Unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 185, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 924-932

  Braunwald, Eugene ^a,b  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Anticoagulants; Antiplatelet drugs; Coronary revascularization; Invasive strategy; ST segment deviations

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10A; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CLOPIDOGREL; ENOXAPARIN; EPTIFIBATIDE; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; FONDAPARINUX; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HEPARIN; HIRULOG; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; NITRATE; PLACEBO; PROTHROMBIN A; PURINERGIC P2Y RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; RIVAROXABAN; TIROFIBAN; TROPONIN;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; BLEEDING; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CARDIAC IMAGING; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CORONARY ARTERY CONSTRICTION; CORONARY ARTERY RECANALIZATION; DRUG SAFETY; EARLY INTERVENTION; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HUMAN; LABORATORY; LOADING DRUG DOSE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MORTALITY; NON ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; OXYGEN SATURATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; THORAX PAIN; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ADENOSINE; ANGINA, UNSTABLE; ANTICOAGULANTS; ASPIRIN; CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION; PIPERAZINES; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; RISK FACTORS; THIOPHENES; TICLOPIDINE;

EID: 84860603514     PISSN: 1073449X     EISSN: 15354970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201109-1745CI     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Yeh RW, Sidney S, Chandra M, Sorel M, Selby JV, Go AS. Population trends in the incidence and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2010;362:2155-2165.
2. Ruff C, Braunwald E. The evolving epidemiology of acute coronary syndromes. Nat Rev Cardiol 2011;8:140-147.
3. Cannon CP, Braunwald E. Unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, editors. Braunwald's heart disease, 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2012. pp. 1178-1201.
4. Braunwald E. Unstable angina: a classification. Circulation 1989;80: 410-414.
5. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE Jr, Chavey WE II, Fesmire FM, Hochman JS, Levin TN, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). Circulation 2007;116:e148-e304.
6. Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, de Lemos JA, Jarolim P, Braunwald E. Detection of acute changes in circulating troponin in the setting of transient stress test-induced myocardial ischemia using an ultrasensitive assay: results from TIMI 35. Eur Heart J 2009;30:162-169.
7. Biassuci LM, Liuzzo G, Grillo RL, Caligiuri G, Rebuzzi AG, Buffon A, Summaria F, Ginnetti F, Fadda G, Maseri A. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein at discharge in patients with unstable angina predict recurrent instability. Circulation 1999;99:855-860. (Pubitemid 29094296)
8. Morrow DA, Scirica BM, Sabatine MS, de Lemos JA, Murphy SA, Jarolim P, Theroux P, Bode C, Braunwald E. B-type natriuretic peptide and the effect of ranolazine in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: observations from the MERLIN-TIMI 36 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1189-1196.
9. Bilodeau L, Theroux P, Gregoire J, Gagnon D, Arsenault A. Technetium-99m sestamibi tomography in patients with spontaneous chest pain: correlations with clinical, electrocardiographic and angiographic findings. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:1684-1691.
10. Goldstein JA, Gallagher MJ, O'Neill WW, Ross MA, O'Neil BJ, Raff GL. A randomized controlled trial of multi-slice coronary computed tomography for evaluation of acute chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:650-657.
11. Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A Chen EL, Parker MA, Simonetti O, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Judd RM. The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1445-1453.
12. Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJLM, McCabe CH, Horacek T, Papuchis G, Mautner B, Corbalan R, Radley D, Braunwald E. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI. JAMA 2000;284:835-842.
13. Fox KA, Eagle KA, Gore JM, Steg PG, Anderson FA. The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events, 1999 to 2000 - GRACE. Heart 2010;96:1095-1101.
14. Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, deLemos J, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, Murphy SA, Rifai N, McCabe CH, Antman EM, Cannon CP, et al. Multimarker approach to risk stratification in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: simultaneous assessment of troponin I, C-reactive protein, and B-type natriuretic peptide. Circulation 2002;105:1760-1763. (Pubitemid 34408881)
15. Mathews R, Peterson ED, Li S, Roe MT, Glickman SW, Wiviott SD, Saucedo JF, Antman EM, Jacobs AK, Wang TY. Use of emergency medical service transport among patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: findings from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Acute Coronary Treatment Intervention Outcomes Network Registry: get with the guidelines. Circulation 2011;124:154-163.
16. Hamm CW, Bassand J-P, Agewall S, Bax J, Boersma E, Bueno H, Caso P, Dudek D, Gielen S, Huber K, et al. ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2011;32:2999-3054.
17. Scirica BM, Braunwald E, Belardinelli L, Hedgepath CM, Spinar J, Wang W, Qin J, Karwatowska-Pokopczuk E, Verheugt FWA, Morrow DA. Relationship between nonsustained ventricular tachycardia after non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome and sudden cardiac death. Observations from the Metabolic Efficiency with Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST-Elevation acute coronary syndromes-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 36 (MERLIN-TIMI 36) randomized controlled trial. Circulation 2010;122:455-462.
18. Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration. Collaborative meta analysis of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002;324:71-86.
19. The Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001;345:494-502.
20. The CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2010;363:930-942.
