Chemistry and Bioactivity of Essential Oils

Lipids and Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 203-238

  Carson, Christine F ^a   Hammer, Katherine A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Biological activity of essential oils; Chemistry and bioactivity of essential oils; Citrus peel essential oils, and orange, lemon, mandarin, tangerine and grapefruit oils; Essential oils and their constituents used in foods and beverages; Essential oils, described as secondary plant metabolites; Essential oils, natural, volatile, complex plant compounds oily or lipid like in nature, characterized by strong fragrance; Essential oils, or ethereal oils, volatile oils, plant oils or aetheroleum, term 'essential oil'; Gram positive and Gram negative susceptibility in vitro to essential oils and components; Leishmania spp., causative agents of leishmaniasis disease manifesting itself in variety of presentations; Synthesis of terpenes in plants via two distinct, compartmentally separated, biological pathways

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860562291     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470976623.ch9     Document Type: Chapter

References (353)

1. Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D. and Idaomar, M. (2008) Biological effects of essential oils: a review. Food Chem. Toxicol., 46, 446-475.
2. Burt, S. (2004) Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods: a review. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 94, 223-253.
3. Pengelly, A. (2004) The Constituents of Medicinal Plants, 2nd ed, Allen & Unwin,Sydney, Australia.
4. Başer, K.H.C. and Demirci, F. (2007) Chemistry of essential oils, in Flavours and Fragrances Chemistry, Bioprocessing and Sustainability (ed R.G. Berger), Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 43-86.
5. Lahlou, M. (2004) Methods to study the phytochemistry and bioactivity of essential oils. Phytother. Res., 18, 435-448.
6. Langenheim, J.H. (1994) Higher plant terpenoids: a phytocentric overview of their ecological roles. J. Chem. Ecol., 20, 1223-1280.
7. Croteau, R. (1986) Biochemistry of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes of the essential oils, in Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, and Pharmacology (eds L.E. Craker and J.E. Simon), Haworth Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 81-133.
8. Figueiredo, A.C., Barroso, J.G., Pedro, L.G. and Scheffer, J.J.C. (2008) Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Fragrance J., 23, 213-226.
9. Lee, K.-W., Everts, H. and Beynen, A.C. (2004) Essential oils in broiler nutrition. Int. J. Poult. Nutr., 3, 738-752.
10. Edris, A.E. (2007) Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review. Phytother. Res., 21, 308-323.
11. Obst, J.R. (1998) Special (secondary) metabolites from wood, in Forest Products Biotechnology (eds A. Bruce and J.W. Palfreyman), Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 151-165.
12. Croteau, R.,Kutchan, T.M. and Lewis,N.G. (2000) Natural products (secondary metabolites), in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants (eds B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem, and R. Jones), American Society of Plant Biologists, Rockville, MD, USA, pp. 1250-1268.
13. Theis, N. and Lerdau, M. (2003) The evolution of function in plant secondary metabolites. Int. J. Plant Sci., 164, S93-S102.
14. Pichersky, E., Sharkey, T.D. and Gershenzon, J. (2006) Plant volatiles: a lack of function or a lack of knowledge? Trends Plant Sci., 11, 421-421.
15. McCaskill, D. and Croteau, R. (1998) Some caveats for bioengineering terpenoid metabolism in plants. Trends Biotechnol., 16, 349-355.
16. Gang, D.R., Lavid, N., Zubieta, C. et al. (2002) Characterization of phenylpropene Omethyltransferases from sweet basil: facile change of substrate specificity and convergent evolution within a plant O-methyltransferase family. Plant Cell, 14, 505-519.
17. Gershenzon, J. and Dudareva, N. (2007) The function of terpene natural products in the natural world. Nat. Chem. Biol., 3, 408-414.
18. İşcan,G., Kirimer, N.,Kurkcuoglu, M. andBaşer, K.H.C. (2005) Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of two endemic species from Turkey: Sideritis cilicica and Sideritis bilgerana. Chem. Nat. Compd., 41, 679-682.
19. Dung, N.T., Kim, J.M. and Kang, S.C. (2008) Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and the ethanol extract of Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) Merr and Perry buds. Food Chem. Toxicol., 46, 3632-3639.
20. Friedrich, H. (1976) Phenylpropanoid constituents of essential oils. Lloydia, 39, 1-7.
21. Weidenhamer, J.D.,Macias, F.A., Fischer,N.H. andWilliamson, G.B. (1993) Just howinsoluble are monoterpenes? J. Chem. Ecol., 19, 1799-1807.
22. Griffin, S.G., Wyllie, S.G., Markham, J.L. and Leach, D.N. (1999) The role of structure and molecular properties of terpenoids in determining their antimicrobial activity. Flavour Fragrance J., 14, 322-332.
23. Breitmaier, E. (2006) Terpenes. Flavors, Fragrances, Pharmaca, Pheromones, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
24. Dubey, V.S., Bhalla, R. and Luthra, R. (2003) An overview of the non-mevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis in plants. J. Biosci., 28, 637-646.
25. Glaeske, K.W. andBoehlke, P.R. (2002) Making sense of terpenes: an exploration into biological chemistry. Am. Biol. Teach., 64, S208-211.
26. Bouvier, F., Rahier, A. and Camara, B. (2005) Biogenesis, molecular regulation and function of plant isoprenoids. Prog. Lipid Res., 44, 357-429.
27. Ruzicka, L. (1953) The isoprene rule and the biogenesis of terpenic compounds. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 9, 357-367.
28. Little, D.B. and Croteau, R.B. (1999) Biochemistry of essential oil terpenes: a thirty year overview, in Flavor Chemistry: Thirty Years of Progress (eds R. Teranishi, E.L. Wick and I. Hornstein), Springer, pp. 239-254.
29. Chinou, I. (2005) Labdanes of natural origin: biological activities (1981-2004). Curr. Med. Chem., 12, 1295-1317.
30. Carson, C.F., Hammer, K.A. and Riley, T.V. (2006) Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other properties. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 19, 50-62.
31. Yu, J., Lei, J., Yu, H. et al. (2004) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Scutellaria barbata. Phytochemistry, 65, 881-884.
32. Nostro, A., Blanco, A.R., Cannatelli, M.A. et al. (2004) Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococci to oregano essential oil, carvacrol and thymol. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 230, 191-195.
33. Skočibušić, M. and Bezić, N. (2004) Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of two Satureja species essential oils. Phytother. Res., 18, 967-970.
34. Bohlmann, J. and Keeling, C.I. (2008) Harnessing plant biomass for biofuels and biomaterials. Terpenoid biomaterials. Plant J., 54, 656-669.
35. Keszei, A., Brubaker, C.L. and Foley,W.J. (2008) A molecular perspective on terpene variation in Australian Myrtaceae. Aust. J. Bot., 56, 197-213.
36. McGarvey, D.J. and Croteau, R. (1995) Terpenoid metabolism. Plant Cell, 7, 1015-1026.
37. Koparal, A.T. and Zeytinoglu, M. (2003) Effects of carvacrol on a human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line, A54. Cytotechnology, 43, 149-154.
38. Shapiro, S. and Guggenheim, B. (1998) Inhibition of oral bacteria by phenolic compounds. Part. QSAR analysis using molecular connectivity. Quant. Struct-Act. Relat., 17, 327-337.
39. McNaught, A.D. and Wilkinson, A. (1997) Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed., Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
40. Castola,V.,Bighelli, A. andCasanova, J. (2000) Intraspecific chemical variability of the essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Corsica. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 28, 79-88.
41. Cosentino, S., Barra, A., Pisano, B. et al. (2003) Composition and antimicrobial properties of Sardinian Juniperus essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. J. Food Protect., 66, 1288-1291.
42. Zhao, J. (2007) Plant troponoids: chemistry, biological activity, and biosynthesis. Curr. Med. Chem., 14, 2597-2621.
43. Bentley, R. (2008) A fresh look at natural tropolonoids. Nat. Prod. Rep., 25, 118-138.
44. Sy, L.-K. and Brown, G.D. (2001) Deoxyarteannuin B, dihydro-deoxyarteannuin B and trans-5-hydroxy-2-isopropenyl-5-methylhex-3-en-1-ol from Artemisia anuua. Phytochemistry, 58, 1159-1166.
45. Umlauf, D., Zapp, J., Becker, H. and Adam, K.P. (2004) Biosynthesis of the irregular monoterpene artemisia ketone, the sesquiterpene germacrene D and other isoprenoids in Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae). Phytochemistry, 65, 2463-2470.
