (1999), “Analysis of thirteen leadership theories for an androcentric bias”, paper presented at the National Council of Professors of Educational Administration, Jackson Hole, WY, August.
13. Brunner, C.C. (1999), “Power, gender and superintendent selection”, in Brunner, C.C. (Ed.), Sacred Dreams: Women and the Superintendency, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY.
14. Brunner, C. and Duncan, P. (1998), “Constructed collaborative leaders; in the company of women administrators”, in Brown, G. and Irby, B.J. (Eds), Women Leaders: Structuring Success, Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA, pp. 50-64.
15. Burns, J.M. (1978), Leadership, Harper & Row, New York, NY.
16. Cannella, S. (1998), “Critical research: Postmodern methodologies for the examination of ethnicity, class, and gender in education”, in Advancing Women, available at: www.advancingwomen.com/awl/winter98/awlv2_1pix.html
17. Chaffins, S., Forbes, M., Fuqua, H. and Cangemi, J. (1995), “The glass ceiling: are women where they should be?”, Education, Vol. 115 No. 3, pp. 380-6.
18. Covey, S. (1990), The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, Simon & Schuster, New York, NY.
19. Covey, S. (1992), Principal-centered Leadership, Simon & Schuster, New York, NY.
20. Daresh, J.C. (2001), Supervision as Proactive Leadership, Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL.
21. Deming, W.E. (1988), Out of the Crisis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
22. Denzin, N.K. (1978), Sociological Methods, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
23. Durgin, H. (1998), “Women in power”, Houston Chronicle, pp. D1, D4-D5.
24. English, F. (1997), “The recentering of leadership from the jaws of management science”, a paper presented to the American Educational Research Association, Division A, Chicago, IL.
25. English, F. (1999), “Marching into the new millennium: the fields of educational administration”, a paper presented to the National Council of Professors of Educational Administration, Jackson Hole, WY, August.
26. Etzioni, A. (1975), A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations, rev. ed., Free Press, New York, NY.
27. Evans, M.G. (1970), “The effects of supervisory behavior on the path-goal relationship”, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 5, pp. 277-98.
28. Feree, M.M. and Martin, P.Y. (Eds) (1995), Feminist Organizations: Harvest of the New Women's Movement, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA.
29. Ferguson, K.E. (1994), “On bringing more theory, more voices and more politics to the study of organizations”, Organizations, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 81-99.
30. Fiedler, F.E. (1967), A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
31. Flinders, D.J. and Mills, G.E. (1993), Theory and Concepts in Qualitative Research, Teachers College Press, New York, NY.
32. Fuller, B. (1979), Synergetics 2: Further Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, Macmillan, New York, NY.
33. Getzels, J. and Guba, E. (1955), “Role conflict and personality”, Journal of Personality, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 74-85.
34. Gossetti, P. and Rusch, E. (1995), “Reexamining educational leadership”, in Dunlap, D. and Schmuck, P. (Eds), Women Leading in Education, State University of New York, Albany, NY.
35. Grogan, M. (1996), Voices of Women Aspiring to the Superintendency, State University of New York, Albany, NY.
36. Grogan, M. (1998), “Feminist approaches to educational leadership”, in Irby, B.J. and Brown, G. (Eds), Women Leaders: Structuring Success, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, IA, pp. 21-9.
37. Grogan, M. and Blackmon, M. (2001), “A superintendent's approach to coalition building: working with diversity to garner support for educational initiatives”, in Brunner, C.C. and Björk, L.G. (Eds), The New Superintendency, Vol. 6, pp. 95-113.
38. Grogan, M. and Henry, M. (1995), “Women candidates for the superintendency: board perspectives”, in Irby, B.J. and Brown, G. (Eds), Women as School Executives: Voices and Visions, Texas Council for Women School Executives, Austin, TX.
39. Gupton, S.L. and Slick, G.A. (1996), Highly Successful Women Administrators: The Inside Story of How They Got There, Corwin Press, Inc., Thousands Oaks, CA.
40. Halpin, A.W. and Winer, B.J. (1957), “A factorial study of leader behavior descriptions”, in Stogdill, R.M. and Coons, A.E. (Eds), Leader Behavior: Its Description and Measurement, Ohio State University Bureau of Business Research, Columbus, OH, pp. 39-51.
41. Hartsock, N. (1987), “Foucault on power: a theory for women?”, in Nicholson, L. (Ed.), Feminism/Postmodernism, Routledge Press, London, pp. 157-75.