21. Mehta SR, Tanguay J-F, Eikelboom JW, Jolly SS, Joyner CD, Granger CB, Faxon DP, Rupprecht HJ, Budaj A, Avezum A, et al. Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial. Lancet 2010;376:1233-1243.
22. Mega JL, Close SL, Wiviott SD, Shen L, Hockett RD, Brandt JT, Walker JR, Antman EM, Macias W, Braunwald E, et al. Cytochrome P-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel. N Engl J Med 2009;360:354-362.
23. Mega JL, Simon T, Collet J-P, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Bliden K, Cannon CP, Danchin N, Giusti B, Gurbel P, et al. Reduced function CYP2C19 genotype and risk of adverse clinical outcomes among patients treated with clopidogrel predominantly for PCI: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2010;304:1821-1830.
24. Mega JL, Close SL, Wiviott SD, Shen L, Hockett RD, Brandt JT, Walker JR, Antman EM, Macias WL, Braunwald E, et al. Cytochrome P450 genetic polymorphisms and the response to prasugrel: Relationship to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and clinical outcomes. Circulation 2009;119:2553-2560.
25. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann F-J, Ardissino D, De Servi S, Murphy SA, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001-2015. (Pubitemid 350106708)
26. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, Angiolillo DJ, Meisel S, Dalby AJ, Verheugt FWA, Goodman SG, Corbalan R, Purdy DA, Murphy SA, et al. Greater clinical benefit of more intensive oral antiplatelet therapy with prasugrel in patients with diabetes mellitus in the Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition with Prasugrel-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 38. Circulation 2008;118:1626-1636.
27. Wiviott SD, Antman EM, Braunwald E. Prasugrel. Circulation 2010;122:394-403.
28. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C, Horrow J, Husted S, James S, Katus H, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1045-1057.
29. Mahaffey KW, Wojdyla DM, Carroll K, Becker RC, Storey RF, Angiolillo DJ, Held C, Cannon CP, James S, Pieper KS, et al. on behalf of the PLATO Investigators. Ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel by geographic region in the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial. Circulation 2011;124:544-554.
30. Boersma E, Harrington RA, Moliterno DJ, White H, Théroux P, Van de Werf F, de Torbal A, Armstrong PW, Wallentin LC, Wilcox RG, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/III inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of all major randomized clinical trials. Lancet 2002;359:189-198. (Pubitemid 34113814)
31. Giugliano RP, White JA, Bode C, Armstrong PW, Montalescot G, Lewis BS, Van't Hof A, Berdan LG, Lee KL, Strony JT, et al. for the EARLY ACS investigators. Early versus delayed, provisional eptifibatide in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2176-2190.
32. Eikelboom JW, Weitz JI. Anticoagulation for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation 2009;119:1186-1188.
33. Eikelboom JW, Weitz JI. New anticoagulants. Circulation 2010;121:1523-1532.
34. Théroux P, Ouimet H, McCans J, Latour JG, Joly P, Lévy G, Pelletier E, Juneau M, Stasiak J, deGuise P, et al. Aspirin, heparin, or both to treat acute unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1105-1111.
35. Murphy SA, Gibson CM, Morrow DA, van de Werf F, Menown IB, Goodman SG, Mahaffey KW, Cohen M, McCabe CH, Antman EM, et al. Efficacy and safety of the low-molecular weight heparin enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin across the acute coronary syndrome spectrum: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2077-2086. (Pubitemid 47517436)
36. Stone GW, Bertrand ME, Moses JW, Ohman EM, Lincoff AM, Ware JH, Pocock SJ, McLaurin BT, Cox DA, Jafar MZ, et al. Routine upstream initiation vs deferred selective use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2007;297:591-602.
37. Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolovicius S, et al.; for the Fifth Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes Investigators. Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1461-1476.
38. Mega JL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD, Bassand J-P, Bhatt DL, Bode C, Burton P, Cohen M, Cook-Bruns N, Fox KAA, Goto S, Murphy SA, Plotnikov AN, Schneider D, Sun X, Verheugt FWA, Gibson CM. Rivaroxaban in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012;366:9-19.
39. Bavry AA, Kumbhani DJ, Rassi AN, Bhatt DL, Askari AT. Benefit of early invasive therapy in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of contemporary randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1319-1325. (Pubitemid 44436821)
40. Mehta SR, Granger CB, Boden WE, Steg PG, Bassand JP, Faxon DP, Afzal R, Chrolavicius S, Jolly SS, Widimsky P, et al. Early versus delayed invasive intervention in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2165-2175.
41. Frye RL, August P, Brooks MM, Hardison RM, Kelsey SF, MacGregor JM, Orchard TJ, Chaitman BR, Genuth SM, Goldberg SH, et al. A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2503-2515.
42. Peterson ED, Roe MT, Mulgund J, DeLong ER, Lytle BL, Brindis RG, Smith SC Jr, Pollack CV Jr, Newby LK, Harrington RA, et al. Association between hospital process performance and outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2006;295:1912-1920.
43. Bentzon JF, Falk E. Pathogenesis of stable and acute coronary syndromes. In: Theroux P, editor. Acute coronary syndromes, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2011, pp. 42-52.
44. Morrow DA, Braunwald E. Future of biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes: moving toward a multimarker strategy. Circulation 2003;108:250-252. (Pubitemid 36899010)
45. de Feyter PJ, Nieman K. Multislice computed tomography in acute coronary syndromes. In: Theroux P, editor. Acute coronary syndromes, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2011, pp. 163-171.
46. Storey RF. Biology and pharmacology at the platelet P2Y12 receptor. Curr Pharm Des 2006;12:1255-1259. (Pubitemid 44082134)
47. Wallentin L. P2Y12 inhibitors: differences in properties and mechanisms of action and potential consequences for clinical use. Eur Heart J 2009;30:1964-1977.
48. Bassand J-P, Hamm CW. Diagnosis and treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: European Society of Cardiology Guidelines. In: Theroux P, editor. Acute coronary syndromes, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2011, pp. 369-384.