Water in star-and planet-forming regions

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

Volumn 370, Issue 1968, 2012, Pages 2778-2802

  Bergin, Edwin A ^a   Van Dishoeck, Ewine F ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR EXTRATERRESTRISCHE PHYSIK   (Germany)

Author keywords

Planet formation; Star formation; Water

Indexed keywords

OBSERVATORIES; REACTION RATES; VAPORS; WATER;

ASTRONOMICAL OBJECTS; COLLISIONAL RATES; HERSCHEL; HERSCHEL SPACE OBSERVATORIES; LOCAL ENERGY; MOLECULAR DATA; PLANET FORMATION; SPACE-BASED OBSERVATORIES; SPECTROSCOPIC DETECTION; STAR FORMATIONS; WATER VAPOUR; YOUNG STARS;

STARS;

EID: 84860621084     PISSN: 1364503X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0301     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Woolf, N. J., Schwarzschild, M. & Rose, W. K. 1964 Infrared spectra of red-giant stars. Astrophys. J. 140, 833. (doi:10.1086/147989
2. Spinrad, H. & Newburn Jr, R. L. 1965 A low-dispersion spectroscopic search for water vapor in cool stars. Astrophys. J. 141, 965. (doi:10.1086/148190)
3. Hjalmarson, Å. et al. 2003 Highlights from the first year of Odin observations. Astron. Astrophys. 402, L39-L46. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030337)
4. Van Dishoeck, E. F. 2004 ISO spectroscopy of gas and dust: from molecular clouds to protoplanetarydisks. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42, 119-167. (doi:10.1146/annurev.astro. 42.053102.134010) (Pubitemid 39483469)
5. Melnick, G. J. 2009 Following the water from 1969 to Herschel. In Submillimeter Astrophysics and Technology: A Symposium Honoring Thomas G. Phillips (eds D. C. Lis, J. E. Vaillancourt, P. F. Goldsmith, T. A. Bell, N. Z. Scoville & J. Zmuidzinas). ASP Conf. Ser., vol. 417, p. 59. San Francisco, CA: Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
6. Pontoppidan, K. M., Salyk, C., Blake, G. A. & Käufl, H. U. 2010 Spectrally resolved pure rotational lines of water in protoplanetary disks. Astrophys. J. Lett. 722, L173-L177. (doi:10.1088/2041-8205/722/2/L173)
7. Van Dishoeck, E. F. et al. 2011 Water in star-forming regions with the Herschel space observatory (WISH). I. Overview of key program and first results. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 123, 138-170. (doi:10.1086/658676)
8. Bergin, E. A. & Tafalla, M. 2007 Cold dark clouds: the initial conditions for star formation. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 45, 339-396. (doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.071206.100404)
9. Beuther, H., Churchwell, E. B., Mc Kee, C. F. & Tan, J. C. 2007 The formation of massive stars. In Protostars andplanets V (eds B. Reipurth, D. Jewitt & K. Keil), pp. 165-180. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
10. Ceccarelli, C., Caselli, P., Herbst, E., Tielens, A. G. G. M. & Caux, E. 2007 Extreme deuteration and hot corinos: the earliest chemical signatures of low-mass star formation. In Protostars and planets V (eds B. Reipurth, D. Jewitt & K. Keil), pp. 47-62. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
11. Lada, C. J. 1985 Cold outflows, energetic winds, and enigmatic jets around young stellar objects. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 267-317. (doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.23. 090185.001411)
12. Bachiller, R. 1996 Bipolar molecular outflows from young stars and protostars. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 34, 111-154. (doi:10.1146/annurev. astro.34.1.111) (Pubitemid 126311341)
