Withering consent, but mutual dependency: UN peace operations and African assertiveness

Conflict, Security and Development

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 447-471

  Piccolino, Giulia ^a   Karlsrud, John ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860721937     PISSN: 14678802     EISSN: 14781174     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2011.614128     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Amnesty International. 2006. Côte d'Ivoire: Clashes between Peacekeeping Forces and Civilians: Lessons for the Future, New York: Amnesty International.
2. Amnesty International. 2010. Democratic Republic of Congo: Mass Rape Highlights Failures in Protection and Justice, New York: Amnesty International.
3. Angelo, Victor. 2011. Inter-mission Cooperation: Reflecting on Sudan and Central Africa Experiences, Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI).
4. Bain, William. 2006. In Praise of Folly: International Administration and the Corruption of Humanity. International Affairs, 82(3): 525-538.
5. Barnett, M. and Zürcher, C. 2009. "The Peacebuilder's Contract: How External Statebuilding Reinforces Weak Statehood". In The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Postwar Peace Operations, Edited by: Paris, R. and Sisk, T. New York: Routledge.
6. Bayart, Jean-François. 1993. The State in Africa: the Politics of the Belly, London: Longman.
7. Bayart, Jean-François. 2000. Africa in the World: a History of Extraversion. African Affairs, 99(50): 217-267.
8. Berdal, Mats. 2009. Building Peace after War, Adelphi Paper no. 407, International Institute for Strategic Studies New York: Routledge.
9. Bouquet, Christian. 2008. Géopolitique de la Côte d'Ivoire: le Désespoir de Kourouma [Geopolitics of Côte d'Ivoire: Kourouma's Despair], Paris: Armand Colin.
10. Carlson, Allen. 2004. Helping to Keep the Peace (Albeit Reluctantly): China's Recent Stance on Sovereignty and Multilateral Intervention. Pacific Affairs, 77(1): 9-27.
11. Center on International Cooperation (New York University). 2006. Annual Review of Global Peace Operations, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
12. Centre on International Cooperation (New York University), 2009. Building on Brahimi: Peacekeeping in an Era of Strategic Uncertainty. Available at: http://www.cic.nyu.edu/peacekeeping/docs/cic_brahimi_report.pdf [Accessed 2 August 2011]
13. Chabal, P. and Daloz, J.-P. 1999. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, Oxford: James Currey.
14. Chandler, David. 1999. Bosnia: Faking Democracy after Dayton, London: Pluto Press.
15. Chandler, David. 2006. Empire in Denial: the Politics of State-building, London: Pluto Press.
16. Charles, T. and Handy, S.P.A. 2008. L'Accord Politique de Ouagadougou. Vers une Sortie de Crise Pérenne en Côte d'Ivoire?. Annuaire Français de Relations Internationales, 9(4): 653-667. [The Ouagadougou Political Agreement. Towards a Perpetual Conflict Resolution Process in Côte d'Ivoire?]
17. Chesterman, Simon. 2004. You, the People: the United Nations, Transitional Administration, and State-building, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
18. Chinese Military: Open and Transparent, 2011. 'International Peacekeeping'. Available at: http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/special-reports/2007zgjdgjtm/index.htm [Accessed 16 February 2011]
19. Clapham, Christopher. 1996. Africa and the International System: the Politics of State Survival, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. Clapham, Christopher. 1998. "Being Peacekept". In Peacekeeping in Africa, Edited by: Furley, O. and May, R. 303-319. Surrey: Ashgate.
21. Collier, Paul. 2009. Wars, Guns, and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places, New York: Harper.
22. Darby, Paul. 2009. Rolling Back the Frontiers of Empire: Practising the Postcolonial. International Peacekeeping, 16(5): 699-716.
23. D'Ersu, Laurent. 2007. La Crise Ivoirienne, une Intrigue Franco-française. Politique Africaine,: 85-104.
24. Duffield, Mark. 2001. Global Governance and the New Wars: the Merging of Development and Security, London: Zed Books.
25. Englebert, Pierre. 2009. Africa: Unity, Sovereignty, and Sorrow, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
26. Eriksen, Stein S. 2009. The Liberal Peace Is Neither: Peacebuilding, State building and the Reproduction of Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo. International Peacekeeping, 16(5): 652-666.