46. Salido, S., Valenzuela, L.R., Altarejos, J. et al. (2004) Composition and infraspecific variability of Artemisia herba-alba from southern Spain. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 32, 265-277.
47. Fugh-Berman, A. and Myers, A. (2004) Citrus aurantium, an ingredient of dietary supplements marketed for weight loss: current status of clinical and basic research. Exp. Biol. Med., 229, 698-704.
48. Limberger, R.P., Sobral, M. and Henriques, A.T. (2005) Intraspecific volatile oil variation in Myrceugenia cucullata (Myrtaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 33, 287-293.
49. Piggott, M.J., Ghisalberti, E.L. and Trengove, R.D. (1997) Western Australian sandalwood oil: extraction by different techniques and variations of the major components in different sections of a single tree. Flavour Fragrance J., 12, 43-46.
50. Ferrari, B., Tomi, F., Richomme, P. and Casanova, J. (2005) Two new irregular acyclic sesquiterpenes aldehydes from Santolina corsica essential oil. Magn. Reson. Chem., 43, 73-74.
51. Liu, K., Rossi, P.G., Ferrari, B. et al. (2007) Composition, irregular terpenoids, chemical variability and antibacterial activity of the essential oil from Santolina corsica Jordan et Fourr. Phytochemistry, 68, 1698-1705.
52. Ganzera, M., Schneider, P. and Stuppner, H. (2006) Inhibitory effects of the essential oil of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) and its major constituents on human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Life Sci., 78, 856-861.
53. Sinico, C., De Logu, A., Lai, F. et al. (2005) Liposomal incorporation of Artemisia arborescens L. essential oil and in vitro antiviral activity. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 59, 161-168.
54. Henriques, A.T., Sobral,M.E., Cauduro, A.D. et al. (1993) Aromatic plants from Brazil. II. The chemical composition of some Eugenia essential oils. J. Essent. Oil Res., 5, 501-505.
55. Sabulal, B., Dan, M., Aj, J. et al. (2006) Caryophyllene-rich rhizome oil of Zingiber nimmonii from South India: chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity. Phytochemistry, 67, 2469-2473.
56. Adams, R.P. (1991) Cedar wood oil: Analyses and properties, in Modern Methods of Plant Analysis (eds H. F. Linskens and J. F. Jackson), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 159-173.
57. Lis-Balchin, M., Deans, S.G. and Eaglesham, E. (1998) Relationship between bioactivity and chemical composition of commercial essential oils. Flavour Fragrance J., 13, 98-104.
58. Sangwan, N.S., Farooqi, A.H.A., Shabih, F. and Sangwan, R.S. (2001) Regulation of essential oil production in plants. Plant Growth Regul., 34, 3-21.
59. Langenheim, J.H. (2003) Plant Resins: Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology, and Ethnobotany, Timber Press, Portland, OR, USA.
60. Reverchon, E. (1997) Supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation of essential oils and related products. J. Supercrit. Fluids, 10, 1-37.
61. Wu, T.-S., Damu, A.G., Su, C.-R. and Kuo, P.-C. (2004) Terpenoids of Aristolochia and their biological activities. Nat. Prod. Rep., 21, 594-624.
62. Hoet, S., Stévigny, C., Hérent, M.F. and Quetin-Leclercq, J. (2006) Antitrypanosomal compounds from the leaf essential oil of Strychnos spinosa. Planta Med., 72, 480-482.
63. Köse, Y.B., İşcan, G., Demirci, B. et al. (2007) Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Centaurea aladagensis. Fitoterapia, 78, 253-254.
64. Jahangir, M., Kim, H.K., Choi, Y.H. and Verpoorte, R. (2009) Health-affecting compounds in Brassicaceae. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 8, 31-43.
65. Wungsintaweekul, J., Sirisuntipong, T., Kongduang, D. et al. (2008) Transcription profiles analysis of genes encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase and 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate synthase in plaunotol biosynthesis from Croton stellatopilosus. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 31, 852-856.
66. Lo Presti, M., Sciarrone, D., Crupi, M.L. et al. (2008) Evaluation of the volatile and chiral composition in Pistacia lentiscus L. essential oil. Flavour Fragrance J., 23, 249-257.
67. Boelens, M.H. and Jimenez, R. (1991) Chemical composition of the essential oils from the gum and from various parts of Pistacia lentiscus l. (mastic gum tree). Flavour Fragrance J., 6, 271-275.
68. Ulubelen, A., Topcu, G., Eriş, C. et al. (1994) Terpenoids from Salvia sclarea. Phytochemistry, 36, 971-974.
69. Gökdil, G., Topcu, G., Sönmez, U. and Ulubelen, A. (1997) Terpenoids and flavonoids from Salvia cyanescens. Phytochemistry, 46, 799-800.
70. Dimas, K., Kokkinopoulos, D., Demetzos, C. et al. (1999) The effect of sclareol on growth and cell cycle progression of human leukemic cell lines. Leuk. Res., 23, 217-234.
71. Brophy, J.J., Goldsack, R.J., Wu, M.Z. et al. (2000) The steam volatile oil of Wollemia nobilis and its comparison with other members of the Araucariaceae (Agathis and Araucaria). Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 28, 563-578.
72. Briggs, L.H. and White, G.W. (1975) Constituents of the essential oil of Araucaria araucana. Tetrahedron, 31, 1311-1314.
73. Otsuka, M., Kenmoku, H., Ogawa, M. et al. (2004) Emission of ent-kaurene, a diterpenoid hydrocarbon precursor for gibberellins, into the headspace from plants. Plant Cell Physiol., 45, 1129-1138.
74. Hirschberg, J. (2001) Carotenoid biosynthesis in flowering plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 4, 210-218.
75. Auldridge, M.E., McCarty, D.R. and Klee, H.J. (2006) Plant carotenoid cleavage oxygenases and their apocarotenoid products. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 9, 315-321.
76. Kloer, D.P. and Schulz, G.E. (2006) Structural and biological aspects of carotenoid cleavage. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 63, 2291-2303.
77. Rodríguez-Bustamante, E. and Sánchez, S. (2007) Microbial production of C13-norisoprenoids and other aroma compounds via carotenoid cleavage. Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 33, 211-230.
78. Plummer, J.A., Wann, J.M., Considine, J.A. and Spadek, Z.E. (1996) Selection of Boronia for essential oils and cut flowers, in Progress in New Crops (ed. J. Janick), ASHS Press, Arlington, VA, USA, pp. 602-609.
79. Ghisalberti, E.L. (1998) Phytochemistry of the Australian Rutaceae: Boronia, Eriostemon and Phebalium species. Phytochemistry, 47, 163-176.
80. Babu, K.G.D., Singh, B., Joshi, V.P. and Singh, V. (2002) Essential oil composition of Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) distilled under different pressures and temperatures. Flavour Fragrance J., 17, 136-140.
81. Herrmann, K.M. and Weaver, L.M. (1999) The shikimate pathway. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 50, 473-503.
82. Ferrer, J.L., Austin, M.B., Stewart, C. and Noel, J.P. (2008) Structure and function of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 46, 356-370.
83. Wu, S. and Chappell, J. (2008) Metabolic engineering of natural products in plants; tools of the trade and challenges for the future. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 19, 145-152.
84. Dudareva, N., Pichersky, E. and Gershenzon, J. (2004) Biochemistry of plant volatiles. Plant Physiol., 135, 1893-1902.
85. Nogueira, P.C.de.L., Bittrich, V., Shepherd, G.J. et al. (2001) The ecological and taxonomic importance of flower volatiles of Clusia species (Guttiferae). Phytochemistry, 56, 443-452.
86. Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Shafi, M.P. and Kaniampady, M.M. (2003) Chemotaxonomical analysis of the essential oil aroma compounds of four different Ocimum species from southern India. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 217, 120-124.
87. Clifford, M.N. (2000) Miscellaneous phenols in foods and beverages-nature, occurrence and dietary burden. J. Sci. Food Agric., 80, 1126-1137.
88. Gang, D.R.,Wang, J.,Dudareva,N. et al. (2001) An investigation of the storage and biosynthesis of phenylpropenes in sweet basil. Plant Physiol., 125, 539-555.
