Coping skills and social support in German long-time survivors of rape in the end of World War II;Bewältigungsstrategien und wahrgenommene soziale Unterstützung bei deutschen Langzeitüberlebenden der Vergewaltigungen am Ende des II. Weltkriegs

Psychiatrische Praxis

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 169-173

  Eichhorn, Svenja ^a   Klauer, Thomas ^b   Grundke, Elena ^b   Freyberger, Haraldj ^b   Brähler, Elmar ^a   Kuwert, Philipp ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL LEIPZIG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GREIFSWALD   (Germany)

Author keywords

coping; posttraumatic stress; rape; social support; World War II

Indexed keywords

AGED; ARTICLE; COPING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMAN; QUESTIONNAIRE; RAPE; SEMI STRUCTURED INTERVIEW; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SURVIVOR; WAR;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; DEFENSE MECHANISMS; FEMALE; GERMANY; HUMANS; RAPE; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; SURVIVORS; WAR CRIMES; WORLD WAR II;

EID: 84860619146     PISSN: 03034259     EISSN: 14390876     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1304915     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Fischer CJ, Struwe J, Lemke MR. Long-term effects of traumatic experiences on somatic and psychic complaints of German World War Two refugees. Nervenarzt: 2006; 77 58 63 (Pubitemid 43260390)
2. Glaesmer H, Gunzelmann T, Brähler E et al. Traumatic experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder among elderly Germans: results of a representative population-based survey. Int Psychogeriatr: 2010; 22 661 670
3. Glaesmer H, Kaiser M, Brähler E et al. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and its comorbidity with Depression and Somatization in the elderly - A German community-based study. J Aging Ment Health: 2012; in press
4. Shanks L, Schull MJ. Rape in war: the humanitarian response. Can Med Association J: 2000; 163 1152 1156
5. Medica Mondiale Projekte. Abrufbar unter: 2011; http://www. medicamondiale.org
6. Zraly M, Rubin-Smith J, Betancourt T. Primary mental health care for survivors of collective sexual violence in Rwanda. Glob Pub Health: 2011; 6 257 270
7. Zraly M, Nyirazinyoye L. Don't let the suffering make you fade away: An ethnographic study of resilience among survivors of genocide-rape in southern Rwanda. Soc Sci Med: 2010; 70 1656 1664
8. Mukamana D, Brysiewicz P. The Lived Experience of Genocide Rape Survivors in Rwanda. J Nurs Scholarship: 2008; 40 379 384
9. Lonar M, Medved V, Jovanovic N et al. Psychological consequences of rape on women in 19911995 war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croat Med J: 2006; 47 67 75 (Pubitemid 43326904)
10. Schalinski I, Elbert T, Schauer M. Female Dissociative Responding to Extreme Sexual Violence in a Chronic Crisis Setting: The Case of Eastern Congo. J Traum Stress: 2011; 24 235 238
11. Jacobs I. Freiwild. Das Schicksal deutscher Frauen 1945. Berlin Propyläen Verlag: 2008
12. Sander H. Erinnern/Vergessen. In: Sander H, Johr B. BeFreier und Befreite: Krieg, Vergewaltigung, Kinder. Frankfurt/Main Fischer Verlag: 1995; 9 20
13. Johr B. Die Ereignisse in Zahlen. In: Sander H, Johr B. BeFreier und Befreite. Krieg, Vergewaltigung, Kinder. Frankfurt/Main Fischer Verlag: 1995; 46 73
14. Mischkowski G. Sexualisierte Gewalt im Krieg - Eine Chronik. In: Griese K. Sexualisierte Gewalt und ihre Folgen. Ein Handbuch zur Unterstützung traumatisierter Frauen in verschiedenen Arbeitsfeldern. Frankfurt/Main Mabuse Verlag: 2006
15. Chivers-Wilson KA. Sexual assault and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the biological, psychological and sociological factors and treatments. McGill Journal of Medicine: MJM: an international forum for the advancement of medical sciences by students: 2006; 9 111 118 (Pubitemid 44735577)
16. Kuwert P, Klauer T, Eichhorn S et al. Trauma and Current Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Elderly German Women Who Experienced Wartime Rapes in 1945. J Nervous Ment Disease: 2010; 198 450 451