13. Gueth, F. & Guilloteau, S. 1999 The jet-driven molecular outflow of HH 211. Astron. Astrophys. 343, 571-584. See http://aa.springer.de/papers/ 9343002/2300571.pdf
14. Nisini, B., Codella, C., Giannini, T. & Richer, J. S. 2002 Observations ofhigh-J Si O emission alongthe HH211 outflow. Astron. Astrophys. 395, L25-L28. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021472) (Pubitemid 35410308)
15. Nisini, B., Codella, C., Giannini, T., Santiago Garcia, J., Richer, J. S., Bachiller, R. & Tafalla, M. 2007 Warm Si O gas in molecular bullets associated with protostellar outflows. Astron. Astrophys. 462, 163-172. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065621) (Pubitemid 46160238)
16. Nomura, H., Aikawa, Y., Tsujimoto, M., Nakagawa, Y. & Millar, T. J. 2007 Molecular hydrogen emission from protoplanetary disks. II. Effects of X-ray irradiation and dust evolution. Astrophys. J. 661, 334-353. (doi:10.1086/513419
17. Öberg, K. I., Qi, C., Fogel, J. K. J., Bergin, E. A., Andrews, S. M., Espaillat, C., van Kempen, T. A., Wilner, D. J. & Pascucci, I. 2010 Disk imaging survey ofchemistry with SMA. I. Taurus protoplanetary disk data. Astrophys. J. 720, 480. (doi:10.1088/0004-637X/720/1/480)
18. Draine, B. T. 2003 Interstellar dust grains. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 41, 241-289. (doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.011802.094840) (Pubitemid 37417476)
19. André, P., Ward-Thompson, D. & Barsony, M. 2000 From prestellar cores to protostars: the initial conditions of star formation. In Protostars and planets IV (eds V. Mannings, A. P. Boss & S. S. Russell), p. 59. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
20. Alves, J. F., Lada, C. J. & Lada, E. A. 2001 Internal structure of a cold dark molecular cloud inferred from the extinction of background starlight. Nature 409, 159-161. (doi:10.1038/35051509) (Pubitemid 32144275)
21. Bacmann, A., André, P., Puget, J.-L., Abergel, A., Bontemps, S. & Ward-Thompson, D. 2000 An ISOCAM absorption survey of the structure of pre-stellar cloud cores. Astron. Astrophys. 361, 555-580. See http://aa.springer.de/papers/0361002/2300555.pdf
22. Benson, P. J. & Myers, P. C. 1989 A survey for dense cores in dark clouds. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 71, 89-108. (doi:10.1086/191365)
23. Caselli, P., Benson, P. J., Myers, P. C. & Tafalla, M. 2002 Dense cores in dark clouds. XIV. N2H+ (1-0) maps ofdense cloud cores. Astrophys. J. 572, 238-263. (doi:10.1086/340195 (Pubitemid 36938195)
24. Di Francesco, J., Evans II, N. J., Caselli, P., Myers, P. C., Shirley, Y., Aikawa, Y. & Tafalla, M. 2007 An observational perspective of low-mass dense cores I: internal physical and chemical properties. In Protostars and planets V (eds B. Reipurth, D. Jewitt & K. Keil), pp. 17-32. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
25. Jones, A. P. & Williams, D. A. 1984 The 3μ m ice band in Taurus: implications for interstellar chemistry. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 209, 955-960. See http://adsabs.harvard. edu/abs/1984MNRAS.209.955J
26. Hasegawa, T. I., Herbst, E. & Leung, C. M. 1992 Models of gas-grain chemistry in dense interstellar clouds with complex organic molecules. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 82, 167-195. (doi:10.1086/191713)
27. Tielens, A. G. G. M. & Allamandola, L. J. 1987 Composition, structure, and chemistry of interstellar dust. In Interstellar processes (eds D. J. Hollenbach & H. A. Thronson Jr). Astrophys. Space Sci. Libr., vol. 134, pp. 397-469. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel.