89. Medina-Holguín, A.L., Holguín, F. O., Micheletto, S. et al. (2008) Chemotypic variation of essential oils in the medicinal plant, Anemopsis californica. Phytochemistry, 69, 919-927. 9
90. Chaieb, K., Hajlaoui, H., Zmantar, T. et al. (2007) The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytother. Res., 21, 501-506. 9
91. Martins, A.P., Salgueiro, L., Vila, R. et al. (1998) Essential oils from four Piper species. Phytochemistry, 49, 2019-2023. 9
92. Siani, A.C.,Ramos,M.F.S., Menezes-de-Lima,O. et al. (1999) Evaluation of anti-inflammatoryrelated activity of essential oils from the leaves and resin of species of Protium. J. Ethnopharmacol., 66, 57-69. 9
93. Gog, L., Berenbaum, M.R., DeLucia, E.H. and Zangerl, A.R. (2005) Autotoxic effects of essential oils on photosynthesis in parsley, parsnip, and rough lemon. Chemoecology, 15, 115-119. 9
94. de Morais, S.M., Facundo, V.A., Bertini, L.M. et al. (2007) Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oils from Piper species. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 35, 670-675. 9
95. Mimica-Dukić, N., Kujundžić, S., Soković, M. and Couladis, M. (2003) Essential oil composition and antifungal activity of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. obtained by different distillation conditions. Phytother. Res., 17, 368-371. 9
96. Flamini, G., Tebano, M., Cioni, P.L. et al. (2007) Comparison between the conventional method of extraction of essential oil of Laurus nobilis L. and a novel method which uses microwaves applied in situ, without resorting to an oven. J. Chromatogr. A, 1143, 36-40. 9
97. Boelens, M.H. (1996) Chemical and sensory evaluation of trace compounds in naturals. Perfum. Flavor., 21, 25-31. 9
98. Goeke, A. (2002) Sulfur-containing odorants in fragrance chemistry. J. Sulfur Chem., 23, 243-278. 9
99. Halkier, B.A. and Gershenzon, J. (2006) Biology and biochemistry of glucosinolates. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol., 57, 303-333.
100. Fahey, J.W., Zalcmann, A.T. and Talalay, P. (2001) The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. Phytochemistry, 56, 5-51.
101. Tellez, M.R., Khan, I.A., Kobaisy, M. et al. (2002) Composition of the essential oil of Lepidium meyenii (Walp.). Phytochemistry, 61, 149-155.
102. Dhingra, O.D., Costa,M.L.N., Silva, J.G.J. andMizubuti, E.S.G. (2004) Essential oil of mustard to control Rhizoctonia solani causing seedling damping off and seedling blight in nursery. Fitopatol. Bras., 29, 683-686.
103. Miyazawa, M., Nishiguchi, T. and Yamafuji, C. (2005) Volatile components of the leaves of Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis Bailey. Flavour Fragrance J., 20, 158-160.
104. Turgis, M., Han, J., Caillet, S. and Lacroix, M. (2009) Antimicrobial activity of mustard essential oil against Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella typhi. Food Control, 20, 1073-1079.
105. Kurose, K. and Yatagai, M. (2005) Components of the essential oils of Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Azadirachta siamensisVelton, and Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs and their comparison. J. Wood Sci., 51, 185-188.
106. Merat, E. and Vogel, J. (1976) Separation and spectrofluorimetric determination of methyl anthranilate and methyl N-methyl anthranilate in various beverages and flavorants. Mitt. Geb. Lebensmittelunters. Hyg., 66, 496-501.
107. Rath, C.C., Devi, S., Dash, S.K. and Mishra, R.K. (2008) Antibacterial potential assessment of jasmine essential oil against E. coli. Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 70, 238-241.
108. El-Sakhawy, F.S., El-Tantawy, M.E., Ross, S.A. and El-Sohly, M.A. (1998) Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Murraya exotica L. Flavour Fragrance J., 13, 59-62.
109. Verzera, A.,Mondello, L., Trozzi, A. and Dugo, P. (1997) On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. Part LII. Chemical characterization of essential oil of three cultivars of Citrus clementine Hort. Flavour Fragrance J., 12, 163-172.
110. Stashenko, E.E., Torres,W. and Morales, J.R.M. (1995) A study of the compositional variation of the essential oil of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata Hook Fil. et Thomson, formagenuina) during flower development. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 18, 101-104.
111. Rchid, H., Nmila, R., Bessiere, J.M. et al. (2004) Volatile components of Nigella damascena L. and Nigella sativa L. seeds. J. Essent. Oil Res., 16, 585-587.
112. Mondello, L., Basile, A., Previti, P. and Dugo, G. (1997) Italian Citrus petitgrain oils. II. Composition of mandarin petitgrain oil. J. Essent. Oil Res., 9, 255-266.
113. El-Ghorab, A.H., El-Massry, K.F. and Mansour, A.F. (2003) Chemical composition, antifungal and radical scavenging activities of Egyptian mandarin petitgrain essential oil. Bull. Natl. Res. Cent., 28, 535-549.
114. Clery, R.A., Hammond, C.J. andWright, A.C. (2005) Nitrogen compounds from Haitian vetiver oil. J. Essent. Oil Res., 17, 591-592.
115. Clery, R.A., Hammond, C.J. andWright, A.C. (2006) Nitrogen-containing compounds in black pepper oil (Piper nigrum L.). J. Essent. Oil Res., 18, 1-3.
116. Krest, I., Glodek, J. and Keusgen, M. (2000) Cysteine sulfoxides and alliinase activity of some Allium species. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 3753-3760.
117. Štajner, D.,Milić, N., Čanadanović-Brunet, J. et al. (2006) Exploring Allium species as a source of potential medicinal agents. Phytother. Res., 20, 581-584.
118. Amagase, H., Petesch, B.L., Matsuura, H. et al. (2001) Intake of garlic and its bioactive components. J. Nutr., 131, 955S-962S.
119. Omata, A., Yomogida, K., Nakamura, S. et al. (1991) New sulphur components of rose oil. Flavour Fragrance J., 6, 149-152.
120. Takahashi, K., Muraki, S. and Yoshida, T. (1981) Synthesis and distribution of (-)-mintsulfide, a novel sulfur-containing sesquiterpene. Agric. Biol. Chem., 45, 129-132.
121. Vickers, C.E., Gershenzon, J., Lerdau, M.T. and Loreto, F. (2009) A unified mechanism of action for volatile isoprenoids in plant abiotic stress. Nat. Chem. Biol., 5, 283-291.
122. Ballabeni, V., Tognolini, M., Chiavarini, M. et al. (2004) Novel antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of essential oil from Lavandula hybrida Reverchon 'grosso'. Phytomedicine, 11, 596-601.
123. Tognolini, M., Ballabeni, V., Bertoni, S. et al. (2007) Protective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil and anethole in an experimental model of thrombosis. Pharmacol. Res., 56, 254-260.
124. Tognolini, M., Barocelli, E., Ballabeni, V. et al. (2006) Comparative screening of plant essential oils: phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity. Life Sci., 78, 1419-1432.
125. Huang, J., Wang, S., Luo, X. et al. (2007) Cinnamaldehyde reduction of platelet aggregation and thrombosis in rodents. Thromb. Res., 119, 337-342.
126. Liao, B.C., Hsieh, C.W., Liu, Y.C. et al. (2008) Cinnamaldehyde inhibits the tumor necrosis factor-a-induced expression of cell adhesion molecules in endothelial cells by suppressing NF-kB activation: effects upon IkB and Nrf, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 229, 161-171.
127. Cavanagh, H.M.A. and Wilkinson, J.M. (2002) Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytother. Res., 16, 301-308.
128. Pascual, M.E., Slowing, K., Carretero, E. et al. (2001) Lippia: traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology: a review. J. Ethnopharmacol., 76, 201-214.
129. Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Denkova, Z. et al. (2006) Comparative study on the antimicrobial activities of different sandalwood essential oils of various origin. Flavour Fragrance J., 21, 465-468.
130. Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F. and Riley, T.V. (1999) Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. J. Appl. Microbiol., 86, 985-990.
131. Elsom, G.K.F. andHide, D. (1999) Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to tea tree oil and mupirocin. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 43, 427-428.
132. Tsao, S.-M. and Yin, M.-C. (2001) In-vitro antimicrobial activity of four diallyl sulphides ocurring naturally in garlic and Chinese leek oils. J. Med. Microbiol., 50, 646-649.
