Drag reduction in wave-swept macroalgae: Alternative strategies and new predictions

American Journal of Botany

Volumn 99, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 806-815

  Martone, Patrick T ^a   Kost, Laurie ^b   Boller, Michael ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c ST JOHN FISHER COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Algae; Biomechanics; Dislodgement; Drag coefficient (Cd); Evolution; Intertidal; Macrophyte; Morphology; Reconfiguration; Seaweed

Indexed keywords

ALGA; BIOMECHANICS; BREAKING WAVE; DRAG COEFFICIENT; HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE; INTERTIDAL ENVIRONMENT; MACROPHYTE; MORPHOLOGY; RECIRCULATING SYSTEM; SURVIVORSHIP;

ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; PHYSIOLOGY; SEAWEED; UNITED STATES; WATER FLOW;

BIOMECHANICS; CALIFORNIA; SEAWEED; WATER MOVEMENTS;

ALGAE; CALLIARTHRON;

EID: 84860565467     PISSN: 00029122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100541     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. BELL, E. C. 1999. Applying flow tank measurements to the surf zone: Predicting dislodgment of the Gigartinaceae. Phycological Research 47: 159-166
2. BLANCHETTE, C. A. 1996. Seasonal patterns of disturbance influence recruitment of the sea palm, Postelsia palmaeformis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 197: 1-14
3. BOLLER, M. L., E. CARRINGTON. 2006a. In situ measurements of hydrodynamic forces imposed on Chondrus crispus Stackhouse. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 337: 159-170
4. BOLLER, M. L., E. CARRINGTON. 2006b. The hydrodynamic effects of shape and size change during reconfiguration of a flexible macroalga. Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 1894-1903
5. BOLLER, M. L., E. CARRINGTON. 2007. Interspecific comparison of hydrodynamic performance and structural properties among intertidal macroalgae. Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 1874-1884
6. BUTLER, D. W., S. M. GLEASON, I. DAVIDSON, Y. ONODA, M. WESTOBY. 2012. Safety and streamlining of woody shoots in wind: An empirical study across 39 species in tropical Australia. New Phytologist 193: 137-149
7. CARRINGTON, E. 1990. Drag and dislodgement of an intertidal macroalga: Consequences of morphological variation in Mastocarpus papillatus Kutzing. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 139: 185-200
8. CONNELL, J. H. 1972. Community interactions on marine rocky intertidal shores. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3: 169-192
9. DAYTON, P. K. 1975. Experimental evaluation of ecological dominance in a rocky intertidal algal community. Ecological Monographs 45: 137-159
10. DEMES, K., E. CARRINGTON, J. M. GOSLINE, P. T. M ARTONE. 2011. Variation in anatomical and material properties explains differences in hydrodynamic performance of foliose red macroalgae. Journal of Phycology
11. DENNY, M. W. 1988. Biology and mechanics of the wave-swept environment. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
12. DENNY, M. W. 1994. Extreme drag forces and the survival of windand water-swept organisms. Journal of Experimental Biology 194: 97-115
13. DENNY, M. W., V. BROWN, E. CARRINGTON, G. P. KRAEMER, A. MILLER. 1989. Fracture mechanics and the survival of wave-swept macroalgae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 127: 211-228
14. DENNY, M. W., B. GAYLORD. 2002. The mechanics of wave-swept algae. Journal of Experimental Biology 205: 1355-1362
15. DENNY, M. W., B. P. GAYLORD, E. A. COWEN. 1997. Flow and flexibility II. The roles of size and shape in determining wave forces on the bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana. Journal of Experimental Biology 200: 3165-3183
16. DENNY, M. W., L. P. MILLER, M. D. STOKES, L. J. H. HUNT, B. S. T. HELMUTH. 2003. Extreme water velocities: Topographical amplification of wave-induced flow in the surf zone of rocky shores. Limnology and Oceanography 48: 1-8
17. DENNY, M. W., D. WETHEY. 2001. Physical processes that generate patterns in marine communities. In M. D. Bertness, S. Gaines, and M. E. Hay [eds.], Marine community ecology, 3-37 Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA
18. EFRON, B., R. J. TIBSHIRANI. 1993. An introduction to the bootstrap. Chapman & Hall/CRC, New York, New York, USA
19. ENNOS, A. R. 1997. Wind as an ecological factor. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 12: 108-111
20. ENNOS, A. R. 1999. The aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of plants. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 3281-3284
21. GAYLORD, B. 2000. Biological implications of surf-zone flow complexity. Limnology and Oceanography 45: 174-188
22. GAYLORD, B., C. A. BLANCHETTE, M. W. DENNY. 1994. Mechanical consequences of size in wave-swept algae. Ecological Monographs 64: 287-313
23. GAYLORD, B., M. W. DENNY. 1997. Flow and flexibility I. Effects of size, shape and stiffness in determining wave forces on the stipitate kelps Eisenia arborea and Pterygophora californica. Journal of Experimental Biology 200: 3141-3164