28. Garrod, R. T., Widicus Weaver, S. L. & Herbst, E. 2008 Complex chemistry in star-forming regions: an expanded gas-grain warm-up chemical model. Astrophys. J. 682, 283. (doi:10.1086/588035
29. Charnley, S. B. & Rodgers, S. B. 2009 Theoretical models of complex molecule formation on dust. In Bioastronomy 2007: Molecules, microbes and extraterrestrial life (eds K. J. Meech, J. V. Keane, M. J. Mumma, J. L. Siefert & D. J. Werthimer). ASP Conf. Ser., vol. 420, p. 29. San Francisco, CA: Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
30. Adams, F. C., Lada, C. J. & Shu, F. H. 1987 Spectral evolution of young stellar objects. Astrophys. J. 312, 788-806. (doi:10.1086/164924)
31. Andre, P., Ward-Thompson, D. & Barsony, M. 1993 Submillimeter continuum observations of Rho Ophiuchi A: the candidate protostar VLA 1623 and prestellar clumps. Astrophys. J. 406, 122-141. (doi:10.1086/172425
32. Blake, G. A., Sutton, E. C., Masson, C. R. & Phillips, T. G. 1987 Molecular abundances in OMC-1: the chemical composition of interstellar molecular clouds and the influence of massive star formation. Astrophys. J. 315, 621-645. (doi:10.1086/165165
33. Brown, P. D., Charnley, S. B. & Millar, T. J. 1988 A model of the chemistry in hot molecular cores. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 231, 409-417. See http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988MNRAS.231.409B.
34. Herbst, E. & van Dishoeck, E. F. 2009 Complex organic interstellar molecules. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47, 427-480. (doi:10.1146/annurev- astro-082708-101654)
35. Beckwith, S. V. W., Sargent, A. I., Chini, R. S. & Guesten, R. 1990 A survey for circumstellar disks around young stellar objects. Astron. J. 99, 924-945. (doi:10.1086/115385)
36. Calvet, N., Patino, A., Magris, G. C. & DAlessio, P. 1991 Irradiation of accretion disks around young objects. I. Near-infrared CO bands. Astrophys. J. 380, 617-630. (doi:10.1086/170618)
37. Chiang, E. I. & Goldreich, P. 1997 Spectral energy distributions of T Tauri stars with passive circumstellar disks. Astrophys. J. 490, 368. (doi:10.1086/304869 (Pubitemid 127152999)
38. Calvet, N. & DAlessio, P. 2011 Protoplanetary disk structure and evolution. In Physical processes in circumstellar disks around young stars (eds P. J. V. Garcia), pp. 14-55. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
39. Aikawa, Y., van Zadelhoff, G. J., van Dishoeck, E. F. & Herbst, E. 2002 Warm molecular layers in protoplanetary disks. Astron. Astrophys. 386, 622-632. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020037) (Pubitemid 34434858)
40. Kamp, I., Dullemond, C. P., Hogerheijde, M. & Enriquez, J. E. 2005 Chemistry and line emission of outer protoplanetary disks. In Astrochemistry: recent successes and current challenges (eds D. C. Lis, G. A. Blake & E. Herbst). IAU Symp. Ser., no. 231, pp. 377-386. San Francisco, CA: Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
41. Dennison, D. M. 1927 A note on the specific heat of the hydrogen molecule. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 115, 483-486. (doi:10.1098/rspa.1927.0105)
42. Lis, D. C. et al. 2010 Herschel/HIFI measurements of the ortho/para ratio in water towards Sagittarius B2(M) and W31C. Astron. Astrophys. 521, L26. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015072)
43. Plume, R. et al. 2004 Water absorption from line-of-sight clouds toward W49A. Astrophys. J. 605, 247-258. (doi:10.1086/382204 (Pubitemid 38716668)
44. Asplund, M., Grevesse, N., Sauval, A. J. & Scott, P. 2009 The chemical composition of the sun. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47, 481-522. (doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145222)