42. Helgeson, S. (1990), The Female Advantage: Women's Ways of Leading, Doubleday, New York, NY.
43. Hemphill, J.K. and Coons, A.E. (1957), “Development of the leader behavior description questionnaire”, in Stogdill, R.M. and Coons, A.E. (Eds), Leader Behavior: Its Description and Measurement, Ohio State University Bureau of Business Research, Columbus, OH, pp. 6-38.
44. Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K. (1969), “Life cycle theory of leadership”, Training and Development Journal, Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 26-34.
45. Holtkamp, L. (2001), “The validation of the organizational and leadership effectiveness inventory”, PhD dissertation, Sam Houston State University, TX.
46. Homans, G.C. (1950), The Human Group, Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, NY.
47. Hurty, K.S. (1995), “Women principals leading with power”, in Dunlap, D.M. and Schmuck, P.A. (Eds), Women Leading in Education, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY, pp. 380-406.
48. Irby, B.J. and Brown, G. (2001), “A gender-inclusive theory: the synergistic leadership theory”, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Seattle, WA.
49. Irby, B.J., Brown, G. and Trautman, D. (1999), “Equalizing opportunities: analysis of current leadership theory and its relationship to a feminine inclusive leadership theory”, in Fenwick, L. (Ed.), School Leadership: Expanding Horizons of the Mind and Spirit, Technomic, Lancaster, PA.
50. Iselt, C., Brown, G. and Irby, B. (2001), “Gender differences in superintendents’ perceptions of superintendency preparation programs”, Advances in Research and Theories of School Management and Educational Policy, JAI Press, Stanford, CT.
51. Kerlinger, F.N. (1986), Foundations of Behavioral Research (3rd ed.), Harcourt Brace, San Diego, CA, p. 9.
52. Koen, S. (1984), “Feminist workplaces: alternative models for the organization of work”, PhD dissertation, Union of Michigan dissertation information service.
53. Lambert, L. (1998), Building Leadership Capacity in Schools, Teachers College Press, New York, NY.
54. Lambert, L., Walker, D., Zimmerman, D., Cooper, J., Lambert, M., Gardner, M. and Slack, P. (1995), The Constructivist Leader, Teachers College Press, New York, NY.
55. LeCompte, K. (1996), “An investigation of the manifestation of leadership potential in female preservice teachers”, Masters thesis, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX.
56. Lewin, K., Lippitt, R. and White, R.K. (1939), “Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created social climates”, Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 10, pp. 271-99.
57. Likert, R. (1961), New Patterns of Management, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, p. 105.
58. Lincoln, Y.S. and Guba, E.G. (1985), Naturalistic Inquiry, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
59. Loden, M. (1985), Feminine Leadership, or How to Succeed in Business Without Being One of the Boys, Times Books, New York, NY.
60. Lunenberg, F. and Ornstein, A. (1996), Educational Administration: Concepts and Practices, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, CA.
61. Lyotard, J. (1984), The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN.
62. McCall, A. (1995), “The bureaucratic restraints to caring in school”, in Women Leading in Education, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY, pp. 180-94.
63. McCreight, C. (1998), “A beginner's steps to the superintendency”, in Funk, C., Pankake, A.and Reese, M. (Eds), Women as School Executives: Realizing the Vision, Texas Council of Women Scholl Executives, Austin, TX, Vol. 41, pp. 196-8.
64. McGregor, D. (1957), The Human Side of Enterprise, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
65. McGrew-Zoubi, R. (1993), “Women's leadership style”, in Brown, G. and Irby, B.J. (Eds), Women as School Executives: A Powerful Paradigm, Sam Houston State University, Texas Council of Women School Executives, Huntsville, TX, pp. 43-5.
66. Maslow, A.H. (1954), Motivation and Personality, Harper & Row, New York, NY.
67. Marshall, C. (Ed.) (1992), Women as School Administrators, Phi Delta Kappa, Bloomington, IN.
68. Marshall, C. (1993), The New Politics of Race and Gender, Falmer Press, Bristol, PA.
69. Martin, P.Y. (1993), “Feminism and management”, in Fagenson, E. (Ed.), Women in Management: Trends, Perspectives and Challenges, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
70. Maxwell, J.A. (1996), Qualitative Research Design: An Interpretive Approach, Sage, Thousands Oaks, CA.
71. Mintzberg, H. (1983), Structure in Fives Designing Effective Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
72. Misumi, J., Nakano, S. and Ueno, Y. (1958), “A cross-cultural study of the effect of democratic, authoritarian and laissez-faire atmospheres in children's groups I”, Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Kyushu University, Vol. 5, pp. 41-57.