133. LaPlante, K.L. (2007) In vitro activity of lysostaphin, mupirocin, and tea tree oil against clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 57, 413-418.
134. Kalemba, D. and Kunicka, A. (2003) Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils. Curr. Med. Chem., 10, 813-829.
135. Holley, R.A. and Patel, D. (2005) Improvement in shelf-life and safety of perishable foods by plant essential oils and smoke antimicrobials. Food Microbiol., 22, 273-292.
136. Wilkinson, J.M. (2006) Methods for testing the antimicrobial activity of extracts, in Modern Phytomedicine. Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs (eds I. Ahmad, F. Aqil and M. Owais), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 157-171.
137. Lanciotti, R., Gianotti, A., Patrignani, F. et al. (2004) Use of natural aroma compounds to improve shelf-life and safety of minimally processed fruits. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 15, 201-208.
138. Magiatis, P., Melliou, E., Skaltsounis, A.L. et al. (1999) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia. Planta Med., 65, 749-752.
139. Marino, M., Bersani, C. and Comi, G. (2001) Impedance measurements to study the antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Lamiaceae and Compositae. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 67, 187-195.
140. Delaquis, P.J., Stanich, K., Girard, B. and Mazza, G. (2002) Antimicrobial activity of individual and mixed fractions of dill, cilantro, coriander and eucalyptus essential oils. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 74, 101-109.
141. Pintore, G., Usai, M., Bradesi, P. et al. (2002) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. oils from Sardinia and Corsica. Flavour Fragrance J., 17, 15-19.
142. Ali, B.H. and Blunden, G. (2003) Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Nigella sativa. Phytother. Res., 17, 299-305.
143. Mayaud, L., Carricajo, A., Zhiri, A. and Aubert, G. (2008) Comparison of bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of 13 essential oils against strains with varying sensitivity to antibiotics. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 47, 167-173.
144. Di Pasqua, R., De Feo, V., Villani, F. and Mauriello, G. (2005) In vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mediterranean Apiaceae, Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. Ann. Microbiol., 55, 139-143.
145. Lis-Balchin, M., Steyrl, H. and Krenn, E. (2003) The comparative effect of novel Pelargonium essential oils and their corresponding hydrosols as antimicrobial agents in a model food system. Phytother. Res., 17, 60-65.
146. Hayes, A.J. and Markovic, B. (2002) Toxicity of Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (Lemon myrtle). Part Antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity. Food Chem. Toxicol., 40, 535-543.
147. Nelson, R.R.S. (1997) In-vitro activities of five plant essential oils against methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 40, 305-306.
148. Filipowicz, N., Kamínski, M., Kurlenda, J. et al. (2003) Antibacterial and antifungal activity of juniper berry oil and its selected components. Phytother. Res., 17, 227-231.
149. Carson, C.F., Cookson, B.D., Farrelly, H.D. and Riley, T.V. (1995) Susceptibility of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 35, 421-424.
150. Chan, C.H. and Loudon, K.W. (1998) Activity of tea tree oil on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) [letter]. J. Hosp. Infect., 39, 244-245.
151. Brady, A., Loughlin, R., Gilpin, D. et al. (2006) In vitro activity of tea-tree oil against clinical skin isolates of meticillin-resistant and -sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and coagulasenegative staphylococci growing planktonically and as biofilms. J. Med. Microbiol., 55, 1375-1380.
152. Loughlin, R., Gilmore, B.F., McCarron, P.A. and Tunney, M.M. (2008) Comparison of the cidal activity of tea tree oil and terpinen-4-ol against clinical bacterial skin isolates and human fibroblast cells. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 46, 428-433.
153. Davis, A.O., O'Leary, J.O.,Muthaiyan, A. et al. (2005) Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus mutants expressing reduced susceptibility to common house-cleaners. J. Appl. Microbiol., 98, 364-372.
154. Banes-Marshall, L., Cawley, P. and Phillips, C.A. (2001) In vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against bacterial and Candida spp. isolates from clinical specimens. Br. J. Biomed. Sci., 58, 139-145.
155. Deans, S.G. and Ritchie, G. (1987) Antibacterial properties of plant essential oils. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 5, 165-180.
156. Porter, N.G. and Wilkins, A.L. (1999) Chemical, physical and antimicrobial properties of essential oils of Leptospermum scoparium and Kunzea ericoides. Phytochemistry, 50, 407-415.
157. Carson, C.F., Mee, B.J. and Riley, T.V. (2002) Mechanism of action of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Staphylococcus aureus determined by time-kill, lysis, leakage, and salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46, 1914-1920.
158. Lambert, R.J.W., Skandamis, P.N., Coote, P.J. and Nychas, G.-J.E. (2001) A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. J. Appl. Microbiol., 91, 453-462.
159. Ultee, A., Bennik, M.H.J. andMoezelaar, R. (2002) The phenolic hydroxyl group of carvacrol is essential for action against the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 1561-1568.
160. Carson, C.F. and Riley, T.V. (1995) Antimicrobial activity of the major components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 78, 264-269.
161. Inouye, S., Takizawa, T. and Yamaguchi, H. (2001) Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their major constituents against respiratory tract pathogens by gaseous contact. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 47, 565-573.
162. Peñalver, P., Huerta,B., Borge, C. et al. (2005) Antimicrobial activity of five essential oils against origin strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand., 113, 1-6.
163. Veldhuizen, E.J.A., Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven, J.L.M., Zweijtzer, C. et al. (2006) Structural requirements for the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 1874-1879.
164. Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F. and Riley, T.V. (1996) Susceptibility of transient and commensal skin flora to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Am. J. Infect. Control, 24, 186-189.
165. Preuss, H.G., Echard, B., Enig, M. et al. (2005) Minimum inhibitory concentrations of herbal essential oils and monolaurin for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 272, 29-34.
166. Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F. and Riley, T.V. (2003) Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. J. Appl. Microbiol., 95, 853-860.
167. Matan, N., Rimkeeree, H., Mawson, A.J. et al. (2006) Antimicrobial activity of cinnamon and clove oils under modified atmosphere conditions. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 107, 180-185.
168. Thompson, D.P. (1989) Fungitoxic activity of essential oil components on food storage fungi. Mycologia, 81, 151-153.
169. Araújo, C., Sousa, M.J., Ferreira, M.F. and Lẽao, C. (2003) Activity of essential oils from Mediterranean Lamiaceae species against food spoilage yeasts. J. Food Protect., 66, 625-632.
170. Conner, D.E. and Beuchat, L.R. (1984) Effects of essential oils from plants on growth of food spoilage yeasts. J. Food Sci., 49, 429-434.
171. López, P., Sánchez, C., Batlle, R. and Nerín, C. (2005) Solid-and vapor-phase antimicrobial activities of six essential oils: susceptibility of selected foodborne bacterial and fungal strains. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 6939-6946.
172. Nguefack, J., Leth, V., Amvam, P.H. and Mathur, S.B. (2004) Evaluation of five essential oils from aromatic plants of Cameroon for controlling food spoilage and mycotoxin producing fungi. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 94, 329-334.
173. Benkeblia, N. (2004) Antimicrobial activity of essential oil extracts of various onions (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum). LWT Food Sci. Technol., 37, 263-268.
174. Şahin, F., Güllüce, M., Daferera, D. et al. (2004) Biological activities of the essential oils and methanol extract of Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Food Control, 15, 549-557.
175. Sacchetti, G., Maietti, S., Muzzoli, M. et al. (2005) Comparative evaluation of 11 essential oils of different origin as functional antioxidants, antiradicals and antimicrobials in foods. Food Chem., 91, 621-632.
176. Sökmen, M., Serkedjieva, J., Daferera, D. et al. (2004) In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities of the essential oil and various extracts from herbal parts and callus cultures of Origanum acutidens. J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 3309-3312.
177. Kumar, R., Mishra, A.K., Dubey, N.K. and Tripathi, Y.B. (2007) Evaluation of Chenopodium ambrosioides oil as a potential source of antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 115, 159-164.
178. Suppakul, P., Miltz, J., Sonneveld, K. and Biggers, S.W. (2003) Antimicrobial properties of basil and its possible application in food packaging. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 3197-3207.
179. Cerrutti, P. and Alzamora, S.M. (1996) Inhibitory effects of vanillin on some food spoilage yeasts in laboratory media and fruit purees. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 29, 379-386.