45. Petigura, E. A. & Marcy, G. W. 2011 Carbon and oxygen in nearby stars: keys to protoplanetary disk chemistry. Astrophys. J. 735, 41. (doi:10.1088/0004-637X/735/1/41
46. Cheung, A. C., Rank, D. M. & Townes, C. H. 1969 Detection of water in interstellar regions by its microwave radiation. Nature 221, 626-628. (doi:10.1038/221626a0)
47. Pickett, H. M., Poynter, I. R. L., Cohen, E. A., Delitsky, M. L., Pearson, J. C. & Muller, H. S. P. 1998 Submillimeter, millimeter and microwave spectral line catalog. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 60, 883-890. (doi:10.1016/S0022-4073(98)00091-0) (Pubitemid 29017082)
48. De Graauw, T. et al. 1996 Observing with the ISO short-wavelength spectrometer. Astron. Astrophys. 315, L49-L54. See http://aa.springer.de/papers/ 6315002/2300l49.pdf. (Pubitemid 126522293)
49. Melnick, G. J. et al. 2000 The Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite: science objectives and instrument description. Astrophys. J. Lett. 539, L77-L85. (doi:10.1086/312856)
50. Nordh, H. L. et al. 2003 The Odin orbital observatory. Astron. Astrophys. 402, L21-L25. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030334)
51. Houck, J. R. et al. 2004 The Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) on the Spitzer Space Telescope. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 154, 18-24. (doi:10.1086/423134) (Pubitemid 39374598)
52. Griffin, M. J. et al. 2010 The Herschel-SPIRE instrument and its in-flight performance. Astron. Astrophys. 518, L3. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361/ 201014519)
53. Poglitsch, A. et al. 2010 The Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on the Herschel Space Observatory. Astron. Astrophys. 518, L2. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014535)
54. De Graauw, T. et al. 2010 The Herschel-Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared. Astron. Astrophys. 518, L6. See http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/ pdf/2010/10/aa14698-10.pdf.
55. Melnick, G. J., Tolls, V., Neufeld, D. A., Yuan, Y., Sonnentrucker, P., Watson, D. M., Bergin, E. A. & Kaufman, M. J. 2008 Detection of extended hot water in the outflow from NGC 2071. Astrophys. J. 683, 876-892. (doi:10.1086/589853
56. Carr, J. S. & Najita, J. R. 2008 Organic molecules and water in the planet formation region ofyoung circumstellar disks. Science 319, 1504-1506. (doi:10.1126.science.1153807) (Pubitemid 351398173)
57. Nisini, B., Kaas, A. A., van Dishoeck, E. F. & Ward-Thompson, D. 2005 ISO observations of pre-stellar cores and young stellar objects. Space Sci. Rev. 119, 159-179. (doi:10.1007/s11214-005-8068-8) (Pubitemid 41766549)
58. +. Astrophys. J. 543, 764-774. (doi:10.1086/317137
59. 3. Astrophys. J. 483, 531. (doi:10.1086/304242) (Pubitemid 127093148)
60. 2O and OH in dense interstellar clouds. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 282, 413-420. See http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MNRAS.282.413W. (Pubitemid 126430732)
61. Bergin, E. A. et al. 2000 Implications of Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite observations for interstellar chemistry and star formation. Astrophys. J. Lett. 539, L129-L132. (doi:10.1086/312843)
62. Tielens, A. G. G. M. & Hagen, W. 1982 Model calculations of the molecular composition of interstellar grain mantles. Astron. Astrophys. 114, 245-260. See http://adsabs.harvard. edu/abs/1982A%26A..114.245T