27. Eriksson, H. and B. Hagstromer, 2005. Chad-Towards Democratisation or Petro-Dictatorship?. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet Discussion Paper 29, Uppsala
28. Felix da Costa, D. and J. Karlsrud, 2010. 'A Role for Civil Affairs in Community Conflict Resolution? MINURCAT's Intercommunity Dialogue Strategy in Eastern Chad'. Humanitarian Exchange Magazine, Humanitarian Practice Network, ODI, London, Issue 48, October
29. French Republic, Republic of Côte d'Ivoire et al., 1961. 'Accord de défense entre les Gouvernements de la République de Côte d'Ivoire, de la République du Dahomey, de la République Française et de la République du Niger'. Available at: http://www.cotedivoirepr.ci/files/pdf/Accords_de_defense_entre_la_Cote_d_Ivoire_et_la_France.pdf [Accessed 16 January 2011]
30. Gbagbo, Laurent, 2006. 'Discours à la Nation du Président Laurent Gbagbo du 19 Décembre 2006' [Address of President Laurent Gbagbo to the Nation of 19 December 2006]. Presidency of Côte d'Ivoire. Available at: http://www.cotedivoirepr.ci/?action = show_page&id_page = 4176 [Accessed 20 December 2010]
31. Gberie, L. and Addo, P. 2004. Challenges of Peace Implementation in Côte d'Ivoire, Pretoria: Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC), Zentrum für Internationale Friedenseinsätze (ZIF).
32. Hofnung, Thomas. 2005. La crise en Côte-d'Ivoire: Dix Clés pour Comprendre, Paris: La Découverte.
33. Holt, V.Taylor, G. 2009. Protecting Civilians in the Context of UN Peacekeeping Operations: Successes, Setbacks and Remaining Challenges, New York: UN Department for Peacekeeping Operations and UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Activity.
34. International Crisis Group, 2008. Beyond the Fragile Peace between Ethiopia and Eritrea: Averting New War. Africa Report no. 141. Available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa/ethiopia-eritrea/141-beyond-the-fragile-peace-between-ethiopia-and-eritrea-averting-new-war.aspx [Accessed 12 February 2011]
35. International Crisis Group, 2005. Côte d'Ivoire: le Pire est Peut-être à Venir [Côte d'Ivoire: The Worst May Be Yet to Come]. Africa Report no. 90. Available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/fr/regions/afrique/afrique-de-louest/cote-divoire/090-cote-divoire-the-worst-may-be-yet-to-come.aspx [Accessed 12 February 2011]
36. International Working Group on Côte d'Ivoire, 2006. 'Troisième Réunion du Group de Travail International' [Third Meeting of the International Working Group]. Minutes. Available at: http://www.gouv.ci/autresimages/3emeREUNION_DU_GTI.pdf [Accessed 14 January 2011]
37. Jackson, Robert H. 1990. Quasi-states: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Johnstone, Ian. 2011. Managing Consent in Contemporary Peacekeeping Operations. International Peacekeeping, 18(2): 168-182.
39. Joseph, Richard. 2003. Nation-State Trajectories in Africa. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,: 13-20.
40. Karlsrud, J. and Solhjell, R. 2010. An Honourable Exit for MINURCAT?, Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.
41. Kouamouo, Théophile. 2007. La Recolonisation de l'Afrique: le Cas de la Cote d'Ivoire, Abidjan: Editions Le Courrier d'Abidjan.
42. Krasner, Stephen D. 2004. Sharing Sovereignty: New Institutions for Collapsed and Failing States. International Security, 29(2): 85-120.
43. Marshall, Ruth. 2007. La France en Côte d'Ivoire: l'Interventionnisme à l'Epreuve des Faits' [France's Intervention in the Ivory Coast: The Facts Confronted]. Politique Africaine,: 21-41.
44. Marshall-Fratani, Ruth. 2006. The War of "Who Is Who": Autochthony, Nationalism, and Citizenship in the Ivorian Crisis. African Studies Review, 49: 9-43.
45. Paris, Roland. 2002. International Peacebuilding and the "Mission Civilisatrice". Review of International Studies, 28(4): 637-656.
46. Paris, R. and Sisk, T.D. 2009. The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Postwar Peace Operations, London: Routledge.