180. Skandamis, P., Tsigarida, E. and Nychas, G.-J.E. (2002) The effect of oregano essential oil on survival/death of Salmonella typhimurium in meat stored at 5 °C under aerobic,VP/MAP conditions. Food Microbiol., 19, 97-103.
181. Gutierrez, J., Bourke, P., Lonchamp, J. and Barry-Ryan, C. (2009) Impact of plant essential oils on microbiological, organoleptic and quality markers of minimally processed vegetables. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol., 10, 195-202.
182. Gutierrez, J., Barry-Ryan, C. and Bourke, P. (2009) Antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils using food model media: efficacy, synergistic potential and interactions with food components. Food Microbiol., 26, 142-150.
183. Solomakos, N., Govaris, A., Koidis, P. and Botsoglou, N. (2008) The antimicrobial effect of thyme essential oil, nisin, and their combination against Listeria monocytogenes in minced beef during refrigerated storage. Food Microbiol., 25, 120-127.
184. Gutierrez, J., Barry-Ryan, C. and Bourke, P. (2008) The antimicrobial efficacy of plant essential oil combinations and interactions with food ingredients. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 124, 91-97.
185. Burt, S.A., Vlielander, R., Haagsman, H.P. and Veldhuizen, E.J. (2005) Increase in activity of essential oil components carvacrol and thymol against Escherichia coli O157: H7 by addition of food stabilizers. J. Food Protect., 68, 919-926.
186. Goñi, P., López, P., Sánchez, C. et al. (2009) Antimicrobial activity in the vapour phase of a combination of cinnamon and clove essential oils. Food Chem., 116, 982-989.
187. Leistner, L. (2000) Basic aspects of food preservation by hurdle technology. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 55, 181-186.
188. Nielsen, P.V. and Rios, R. (2000) Inhibition of fungal growth on bread by volatile components from spices and herbs, and the possible application in active packaging, with special emphasis on mustard essential oil. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 60, 219-229.
189. Suhr, K.I. and Nielsen, P.V. (2005) Inhibition of fungal growth on wheat and rye bread by modified atmosphere packaging and active packaging using volatile mustard essential oil. J. Food Sci., 70, 37-44.
190. Serrano, M., Martínez-Romero, D., Castillo, S. et al. (2005) The use of natural antifungal compounds improves the beneficial effect of MAP in sweet cherry storage. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol., 6, 115-123.
191. Helander, I.M., Alakomi, H.L., Latva-Kala, K. et al. (1998) Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on Gram-negative bacteria. J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 3590-3595.
192. Ultee, A., Kets, E.P.W. and Smid, E.J. (1999) Mechanisms of action of carvacrol on the foodborne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65, 4606-4610.
193. Gill, A.O. and Holley, R.A. (2006) Disruption of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Lactobacillus sakei cellular membranes by plant oil aromatics. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 108, 1-9.
194. Cox, S.D., Mann, C.M., Markham, J.L. et al. (2000) The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). J. Appl. Microbiol., 88, 170-175.
195. Domadia, P., Swarup, S., Bhunia, A. et al. (2007) Inhibition of bacterial cell division protein FtsZ by cinnamaldehyde. Biochem. Pharmacol., 74, 831-840.
196. Burt, S.A., Van Der Zee, R., Koets, A.P. et al. (2007) Carvacrol induces heat shock protein 60 and inhibits synthesis of flagellin in Escherichia coli O157: H. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73, 4484-4490.
197. Niu, C., Afre, S. and Gilbert, E.S. (2006) Subinhibitory concentrations of cinnamaldehyde interfere with quorum sensing. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 43, 489-494.
198. Brackman, G., Defoirdt, T., Miyamoto, C. et al. (2008) Cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde derivatives reduce virulence in Vibrio spp. by decreasing the DNA-binding activity of the quorum sensing response regulator LuxR. BMC Microbiol., 8, 149.
199. Iwalokun, B.A., Gbenle, G.O., Adewole, T.A. et al. (2003) Effects of Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil at subinhibitory concentrations on virulent and multidrug-resistant Shigella strains from Lagos, Nigeria. APMIS, 111, 477-482.
200. Filgueiras, C.T. and Vanetti, M.C.D. (2006) Effect of eugenol on growth and listeriolysin O production by Listeria monocytogenes. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 49, 405-409.
201. Tassou, C., Koutsoumanis, K. and Nychas, G.J.E. (2000) Inhibition of Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus in nutrient broth by mint essential oil. Food Res. Int., 33, 273-280.
202. Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F. and Riley, T.V. (2004) Antifungal effects of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and its components on Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 53, 1081-1085.
203. Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F. and Riley, T.V. (2000) Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil inhibits germ tube formation by Candida albicans. Med. Mycol., 38, 355-362.
204. Alviano, W.S., Mendonça-Filho, R.R., Alviano, D.S. et al. (2005) Antimicrobial activity of Croton cajucara Benth linalool-rich essential oil on artificial biofilms and planktonic microorganisms. Oral Microbiol. Immunol., 20, 101-105.
205. Seidakhmetova, R.B., Beisenbaeva, A.A.,Atazhanova, G.A. et al. (2002) Chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil from Artemisia glabella. Pharm. Chem. J., 36, 135-138.
206. Zai-Chang, Y., Bo-Chu,W., Xiao-Sheng, Y. and Qiang,W. (2005) Chemical composition of the volatile oil from Cynanchum stauntonii and its activities of anti-influenza virus. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 43, 198-202.
207. Hayashi, K., Kamiya, M. and Hayashi, T. (1995) Virucidal effects of the steam distillate from Houttuynia cordata and its components on HSV-1, influenza virus, and HIV. Planta Med., 61, 237-241.
208. Bonsignore, L., Casu, L., Loy, G. et al. (2004) Analysis of the essential oil of Oenanthe crocata L. and its biological activity. J. Essent. Oil Res., 16, 266-269.
209. Öǧütçü, H., Sökmen, A., Sökmen, M. et al. (2008) Bioactivities of the various extracts and essential oils of Salvia limbata CA Mey. and Salvia sclarea L. Turk. J. Biol., 32, 181-192.
210. Hayashi, K., Imanishi, N., Kashiwayama, Y. et al. (2007) Inhibitory effect of cinnamaldehyde, derived from Cinnamomi cortex, on the growth of influenza A/PR/8 virus in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res., 74, 1-8.
211. Schnitzler, P., Schön, K. and Reichling, J. (2001) Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture. Pharmazie, 56, 343-347.
212. Koch, C., Reichling, J., Schneele, J. and Schnitzler, P. (2007) Inhibitory effect of essential oils against herpes simplex virus type Phytomedicine, 15, 71-78.
213. Saddi,M., Sanna, A., Cottiglia, F. et al. (2007) Antiherpevirus activity of Artemisia arborescens essential oil and inhibition of lateral diffusion in Vero cells. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob., 6, 10.
214. Reichling, J., Koch, C., Stahl-Biskup, E. et al. (2005) Virucidal activity of a β-triketone-rich essential oil of Leptospermum scoparium (manuka oil) against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in cell culture. Planta Med., 71, 1123-1127.
215. Farag, R.S., Shalaby, A.S., El-Baroty, G.A. et al. (2004) Chemical and biological evaluation of the essential oils of different Melaleuca species. Phytother. Res., 18, 30-35.
216. Allahverdiyev, A., Duran, N., Ozguven, M. and Koltas, S. (2004) Antiviral activity of the volatile oils of Melissa officinalis L. against Herpes simplex virus type Phytomedicine, 11, 657-661.
217. Schnitzler, P., Schuhmacher, A., Astani, A. and Reichling, J. (2008) Melissa officinalis oil affects infectivity of enveloped herpesviruses. Phytomedicine, 15, 734-740.
218. Schuhmacher, A., Reichling, J. and Schnitzler, P. (2003) Virucidal effect of peppermint oil on the enveloped viruses herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Phytomedicine, 10, 504-510.
219. Sivropoulou, A., Nikolaou, C., Papanikolaou, E. et al. (1997) Antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antiviral activities of Salvia fructicosa essential oil. J. Agric. Food Chem., 45, 3197-3201.
220. Benencia, F. and Courreges, M.C. (1999) Antiviral activity of sandalwood oil against herpes simplex viruses-1 and-Phytomedicine, 6, 119-123.
221. De Logu, A., Loy, G., Pellerano, M.L. et al. (2000) Inactivation of HSV-1 and HSV-2 and prevention of cell-to-cell virus spread by Santolina insularis essential oil. Antiviral Res., 48, 177-185.