63. Cuppen, H. M., Ioppolo, S., Romanzin, C. & Linnartz, H. 2010 Water formation at low temperatures by surface O2 hydrogenation II: the reaction network. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 12 077-12 088. (doi:10.1039/c0cp00251h)
64. Gibb, E. L., Whittet, D. C. B., Boogert, A. C. A. & Tielens, A. G. G. M. 2004 Interstellar ice: the Infrared Space Observatory legacy. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 151, 35-73. (doi:10.1086/381182 (Pubitemid 38483711)
65. Sonnentrucker, P., Neufeld, D. A., Gerakines, P. A., Bergin, E. A., Melnick, G. J., Forrest, W. J., Pipher, J. L. & Whittet, D. C. B. 2008 Fully sampled maps of ices and silicates in front of Cepheus A East with the Spitzer Space Telescope. Astrophys. J. 672, 361-370. (doi:10.1086/523790)
66. Fraser, H. J., Collings, M. P., Mc Coustra, M. R. S. & Williams, D. A. 2001 Thermal desorption of water ice in the interstellar medium. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 327, 1165-1172. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04835.x) (Pubitemid 33620936)
67. Charnley, S. B., Rodgers, S. D. & Ehrenfreund, P. 2001 Gas-grain chemical models of star-forming molecular clouds as constrained by ISO and SWAS observations. Astron. Astrophys. 378, 1024-1036. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361: 20011193) (Pubitemid 33044933)
68. 2O and O2 in cores of dense interstellar clouds. Astron. Astrophys. 395, 233-242. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021280) (Pubitemid 35350626)
69. Westley, M. S., Baragiola, R. A., Johnson, R. E. & Baratta, G. A. 1995 Photodesorption from low-temperature water ice in interstellar and circumsolar grains. Nature 373, 405-407. (doi:10.1038/373405a0)
70. 2O and D2O. Astrophys. J. 693, 1209-1218. (doi:10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1209)
71. Dominik, C., Ceccarelli, C., Hollenbach, D. & Kaufman, M. 2005 Gas-phase water in the surface layer ofprotoplanetary disks. Astrophys. J. Lett. 635, L85-L88. (doi:10.1086/498942) (Pubitemid 43082979)
72. Hollenbach, D., Kaufman, M. J., Bergin, E. A. & Melnick, G. J. 2009 Water, O2, and ice in molecular clouds. Astrophys. J. 690, 1497-1521. (doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/2/1497)
73. Elitzur, M. & de Jong, T. 1978 A model for the maser sources associated with H II regions. Astron. Astrophys. 67, 323-332. See http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978A%26A..67.323E
74. Wagner, A. F. & Graff, M. M. 1987 Oxygen chemistry of shocked interstellar clouds. I. Rate constants for thermal and nonthermal internal energy distributions. Astrophys. J. 317, 423-431. (doi:10.1086/165287
75. Kaufman, M. J. & Neufeld, D. A. 1996 Far-infrared water emission from magnetohydrodynamic shock waves. Astrophys. J. 456, 611. (doi:10.1086/176683) (Pubitemid 126020170)
76. Snell, R. L. et al. 2000 Water abundance in molecular cloud cores. Astrophys. J. Lett. 539, L101-L105. (doi:10.1086/312848
77. Cernicharo, J., Gonzalez-Alfonso, E., Alcolea, J., Bachiller, R. & John, D. 1994 Widespread water vapor emission in Orion. Astrophys. J. Lett. 432, L59-L62. (doi:10.1086/187511) (Pubitemid 24816088)
78. 2O. Astrophys. J. Lett. 520, L131-L134. (doi:10.1086/312164)
79. Melnick, G. J., Tolls, V., Snell, R. L., Bergin, E. A., Hollenbach, D. J., Kaufman, M. J., Li, D. & Neufeld, D. A. 2011 Distribution of water vapor in molecular clouds. Astrophys. J. 727, 13. (doi:10.1088/0004-637X/727/1/13)
80. Olofsson, A. O. H. et al. 2003 Odin water mapping in the Orion KL region. Astron. Astrophys. 402, L47-L54. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030339)
81. Snell, R. L. et al. 2000 The distribution of water emission in M17SW. Astrophys. J. Lett. 539, L97-L100. (doi:10.1086/312844)