24. GAYLORD, B., M. W. DENNY, M. A. R. KOEHL. 2008. Flow forces on seaweeds: Field evidence for roles of wave impingement and organism intertia. Biological Bulletin 215: 295-308
25. HARDER, D., O. SPECK, C. HURD, T. SPECK. 2004. Reconfiguration as a prerequisite for survival in highly unstable flow-dominated environments. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 23: 98-107
26. HARLEY, C. D. G. 2003. Abiotic stress and herbivory interact to set range limits across a two-dimensional stress gradient. Ecology 84: 1477-1488
27. HARLEY, C. D. G., B. S. T. HELMUTH. 2003. Local-and regional-scale effects of wave exposure, thermal stress, and absolute versus effective shore level on patterns of intertidal zonation. Limnology and Oceanography 48: 1498-1508
28. HARLEY, C. D. G., R. T. PAINE. 2009. Contingencies and compounded rare perturbations dictate sudden distributional shifts during periods of gradual climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 106: 11172-11176
29. HELMUTH, B., M. W. DENNY. 2003. Predicting wave exposure in the rocky intertidal zone: Do bigger waves always lead to larger forces? Limnology and Oceanography 48: 1338-1345
30. HOERNER, S. F. 1965. Fluid-dynamic drag: Practical information on aerodynamic and hydrodynamic resistance. S.F. Hoerner, Midland Park, New Jersey, USA
31. HURD, C. 2000. Water motion, marine macroalgal physiology, and production. Journal of Phycology 36: 453-472
32. JOHNSON, A. S. 2001. Drag, drafting, and mechanical interactions in canopies of the red alga Chondrus crispus. Biological Bulletin 201: 126-135
33. KITZES, J. A., M. W. DENNY. 2005. Red algae respond to waves: Morphological and mechanical variation in Mastocarpus papillatus along a gradient of force. Biological Bulletin 208: 114-119
34. KOEHL, M. A. R. 1986. Seaweeds in moving water: Form and mechanical function. In T. J. Givnish [ed.], On the economy of plant form and function, 603-634 Cambridge University Press, London, UK
35. KOEHL, M. A. R. 2000. Mechanical design and hydrodynamics of bladelike algae: Chondracanthus exasperatus. In H. C. Spatz and T. Speck [eds.], Third International Plant Biomechanics Conference. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany
36. KOEHL, M. A. R., R. S. ALBERTE. 1988. Flow, flapping, and photosynthesis of Nereocystis luetkeana: A functional comparison of undulate and flat blade morphologies. Marine Biology 99: 435-444
37. LEWIS, J. R. 1968. Water movements and their role in rocky shore ecology. Sarsia 34: 13-36
38. MACH, K. J. 2009. Mechanical and biological consequences of repetitive loading: Crack initiation and fatigue failure in the red macroalga Mazzaella. Journal of Experimental Biology 212: 961-976
39. MACH, K. J., D. V. NELSON, M. W. DENNY. 2007. Techniques for predicting the lifetimes of wave-swept macroalgae: A primer on fracture mechanics and crack growth. Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 2213-2230
40. MACH, K. J., S. K. TEPLER, A. V. STAAF, J. C. BOHNHOFF, W. DENNY. 2011. Failure by fatigue in the field: A model of fatigue breakage for the macroalga Mazzaella, with validation. Journal of Experimental Biology 214: 1571-1585
41. MARTONE, P. T. 2006. Size, strength and allometry of joints in the articulated coralline Calliarthron. Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 1678-1689
42. MARTONE, P. T. 2007. Kelp versus coralline: Cellular basis for mechanical strength in the wave-swept seaweed Calliarthron (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 43: 882-891
43. MARTONE, P. T., M. W. DENNY. 2008. To break a coralline: Mechanical constraints on the size and survival of a wave-swept seaweed. Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 3433-3441
44. NIKLAS, K. J., T. SPECK. 2001. Evolutionary trends in safety factors against wind-induced stem failure. American Journal of Botany 88: 1266-1278
45. PAINE, R. T. 1979. Disaster, catastrophe, and local persistence of the sea palm Postelsia palmaeformis. Science 205: 685-687
46. PAINE, R. T., S. A. L EVIN. 1981. Intertidal landscapes: Disturbance and the dynamics of pattern. Ecological Monographs 51: 145-178
47. SHAUGHNESSY, F. J., R. E. DEWREEDE, E. C. BELL. 1996. Consequences of morphology and tissue strength to blade survivorship of two closely related Rhodophyta species. Marine Ecology Progress Series 136: 257-266
48. SOKAL, R. R., F. J. ROHLF. 2001. Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in biological research, 3rd ed. W. H. Freeman, New York, New York, USA
49. SOUSA, W. P. 1979. Experimental investigations of disturbance and ecological succession in a rocky intertidal algal community. Ecological Monographs 49: 227-254
50. STACHOWICZ, J. J., M. GRAHAM, M. E. S. BRACKEN, A. I. SZOBOSZLAI. 2008. Diversity enhances cover and stability of seaweed assemblages: The role of heterogeneity and time. Ecology 89: 3008-3019
51. VOGEL, S. 1989. Drag and reconfiguration of broad leaves in high winds. Journal of Experimental Botany 40: 941-948
52. VOGEL, S. 1994. Life in moving fluids, 2nd ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.