222. Valenti, D., De Logu, A., Loy, G. et al. (2001) Liposome-incorporated Santolina insularis essential oil: preparation, characterization and in vitro antiviral activity. J. Liposome Res., 11, 73-90.
223. García, C.C., Talarico, L., Almeida, N. et al. (2003) Virucidal activity of essential oils from aromatic plants of San Luis, Argentina. Phytother. Res., 17, 1073-1075.
224. Duschatzky, C.B., Possetto, M.L., Talarico, L.B. et al. (2005) Evaluation of chemical and antiviral properties of essential oils from South American plants. Antivir. Chem. Chemother., 16, 247-251.
225. Benencia, F. and Courreges, M.C. (2000) In vitro and in vivo activity of eugenol on human herpesvirus. Phytother. Res., 14, 495-500.
226. Tragoolpua, Y. and Jatisatienr, A. (2007) Anti-herpes simplex virus activities of Eugenia caryophyllus (Spreng.) Bullock & SG Harrison and essential oil, eugenol. Phytother. Res., 21, 1153-1158.
227. Armaka, M., Papanikolaou, E., Sivropoulou, A. and Arsenakis, M. (1999) Antiviral properties of isoborneol, a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type, Antiviral Res., 43, 79-92.
228. Minami, M., Kita, M., Nakaya, T. et al. (2003) The inhibitory effect of essential oils on herpes simplex virus type-1 replication in vitro. Microbiol. Immunol., 47, 681-684.
229. Salido, S.,Altarejos, J.,Nogueras, M. et al. (2002) Chemical studies of essential oils of Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. badia. J. Ethnopharmacol., 81, 129-134.
230. Cermelli, C., Fabio, A., Fabio, G. and Quaglio, P. (2008) Effect of Eucalyptus essential oil on respiratory bacteria and viruses. Curr. Microbiol., 56, 89-92.
231. Wang, K.C., Chang, J.S., Chiang, L.C. and Lin, C.C. (2009) 4-Methoxycinnamaldehyde inhibited human respiratory syncytial virus in a human larynx carcinoma cell line. Phytomedicine, 16, 882-886.
232. Ross, S.A., El Sayed, K.A., El Sohly, M.A. et al. (1997) Phytochemical analysis of Geigeria alata and Francoeria crispa essential oils. Planta Med., 63, 479-482.
233. Bishop, C.D. (1995) Antiviral activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel (tea tree) against tobacco mosaic virus. J. Essent. Oil Res., 7, 641-644.
234. Chao, S.C., Young, D.G. and Oberg, C.J. (2000) Screening for inhibitory activity of essential oils on selected bacteria, fungi and viruses. J. Essent. Oil Res., 12, 639-649.
235. Meneses, R., Ocazionez, R.E., Martínez, J.R. and Stashenko, E.E. (2009) Inhibitory effect of essential oils obtained from plants grown in Colombia on yellow fever virus replication in vitro. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob., 8, 8.
236. Loizzo,M.R., Saab, A.M., Tundis, R. et al. (2008) Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antiviral activities of the essential oils of seven Lebanon species. Chem. Biodivers., 5, 461-470.
237. Siddiqui, Y.M., Ettayebi, M., Haddad, A.M. and Al-Ahdal, M.N. (1996) Effect of essential oils on the enveloped viruses: antiviral activity of oregano and clove oils on herpes simplex virus type 1 and Newcastle disease virus. Med. Sci. Res., 24, 185-186.
238. Salem, M.L. and Hossain, M.S. (2000) Protective effect of black seed oil from Nigella sativa against murine cytomegalovirus infection. Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 22, 729-740.
239. Tkachenko, K.G. (2006) Antiviral activity of the essential oils of some Heracleum L. species. J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants, 12, 1-12.
240. Carson, C.F., Ashton, L., Dry, L. et al. (2001) Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil gel (6%) for the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 48, 450-451.
241. Burke, B.E., Baillie, J.E. and Olson, R.D. (2004) Essential oil of Australian lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children. Biomed. Pharmacother., 58, 245-247.
242. Anthony, J.P., Fyfe, L. and Smith,H. (2005) Plant active components: a resource for antiparasitic agents? Trends Parasitol., 21, 462-468.
243. Ueda-Nakamura, T., Mendonça-Filho, R.R., Morgado-Díaz, J.A. et al. (2006) Antileishmanial activity of eugenol-rich essential oil from Ocimum gratissimum. Parasitol. Int., 55, 99-105.
244. Mikus, J., Harkenthal,M., Steverding, D. and Reichling, J. (2000) In vitro effect of essential oils and isolated mono-and sesquiterpenes on Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei. Planta Med., 66, 366-368.
245. Arruda, D.C., D'Alexandri, F.L., Katzin, A.M. and Uliana, S.R.B. (2005) Antileishmanial activity of the terpene nerolidol. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49, 1679-1687.
246. Rosa, M.S.S., Mendonca-Filho, R.R., Bizzo, H.R. et al. (2003) Antileishmanial activity of a linalool-rich essential oil from Croton cajucara. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47, 1895-1901.
247. Monzote, L., Montalvo, A.M., Scull, R. et al. (2007) Combined effect of the essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides and antileishmanial drugs on promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo, 49, 257-260.
248. Monzote, L., García,M., Montalvo, A.M. et al. (2007) In vitro activity of an essential oil against Leishmania donovani. Phytother. Res., 21, 1055-1058.
249. Pedroso, R.B., Ueda-Nakamura, T., Filho, B.P.D. et al. (2006) Biological activities of essential oil obtained from Cymbopogon citratus on Crithidia deanei. Acta Protozool., 45, 231-240.
250. Holetz, F.B., Ueda-Nakamura, T., Dias Filho, B.P. et al. (2003) Effect of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum on the trypanosomatid Herpetomonas samuelpessoai. Acta Protozool., 42, 269-275.
251. Santoro, G.F., Cardoso, M.G., Guimarães, L.G.L. et al. (2007) Anti-proliferative effect of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf (lemongrass) on intracellular amastigotes, bloodstream trypomastigotes and culture epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida). Parasitology, 134, 1649-1656.
252. Santoro, G.F., das Graças Cardoso, M., Guimarães, L.G.L. et al. (2007) Effect of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oils on Trypanosoma cruzi (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) growth and ultrastructure. Parasitol. Res., 100, 783-790.
253. Santoro, G.F., Cardoso, M.G., Guimarães, L.G.L. et al. (2007) Trypanosoma cruzi: activity of essential oils from Achillea millefolium L., Syzygium aromaticum L. and Ocimum basilicum L. on epimastigotes and trypomastigotes. Exp. Parasitol., 116, 283-290.
254. Boyom, F.F., Ngouana, V., Zollo, P.H.A. et al. (2003) Composition and anti-plasmodial activities of essential oils from some Cameroonian medicinal plants. Phytochemistry, 64, 1269-1275.
255. RodriguesGoulart, H., Kimura, E.A., Peres, V.J. et al. (2004) Terpenes arrest parasite development and inhibit biosynthesis of isoprenoids in Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 48, 2502-2509.
256. Moon, T., Wilkinson, J.M. and Cavanagh, H.M.A. (2006) Antiparasitic activity of two Lavandula essential oils against Giardia duodenalis, Trichomonas vaginalis and Hexamita inflata. Parasitol. Res., 99, 722-728.
257. Almeida, I., Alviano, D.S., Vieira, D.P. et al. (2007) Antigiardial activity of Ocimum basilicum essential oil. Parasitol. Res., 101, 443-452.
258. Grabensteiner, E., Arshad, N. and Hess, M. (2007) Differences in the in vitro susceptibility of mono-eukaryotic cultures of Histomonas meleagridis, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Blastocystis sp. to natural organic compounds. Parasitol. Res., 101, 193-199.
259. Zenner, L., Callait, M.P., Granier, C. and Chauve, C. (2003) In vitro effect of essential oils from Cinnamomum aromaticum, Citrus limon and Allium sativum on two intestinal flagellates of poultry, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis. Parasite, 10, 153-157.
260. Tchoumbougnang, F., Zollo, P.H.A., Dagne, E. and Mekonnen, Y. (2005) In vivo antimalarial activity of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Planta Med., 71, 20-23.