82. Shirley, Y. L., Evans, N. J. & Rawlings, J. M. C. 2002 Tracing the mass during low-mass star formation. III. Models of the submillimeter dust continuum emission from class 0 protostars. Astrophys. J. 575, 337-353. (doi:10.1086/341286) (Pubitemid 37089228)
83. Bergin, E. A. & Snell, R. L. 2002 Sensitive limits on the water abundance in cold low-mass molecular cores. Astrophys. J. Lett. 581, L105-L108. (doi:10.1086/346014) (Pubitemid 37394385)
84. Klotz, A., Harju, J., Ristorcelli, I., Juvela, M., Boudet, N. & Haikala, L. K. 2008 An upper limit of gaseous water abundance in Chamaeleon-MMS1 as observed with ODIN. Astron. Astrophys. 488, 559-564. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361: 200809952
85. Whittet, D. C. B. 2010 Oxygen depletion in the interstellar medium: implications for grain models and the distribution ofelemental oxygen. Astrophys. J. 710, 1009-1016. (doi:10.1088/0004-637X/710/2/1009)
86. Caselli, P. et al. 2010 Water vapor toward starless cores: the Herschel view. Astron. Astrophys. 521, L29. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015097)
87. Bergin, E. A. et al. 2010 Herschel observations of extra-ordinary sources (HEXOS): the present and future of spectral surveys with Herschel/HIFI. Astron. Astrophys. 521, L20. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015071)
88. Ceccarelli, C., Hollenbach, D. J. & Tielens, A. G. G. M. 1996 Far-infrared line emission from collapsing protostellar envelopes. Astrophys. J. 471, 400. (doi:10.1086/177978) (Pubitemid 126143763)
89. Ceccarelli, C. et al. 1999 Water line emission in low-mass protostars. Astron. Astrophys. 342, L21-L24. See http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1999A%26A.. 342L.21C (Pubitemid 129649974)
90. Giannini, T., Nisini, B. & Lorenzetti, D. 2001 Far-infrared investigation ofclass 0 sources: line cooling. Astrophys. J. 555, 40-57. (doi:10.1086/321451)
91. Molinari, S. et al. 2000 Infrared Space Observatory spectroscopy of HH 7-11 flow and its redshifted counterpart. Astrophys. J. 538, 698-709. (doi:10.1086/309161)
92. Nisini, B., Giannini, T. & Lorenzetti, D. 2002 Evolution in the far-infrared spectra oflow-mass young embedded sources. Astrophys. J. 574, 246-257. (doi:10.1086/340935) (Pubitemid 37094721)
93. Maret, S., Ceccarelli, C., Caux, E., Tielens, A. G. G. M. & Castets, A. 2002 Water emission in NGC 1333-IRAS 4. The physical structure of the envelope. Astron. Astrophys. 395, 573-585. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021334) (Pubitemid 35410331)
94. Watson, D. M. et al. 2007 The development of a protoplanetary disk from its natal envelope. Nature 448, 1026-1028. (doi:10.1038/nature06087) (Pubitemid 47345586)
95. Franklin, J., Snell, R. L., Kaufman, M. J., Melnick, G. J., Neufeld, D. A., Hollenbach, D. J. & Bergin, E. A. 2008 SWAS observations of water in molecular outflows. Astrophys. J. 674, 1015-1031. (doi:10.1086/524924)
96. Bjerkeli, P. et al. 2009 Odin observations of water in molecular outflows and shocks. Astron. Astrophys. 507, 1455-1466. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361/ 200912064)
97. Kristensen, L. E. et al. 2010 Water in low-mass star-forming regions with Herschel. HIFI spectroscopy of NGC 1333. Astron. Astrophys. 521, L30. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015100)
98. Kristensen, L. E. & van Dishoeck, E. F. 2011 Water in star-forming regions with Herschel. Astron. Nachr. 332, 475. (doi:10.1002/asna.201111565
99. 01 emission in low mass protostars. Astron. Astrophys. See http://arxiv.org/abs/1204.0009v1.