47. Pouligny, Béatrice. 2006. Peace Operations Seen from Below: UN Missions and Local People, London: Hurst & Co.
48. Reno, William. 1998. Warlord Politics and African States, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
49. République de Côte d'Ivoire, 2007. 'Accord Politique de Ouagadougou', Centre d'Information et de Communication Gouvernementale, Abidjan, 4 March
50. Richmond, Oliver P. 2006. The Problem of Peace: Understanding the "Liberal Peace". Conflict, Security & Development, 6(3): 291-314.
51. Smith, Stephen. 2003. La Politique d'Engagement de la France à l'Epreuve de la Cote d'Ivoire. Politique Africaine,: 112-126.
52. Transparency International, 2011. Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 Results. Available at: http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results [Accessed 17 February 2011]
53. UN, 1999. 'Resolution 1258'. Security Council Resolution, UN doc. S/RES/1258, 6 August
54. UN, 1999. 'Resolution 1279'. Security Council Resolution, UN doc. S/RES/1279, 30 November
55. UN, 2000. 'Resolution 1291'. Security Council Resolution, UN doc. S/RES/1291, 24 February
56. UN, 2000. Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations [Brahimi Report]. Independent Panel, UN Doc. A/55/305 - S/2000/809, 21 August
57. UN, 2004. 'Resolution 1564'. Security Council Resolution, UN doc. S/RES/1564, 18 September
58. UN, 2004. 'Resolution 1572'. Security Council Resolution, UN doc. S/RES/1572, 15 November
59. UN, 2005. 'Resolution 1643'. Security Council Resolution, UN doc. S/RES/1643, 15 December
60. UN, 2006. 'List of Individuals Subject to Paragraphs 9 and 11 of Resolution 1572 (2004) and Paragraph 4 of Resolution 1643 (2005)', UN Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) concerning Côte d'Ivoire. Available at: http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1572/listtable.html [Accessed 13 February 2011]
61. UN, 2006. 'Resolution 1721'. Security Council Resolution, UN doc. S/RES/1721, 1 November
62. UN, 2008. 'United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines'. Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Department of Field Support. United Nations, New York. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/principles.shtml [Accessed 12 September 2011]
63. UN, 2009. 'Report on Chad and the Central African Republic'. Report of the Secretary General. UN doc. S/2009/199, 14 April
64. *'. Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, UN doc. A/HRC/WG.6/5/TCD/3, 23 February
65. UN, 2010. 'Draft DPKO-DFS Concept Note on Robust Peacekeeping'. UN doc. on file with the authors, 29 January
66. UN, 2010. 'Resolution 1925'. Security Council Resolution, UN doc. S/RES/1925, 28 May
67. UN, 2010. 'The Situation Concerning the Democratic Republic of Congo'. Security Council Minutes, UN doc. S/PV.6400, 14 October
68. UN, 1991. 'Resolution 1991'. Security Council Resolution, UN doc. S/RES/1991, 28 June
69. UN, 2011. 'Resolution 1975'. Security Council Resolution, UN doc. S/RES/2011, 30 May
70. United Nations Development Programme, 2006. Counting the Cost of Elections. Available at: http://aceproject.org/ace-es/focus/fo_core/pressrelease [Accessed 20 January 2011]
71. Van de Walle, Nicolas. 2001. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis 1979-1999, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
72. Van de Walle, Nicolas. 2002. Elections without Democracy: Africa's Range of Regimes. Journal of Democracy, 13(2): 66-80.
73. Vircoulon, Thierry, 2010. 'Oil in Chad: The Fragile State's Easy Victory over International Institutions'. In On the African Peacebuilding Agenda, a blog of the International Crisis Group. Available at http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/chad/oil-in-chad-the-fragile-states-easy-victory-over-international-institutions.aspx [Accessed 12 February 2011]
74. World Bank, 2011. Doing Business: Measuring Business Regulations. Available at: http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings [Accessed 17 February 2011]
75. World Bank, 2011. FAQ-Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project. Available at: http://bitly.com/k02KOB [Accessed 25 June 2011]
76. Yabi, Gilles. 2009. "Côte d'Ivoire". In Security Council Resolutions Under Chapter VII, Edited by: Antonini, B. 75-115. Madrid: Fundación par las Relaciones Internationales y el Diàlogo exterior (FRIDE).
77. Zondi, S. and Réjouis, E. 2006. The Ethiopia-Eritrea Border Conflict and the Role of the International Community. African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 6(2): 15