261. Monzote, L.,Montalvo, A.M., Scull, R. et al. (2007) Activity, toxicity and analysis of resistance of essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides after intraperitoneal, oral and intralesional administration in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis: a preliminary study. Biomed. Pharmacother., 61, 148-153.
262. Giannenas, I., Florou-Paneri, P., Papazahariadou, M. et al. (2003) Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experimental infection with Eimeria tenella. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 57, 99-106.
263. Force, M., Sparks, W.S. and Ronzio, R.A. (2000) Inhibition of enteric parasites by emulsified oil of oregano in vivo. Phytother. Res., 14, 213-214.
264. Lopes, D., Bizzo, H.R., Sobrinho, A.F.S. and Pereira, M.V.G. (2000) Linalool-rich essential oil from leaves of Croton cajucara Benth.. J. Essent. Oil Res., 12, 705-708.
265. Swanson, K.M. and Hohl, R.J. (2006) Anti-cancer therapy: targeting the mevalonate pathway. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets, 6, 15-37.
266. Craig, W.J. (1999) Health-promoting properties of common herbs. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 70, S491-S499.
267. Mo, H. and Elson, C.E. (2004) Studies of the isoprenoid-mediated inhibition of mevalonate synthesis applied to cancer chemotherapy and chemoprevention. Exp. Biol.Med., 229, 567-585.
268. Clegg, R.J., Middleton, B., Bell, G.D. and White, D.A. (1980) Inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis and S-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase by mono and bicyclic monoterpenes administered in vivo. Biochem. Pharmacol., 29, 2125-2127.
269. Clegg, R.J., Middleton, B., Bell, G.D. and White, D.A. (1982) The mechanism of cyclic monoterpene inhibition of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in vivo in the rat. J. Biol. Chem., 257, 2294-2299.
270. Peffley,D.M. and Gayen, A.K. (2003) Plant-derived monoterpenes suppress hamster kidney cell 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase synthesis at the post-transcriptional level 1. J. Nutr., 133, 38-44.
271. Meigs, T.E., Roseman, D.S. and Simoni, R.D. (1996) Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase degradation by the nonsterol mevalonate metabolite farnesol in vivo. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 7916-7922.
272. Meigs, T.E. and Simoni, R.D. (1997) Farnesol as a regulator of HMG-CoA reductase degradation: characterization and role of farnesyl pyrophosphatase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 345, 1-9.
273. Silva, S.L., Chaar, J.S., Figueiredo, P.M.S. and Yano, T. (2008) Cytotoxic evaluation of essential oil from Casearia sylvestris Sw on human cancer cells and erythrocytes. Acta Amazon., 38, 107-112.
274. Silva, S.L., Figueiredo, P.M. and Yano, T. (2007) Cytotoxic evaluation of essential oil from Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. leaves. Acta Amazon., 37, 281-286.
275. Sylvestre, M., Pichette, A., Lavoie, S. et al. (2007) Composition and cytotoxic activity of the leaf essential oil of Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter. Phytother. Res., 21, 536-540.
276. Xiao, Y., Yang, F.Q., Li, S.P. et al. (2008) Essential oil of Curcuma wenyujin induces apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. World J. Gastroenterol., 14, 4309-4318.
277. Kilani, S., Ledauphin, J., Bouhlel, I. et al. (2008) Comparative study of Cyperus rotundus essential oil by a modified GC/MS analysis method. Evaluation of its antioxidant, cytotoxic, and apoptotic effects. Chem. Biodivers., 5, 729-742.
278. Cole, R.A., Bansal, A., Moriarity, D.M. et al. (2007) Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the leaf essential oil of Eugenia zuchowskiae from Monteverde, Costa Rica. J. Nat. Med., 61, 414-417.
279. Topçu, G., Gören, A.C., Bilsel, G. et al. (2005) Cytotoxic activity and essential oil composition of leaves and berries of Juniperus excelsa. Pharm. Biol., 43, 125-128.
280. Hou, J., Sun, T., Hu, J. et al. (2007) Chemical composition, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of the leaf essential oil of Photinia serrulata. Food Chem., 103, 355-358.
281. Itani, W.S., El-Banna, S.H., Hassan, S.B. et al. (2008) Anti colon cancer components from lebanese sage (Salvia libanotica) essential oil: mechanistic basis. Cancer Biol. Ther., 7, 1765-1773.
282. Li, Y.L., Yeung, C.M., Chiu, L.C.M. et al. (2009) Chemical composition and antiproliferative activity of essential oil from the leaves of a medicinal herb, Schefflera heptaphylla. Phytother. Res., 23, 140-142.
283. Díaz, C., Quesada, S., Brenes, O. et al. (2008) Chemical composition of Schinus molle essential oil and its cytotoxic activity on tumour cell lines. Nat. Prod. Res., 22, 1521-1534.
284. Buhagiar, J.A., Podesta, M.T., Wilson, A.P. et al. (1999) The induction of apoptosis in human melanoma, breast and ovarian cancer cell lines using an essential oil extract from the conifer Tetraclinis articulata. Anticancer Res., 19, 5435-5443.
285. Ait M'Barek, L., Ait Mouse, H., Jaâfari, A. et al. (2007) Cytotoxic effect of essential oil of thyme (Thymus broussonettii) on the IGR-OV1 tumor cells resistant to chemotherapy. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 40, 1537-1544.
286. Elson, C.E., Peffley, D.M., Hentosh, P. and Mo, H. (1999) Isoprenoid-mediated inhibition of mevalonate synthesis: potential application to cancer. Exp. Biol. Med., 221, 294-311.
287. Tatman, D. and Mo, H. (2002) Volatile isoprenoid constituents of fruits, vegetables and herbs cumulatively suppress the proliferation of murine B16 melanoma and human HL-60 leukemia cells. Cancer Lett., 175, 129-140.
288. Joo, J.H. and Jetten, A.M. (2009) Molecular mechanisms involved in farnesol-induced apoptosis. Cancer Lett., 287, 123-135.
289. Bardon, S., Picard, K. and Martel, P. (1998) Monoterpenes inhibit cell growth, cell cycle progression, and cyclin D1 gene expression in human breast cancer cell lines. Nutr. Cancer, 32, 1-7.
290. Ferri, N., Arnaboldi, L., Orlandi, A. et al. (2001) Effect of S (-) perillic acid on protein prenylation and arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Biochem. Pharmacol., 62, 1637-1645.
291. Bardon, S., Foussard, V., Fournel, S. and Loubat, A. (2002) Monoterpenes inhibit proliferation of human colon cancer cells by modulating cell cycle-related protein expression. Cancer Lett., 181, 187-194.
292. Shi, W. and Gould, M.N. (2002) Induction of cytostasis in mammary carcinoma cells treated with the anticancer agent perillyl alcohol. Carcinogenesis, 23, 131-142.
293. Elegbede, J.A., Flores,R. andWang, R.C. (2003) Perillyl alcohol and perillaldehyde induced cell cycle arrest and cell death in BroTo and A549 cells cultured in vitro. Life Sci., 73, 2831-2840.
294. Wiseman, D.A., Werner, S.R. and Crowell, P.L. (2007) Cell cycle arrest by the isoprenoids perillyl alcohol, geraniol, and farnesol is mediated by p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 320, 1163-1170.
295. Mills, J.J., Chari, R.S., Boyer, I.J. et al. (1995) Induction of apoptosis in liver tumors by the monoterpene perillyl alcohol. Cancer Res., 55, 979-983.
296. Reddy, B.S., Wang, C.X., Samaha, H. et al. (1997) Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by dietary perillyl alcohol. Cancer Res., 57, 420-425.
297. Ariazi, E.A., Satomi, Y., Ellis, M.J. et al. (1999) Activation of the transforming growth factor β signaling pathway and induction of cytostasis and apoptosis in mammary carcinomas treated with the anticancer agent perillyl alcohol Cancer Res., 59, 1917-1928.
298. Burke, Y.D., Ayoubi, A.S.,Werner, S.R. et al. (2002) Effects of the isoprenoids perillyl alcohol and farnesol on apoptosis biomarkers in pancreatic cancer chemoprevention. Anticancer Res., 22, 3127-3134.
299. Clark, S.S., Perman, S.M., Sahin, M.B. et al. (2002) Antileukemia activity of perillyl alcohol (POH): uncoupling apoptosis from G0/G1 arrest suggests that the primary effect of POH on Bcr/Abl-transformed cells is to induce growth arrest. Leuk. Res., 16, 213-222.