100. Visser, R., Kristensen, L. E., Bruderer, S., van Dishoeck, E. F., Herczeg, G. J., Brinch, C., Doty, S. D., Harsono, D. & Wolfire, M. G. 2012 Modelling Herschel observations of hot molecular gas emission from embedded low-mass protostars. Astron. Astrophys. 537, A55. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361/ 201117109
101. Nisini, B. et al. 2010 Water cooling of shocks in protostellar outflows. Herschel-PACS map of L1157. Astron. Astrophys. 518, L120. (doi:10.1051/0004- 6361/201014603)
102. Nisini, B., Giannini, T., Neufeld, D. A., Yuan, Y., Antoniucci, S., Bergin, E. A. & Melnick, G. J. 2010 Spitzer spectral line mapping of protostellar outflows. II. H2 emission in L1157. Astrophys. J. 724, 69-79. (doi:10.1088/0004-637X/724/1/69
103. Jones, A. P., Tielens, A. G. G. M. & Hollenbach, D. J. 1996 Grain shattering in shocks: the interstellar grain size distribution. Astrophys. J. 469, 740. (doi:10.1086/177823 (Pubitemid 126132986)
104. Lefloch, B. et al. 2010 The CHESS spectral survey of star forming regions: peering into the protostellar shock L1157-B1. II. Shock dynamics. Astron. Astrophys. 518, L113. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014630
105. 2 O in hot dense molecular cloud cores. Astron. Astrophys. 199, L5-L8. See http://adsabs. harvard.edu/full/1988A%26A..199L..5J
106. Gensheimer, P. D., Mauersberger, R. & Wilson, T. L. 1996 Water in galactic hot cores. Astron. Astrophys. 314, 281-294. See http://adsabs.harvard. edu/abs/1996A%26A..314.281G (Pubitemid 126529346)
107. van der Tak, F. F. S., Walmsley, C. M., Herpin, F. & Ceccarelli, C. 2006 Water in the envelopes and disks around young high-mass stars. Astron. Astrophys. 447, 1011-1025. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053937
108. Helmich, F. P., van Dishoeck, E. F., Black, J. H., de Graauw, T., Beintema, D. A., Heras, A. M., Lahuis, F., Morris, P. W. & Valentijn, E. A. 1996 Detection of hot, abundant water toward AFGL 2591. Astron. Astrophys. 315, L173-L176. See http://adsabs.harvard. edu/abs/1996A%26A..315L.173H (Pubitemid 126522320)
109. Cernicharo, J. et al. 2006 The water vapor abundance in orion KL outflows. Astrophys. J. Lett. 649, L33-L36. (doi:10.1086/508259 (Pubitemid 44770529)
110. 2O between 5μ m and 540μ m toward massive protostars. Astron. Astrophys. 406, 937-955. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030765
111. Lerate, M. R., Yates, J. A., Barlow, M. J., Viti, S. & Swinyard, B. M. 2010 Chemical and radiative transfer modelling of the ISO-LWS Fabry-Perot spectra of Orion-KL water lines. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 406, 2445-2451. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16478.x)
112. 2O in absorption toward massive protostars. Astron. Astrophys. 403, 1003-1010. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030364)
113. Boogert, A. C. A., Tielens, A. G. G. M., Ceccarelli, C., Boonman, A. M. S., van Dishoeck, E. F., Keane, J. V., Whittet, D. C. B. & de Graauw, T. 2000 Infrared observations of hot gas and cold ice toward the low mass protostar Elias 29. Astron. Astrophys. 360, 683-698. See http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/ 2000A%26A..360.683B
114. 2O and its isotopologues towards Orion KL. Astron. Astrophys. 521, L27. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015085
115. Chavarría, L. et al. 2010 Water in massive star-forming regions: HIFI observations of W3 IRS5. Astron. Astrophys. 521, L37. (doi:10.1051/0004- 6361/201015113)
116. Van Der Tak, F. F. S., van Dishoeck, E. F., Evans II, N. J. & Blake, G. A. 2000 Structure and evolution of the envelopes of deeply embedded massive young stars. Astrophys. J. 537, 283-303. (doi:10.1086/309011)