73. Morgan, S. (1994), “Personalizing personnel decisions in feminist organizational theory and practice”, Human Relations, Vol. 47 No. 6, pp. 665-84.
74. Morse, J. (1997), Completing a Qualitative Project: Details and Dialogue, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
75. Nahavandi, A. (1999), The Art and Science of Leadership, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
76. Norton, M., Webb, L., Dlugosh, L. and Sybouts, W. (1996), The School Superintendency: New Responsibilities, New Leadership, Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA.
77. Ortiz, F.I. and Marshall, C. (1988), “Women in educational administration”, in Boyan, N.J. (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Educational Administration, Longman, New York, NY, pp. 123-41.
78. Ouchi, W. (1981), Theory Z Reading, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
79. Palmer, D. (1983), “Personal values and managerial decisions: are there differences between women and men?”, College Student Journal, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 124-31.
80. Papalewis, R. (1994), “Women in educational leadership: a review of mainstream literature”, a paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association Special Interest Group on Research on Women and Education, St. Paul, MN.
81. Pigford, A.B. and Tonnsen, S. (1993), Women in School Leadership, Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, PA.
82. Porter, L. (1964), “Attitudes in management: perceived deficiencies in need fulfillment as a function of job level”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 46, pp. 375-84.
83. Reardon, K. (1995), They Don’t Get It, Do They?, Little, Brown and Co., Boston, MA.
84. Ropers-Huilman, B. (1998), “Feminist leadership in higher education: a contextual analysis of power and resistance”, unpublished manuscript, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.
85. Rosener, J. (1990), “Ways women lead”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 68 No. 4, pp. 28-49.
86. Rothschild, J. (1992), “Principles of feminist trade union organizations”, paper presented at the Workshop on Feminist Organizations, Washington, DC.
87. Schlosberg, T.V. (2001), “Synergistic leadership: an international case study”, PhD dissertation proposal, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX.
88. Senge, P. (1990), The Fifth Discipline, Doubleday/Currency, New York, NY.
89. Sergiovanni, T. (1991), Moral Leadership: Getting to the Heart of School Reform, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
90. Sergiovanni, T. (1994), Building Community in Schools, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
91. Shakeshaft, C. (1986), Women in Educational Administration, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA.
92. Shakeshaft, C. (1989), Women in Educational Administration, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
93. Shakeshaft, C. and Nowell, I. (1984), “Research on theories, concepts, and models of organizational behavior: the influence of gender”, Issues in Education, Vol. 2 No. 3, pp. 186-200.
94. Sheehy, S. (1997), “It's your life. Manage it!”, Working Woman, pp. 50-51.
95. Smith, P. and Smits, S. (1994), “The feminization of leadership?”, Training and Development, Vol. 48 No. 2, pp. 43-6.
96. Sparrow, J. and Rigg, C. (1994), “Job analysis: selecting for the masculine approach to management”, Selection and Development Review, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 5-8.
97. Stogdill, R.M. (1948), “Personal factors associated with leadership: a survey of literature”, Journal of Psychology, Vol. 25, pp. 35-71.
98. Tallerico, M. (1999), “Women and the superintendencey: what do we really know?”, in Brunner, C.C. (Ed.), Sacred Dreams: Women and the Superintendency, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY.
99. Timpano, D. (1976), “How to tell if you’re discriminating against would-be women administrators, and what to do about it if you are”, The American School Board Journal, Vol. 163 No. 6, pp. 19-23.
100. “(The) Top 500” (1998), Working Woman, pp. 35-80.
101. Trautman, H.D. (2000), “A validation of the synergistic leadership theory: a gender-inclusive leadership theory”, PhD dissertation, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX.
102. Truslow, K. (2001), “Effects of the synergistic leadership theory on the career path to the superintendancy for males and females”, unpublished manuscript.
103. Tong, R. (1989), Feminist Thought, Westview Press, San Francisco, CA.
104. Valentine, P. (1995), “Women's working worlds: a case study of a female organization”, in Dunlap, D.M. and Schumuck, P.A. (Eds), Women Leading in Education, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY, pp. 340-55.
105. Von Bertalanffy, L. (1976), General System Theory: Foundations, Development Applications, George Braziller, New York, NY.
106. Wolf, J. and Ball, E. (1999), Empowering Staff to Support Organizational Objectives: Creating an Administrative Environment that Fosters Harmony, Loyalty and Teamwork, Learning For Life, Encintas, CA.