17. Kuwert P, Brähler E, Glaesmer H et al. Impact of forced displacement during World War II on the present-day mental health of the elderly: a population-based study. Int Psychogeriatr: 2009; 21 748 753
18. Suliman S, Mkabile SG, Fincham DS et al. Cumulative effect of multiple trauma on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in adolescents. Comp Psychiatry: 2009; 50 121 127
19. Follette VM, Polusny MA, Bechtle AE et al. Cumulative trauma: The impact of child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and spouse abuse. J Traum Stress: 1996; 9 25 35 (Pubitemid 26050626)
20. Fischer G, Riedesser P. Lehrbuch der Psychotraumatologie. München Reinhard: 2003
21. Aarts PG. Prior Traumatization and the Process of Aging. Theory and Clinical Implications. In: Van der Kolk BA, McFarlane AC. Traumatic Stress: the effect of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York Guilford Press: 1996
22. Sadavoy J. Survivors: A review of the late-life effects of prior psychological trauma. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry: 1997; 5 287 301
23. Hiskey S, Luckie M, Davies S et al. The phenomenology of reactivated trauma memories in older adults: A preliminary study. Aging Ment Health: 2008; 12 494 498
24. Maercker A, Mehr A. What if victims read a newspaper report about their victimization? A study on the relationship to PTSD symptoms in crime victims. Eur Psychologist: 2006; 11 137 142 (Pubitemid 43953516)
25. Heuft G. Significance of trauma reactivation in old age. Z Gerontol Geriatrie: 1999; 32 225 230 (Pubitemid 29436327)
26. Brähler E, Decker O. Ausgebombt, vertrieben, vaterlos - Langzeitfolgen bei den Geburtsjahrgängen 19301945 in Deutschland. In: Radebold H. Kindheiten im II. Weltkrieg und ihre Folgen. Gießen Psychosozial-Verlag: 2004; 111 136
27. Guay S, Billette V, Marchand A. Exploring the links between posttraumatic stress disorder and social support: Processes and potential research avenues. J Traum Stress: 2006; 19 327 338 (Pubitemid 46422036)
28. Billette V, Guay S, Marchand A. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Social Support in Female Victims of Sexual Assault The Impact of Spousal Involvement on the Efficacy of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. Behav Modification: 2008; 32 876 896
29. Borja SE, Callahan JL, Long PJ. Positive and negative adjustment and social support of sexual assault survivors. J Traum Stress: 2006; 19 905 914 (Pubitemid 46424365)
30. Ullman SE, Filipas HH, Townsend SM et al. Psychosocial correlates of PTSD symptom severity in sexual assault survivors. J Traum Stress: 2007; 20 821 831 (Pubitemid 350144889)
31. Schumm JA, Briggs-Phillips M, Hobfoll SE. Cumulative interpersonal traumas and social support as risk and resiliency factors in predicting PTSD and depression among inner-city women. J Traum Stress: 2006; 19 825 836 (Pubitemid 46424358)
32. Ullman SE, Townsend SM, Filipas HH et al. Structural models of the relations of assault severity, social support, avoidance coping, self-blame, and PTSD among sexual assault survivors. Psychol Women Quart: 2007; 31 23 37
33. Southwick SM, Morgan CA, Rosenberg R. Social sharing of Gulf War experiences - Association with trauma-related psychological symptoms. J Nerv Ment Disease: 2000; 188 695 700
34. Ehlers A, Steil R, Winter H, Foa EB. Posttraumatische Diagnoseskala. Jena Psychologisches Institut: 2000
35. Foa EB, Cashman L, Jaycox L et al. The Validation of a Self-Report Measure of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychol Assess: 1997; 9 445 451 (Pubitemid 28137200)
36. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostisches und Statistisches Manual Psychischer Störungen (DSM-IV-TR). Göttingen Hogrefe: 2000
37. Joseph S, Williams R, Yule W. Crisis Support, Attributional Style, Coping Style, and Posttraumatic Symptoms. Personal Individual Diff: 1992; 13 1249 1251
38. Elklit A, Pedersen SS, Jind L. The Crisis Support Scale: psychometric qualities and further validation. Personal Individual Diff: 2001; 31 1291 1302 (Pubitemid 33377438)
39. Wittchen H-U, Zaudig M, Fydrich T. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV. Göttingen Hogrefe: 1997