117. Marseille, M., Bontemps, S., Herpin, F., van der Tak, F. F. S. & Purcell, C. R. 2008 Evolution ofmassive protostars: the IRAS 18151-1208 region. Astron. Astrophys. 488, 579-595. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809798
118. Van Der Tak, F. F. S. et al. 2010 Water abundance variations around high-mass protostars: HIFI observations of the DR21 region. Astron. Astrophys. 518, L107. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014515)
119. Emprechtinger, M. et al. 2010 The distribution of water in the high-mass star-forming region NGC 6334 I. Astron. Astrophys. 521, L28. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015086)
120. Marseille, M. G. et al. 2010 Water abundances in high-mass protostellar envelopes: Herschel observations with HIFI. Astron. Astrophys. 521, L32. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015103)
121. Bergin, E. A., Aikawa, Y., Blake, G. A. & van Dishoeck, E. F. 2007 The chemical evolution ofprotoplanetary disks. In Protostars andplanets V (eds B. Reipurth, D. Jewitt & K. Keil), p. 751. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
122. Semenov, D. 2011 Chemistry in protoplanetary disks. In Encyclopedia of astrobiology (eds M. Gargaud, J. Cernicharo, M. Viso, H. J. Cleaves II, D. Pinti, R. Amils, K. Kobayashi & W. M. Irvine). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
123. Sasselov, D. D. & Lecar, M. 2000 On the snow line in dusty protoplanetary disks. Astrophys. J. 528, 995-998. (doi:10.1086/308209
124. Min, M., Dullemond, C. P., Kama, M. & Dominik, C. 2011 The thermal structure and the location of the snow line in the protosolar nebula: axisymmetric models with full 3-D radiative transfer. Icarus 212, 416-426. (doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.12.002)
125. 2O and OH gas in the terrestrial planet-forming zones of protoplanetary disks. Astrophys. J. Lett. 676, L49-L52. (doi:10.1086/586894
126. Pontoppidan, K. M., Salyk, C., Blake, G. A., Meijerink, R., Carr, J. S. & Najita, J. 2010 A Spitzer survey ofmid-infrared molecular emission from protoplanetary disks I: detection rates. Astrophys. J. 676, L49. (doi:10.1086/586894
127. Glassgold, A. E., Meijerink, R. & Najita, J. R. 2009 Formation of water in the warm atmospheres of protoplanetary disks. Astrophys. J. 701, 142-153. (doi:10.1088/0004-637X/701/1/142)
128. Bethell, T. & Bergin, E. 2009 Formation and survival of water vapor in the terrestrial planet-forming region. Science 326, 1675-1677. (doi:10.1126/science.1176879)
129. 2O lines in the planet-forming region of circumstellar disks. Astrophys. J. 704, 1471-1481. (doi:10.1088/0004-637X/704/2/1471)
130. Mandell, A. M., Mumma, M. J., Blake, G. A., Bonev, B. P., Villanueva, G. L. & Salyk, C. 2008 Discovery of OH in circumstellar disks around young intermediate-mass stars. Astrophys. J. Lett. 681, L25-L28. (doi:10.1086/590180
131. Fedele, D., Pascucci, I., Brittain, S., Kamp, I., Woitke, P., Williams, J. P., Dent, W. R. F. & Thi, W.-F. 2011 Water depletion in the disk atmosphere of Herbig Ae Be stars. Astrophys. J. 732, 106. (doi:10.1088/0004- 637X/732/2/106)
132. Bergin, E., Calvet, N., DAlessio, P. & Herczeg, G. J. 2003 The effects of UV continuum and Lyα radiation on the chemical equilibrium of T Tauri disks. Astrophys. J. Lett. 591, L159-L162. (doi:10.1086/377148) (Pubitemid 37195370)
133. Bergin, E. A. et al. 2010 Sensitive limits on the abundance of cold water vapor in the DM Tauri protoplanetary disk. Astron. Astrophys. 521, L33. (doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015104)
134. Fogel, J. K. J., Bethell, T. J., Bergin, E. A., Calvet, N. & Semenov, D. 2011 Chemistry of a protoplanetary disk with grain settling and Lyα radiation. Astrophys. J. 726, 29. (doi:10.1088/0004-637X/726/1/29
135. Hogerheijde, M. R. et al. 2011 Detection of the water reservoir in a forming planetary system. Science 334, 338. (doi:10.1126/science.1208931)