300. Ren, Z., Elson, C.E. and Gould, M.N. (1997) Inhibition of type I and type II geranylgeranylprotein transferases by the monoterpene perillyl alcohol in NIH3T3 cells. Biochem. Pharmacol., 54, 113-120.
301. Cates, C.A., Michael, R.L., Stayrook, K.R. et al. (1996) Prenylation of oncogenic human PTP (CAAX) protein tyrosine phosphatases. Cancer Lett., 110, 49-55.
302. Haluska, P., Dy, G.K. and Adjei, A.A. (2002) Farnesyl transferase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Eur. J. Cancer, 38, 1685-1700.
303. Cerda, S.R.,Wilkinson, J., Thorgeirsdottir, S. and Broitman, S.A. (1999) R-(+)-perillyl alcoholinduced cell cycle changes, altered actin cytoskeleton, and decreased ras and p34cdc2 expression in colonic adenocarcinoma SW480 cells. J. Nutr. Biochem., 10, 19-30.
304. Lluria-Prevatt, M.,Morreale, J., Gregus, J. et al. (2002) Effects of perillyl alcohol on melanoma in the TPras mouse model. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 11, 573-579.
305. Holstein, S.A. and Hohl, R.J. (2003) Monoterpene regulation of Ras and Ras-related protein expression. J. Lipid Res., 44, 1209-1215.
306. Hohl, R.J. and Lewis, K. (1995) Differential effects of monoterpenes and lovastatin on RAS processing. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 17508-17512.
307. Satomi, Y., Miyamoto, S. and Gould, M.N. (1999) Induction of AP-1 activity by perillyl alcohol in breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis, 20, 1957-1961.
308. Wu, C.C., Chung, J.G., Tsai, S.J. et al. (2004) Differential effects of allyl sulfides from garlic essential oil on cell cycle regulation in human liver tumor cells. Food Chem. Toxicol., 42, 1937-1947.
309. Arora, A., Kalra, N. and Shukla, Y. (2006) Regulation of p21/ras protein expression by diallyl sulfide in DMBA induced neoplastic changes in mouse skin. Cancer Lett., 242, 28-36.
310. Zheng, G.Q., Kenney, P.M. and Lam, L.K.T. (1992) Myristicin: a potential cancer chemopreventive agent from parsley leaf oil. J. Agric. Food Chem., 40, 107-110.
311. Kurkin, V.A. (2003) Phenylpropanoids from medicinal plants: distribution, classification, structural analysis, and biological activity. Chem. Nat. Comp., 39, 123-153.
312. Pinto, J.T., Qiao, C., Xing, J. et al. (2000) Alterations of prostate biomarker expression and testosterone utilization in human LNCaP prostatic carcinoma cells by garlic-derived Sallylmercaptocysteine. Prostate, 45, 304-314.
313. Wu, C.C., Sheen, L.Y., Chen, H.W. et al. (2001) Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic oil on the antioxidation system in rat liver and red blood cells. Food Chem. Toxicol., 39, 563-569.
314. Knowles, L.M. and Milner, J.A. (2001) Possible mechanism by which allyl sulfides suppress neoplastic cell proliferation. J. Nutr., 131, 1061-1066.
315. Oommen, S., Anto, R.J., Srinivas, G. and Karunagaran, D. (2004) Allicin (from garlic) induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 485, 97-103.
316. Shukla,Y. andKalra,N. (2007) Cancer chemopreventionwith garlic and its constituents. Cancer Lett., 247, 167-181.
317. Chan, A.S.L., Pang, H., Yip, E.C.H. et al. (2005) Carvacrol and eugenol differentially stimulate intracellular Ca2 +mobilization and mitogen-activated protein kinases in Jurkat T-Cells and monocytic THP-1 cells. Planta Med., 71, 634-639.
318. Yoo, C.B., Han, K.T., Cho, K.S. et al. (2005) Eugenol isolated from the essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata induces a reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Cancer Lett., 225, 41-52.
319. Han, E.H., Hwang, Y.P., Jeong, T.C. et al. (2007) Eugenol inhibit 7, 12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene-induced genotoxicity in MCF-7 cells: Bifunctional effects on CYP1 and NAD (P) H: quinone oxidoreductase. FEBS Lett., 581, 749-756.
320. Carrasco, A.H., Espinoza, C.L., Cardile, V. et al. (2008) Eugenol and its synthetic analogues inhibit cell growth of human cancer cells (Part I). J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 19, 543-548.
321. Tabanca, N., Ma, G., Pasco, D.S. et al. (2007) Effect of essential oils and isolated compounds from Pimpinella species on NF-kB: a target for antiinflammatory therapy. Phytother. Res., 21, 741-745.
322. Ka, H., Park, H.J., Jung, H.J. et al. (2003) Cinnamaldehyde induces apoptosis by ROS-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Cancer Lett., 196, 143-152.
323. Imai, T., Yasuhara, K., Tamura, T. et al. (2002) Inhibitory effects of cinnamaldehyde on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung carcinogenesis in rasH 2 mice. Cancer Lett., 175, 9-16.
324. Wu, S.J., Ng, L.T. and Lin, C.C. (2005) Cinnamaldehyde-induced apoptosis in human PLC/PRF/5 cells through activation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and MAPK pathway. Life Sci., 77, 938-951.
325. Wu, S.J. and Ng, L.T. (2007) MAPK inhibitors and pifithrin-alpha block cinnamaldehydeinduced apoptosis in human PLC/PRF/5 cells. Food Chem. Toxicol., 45, 2446-2453.
326. Henry-Mowatt, J., Dive, C., Martinou, J.C. and James, D. (2004) Role of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in apoptosis and cancer. Oncogene, 23, 2850-2860.
327. Usta, J., Kreydiyyeh, S., Bajakian, K. and Nakkash-Chmaisse, H. (2002) In vitro effect of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde on membrane potential and respiratory chain complexes in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Food Chem. Toxicol., 40, 935-940.
328. Issa, A.Y., Volate, S.R. andWargovich, M.J. (2006) The role of phytochemicals in inhibition of cancer and inflammation: new directions and perspectives. J. Food Compost. Anal., 19, 405-419.
329. Di Sotto, A., Evandri, M.G. and Mazzanti, G. (2008) Antimutagenic and mutagenic activities of some terpenes in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. Mutat. Res., 653, 130-133.
330. Sanyal, R., Darroudi, F., Parzefall, W. et al. (1997) Inhibition of the genotoxic effects of heterocyclic amines in human derived hepatoma cells by dietary bioantimutagens.Mutagenesis, 12, 297-303.
331. Shaughnessy, D.T., Schaaper, R.M., Umbach, D.M. and DeMarini, D.M. (2006) Inhibition of spontaneous mutagenesis by vanillin and cinnamaldehyde in Escherichia coli: dependence on recombinational repair. Mutat. Res., 602, 54-64.
332. King, A.A., Shaughnessy, D.T., Mure, K. et al. (2007) Antimutagenicity of cinnamaldehyde and vanillin in human cells: global gene expression and possible role of DNA damage and repair. Mutat. Res., 616, 60-69.
333. Kerbel, R. and Folkman, J. (2002) Clinical translation of angiogenesis inhibitors. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2, 727-739.
334. Kesisis, G., Broxterman, H. and Giaccone, G. (2007) Angiogenesis inhibitors. Drug selectivity and target specificity. Curr. Pharm. Des., 13, 2795-2809.
335. Loutrari, H., Hatziapostolou, M., Skouridou, V. et al. (2004) Perillyl alcohol is an angiogenesis inhibitor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 311, 568-575.
336. Lu, X.G., Zhan, L.B., Feng, B.A. et al. (2004) Inhibition of growth and metastasis of human gastric cancer implanted in nude mice by d-limonene. World J. Gastroenterol., 10, 2140-2144.
337. Loutrari, H., Magkouta, S., Pyriochou, A. et al. (2006) Mastic oil from Pistacia lentiscus var. chia inhibits growth and survival of human K562 leukemia cells and attenuates angiogenesis. Nutr. Cancer, 55, 86-93.
338. Bailey, H.H., Attia, S., Love, R.R. et al. (2008) Phase II trial of daily oral perillyl alcohol (NSC 641066) in treatment-refractory metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 62, 149-157.
339. Meadows, S.M.,Mulkerin, D., Berlin, J. et al. (2002) Phase II trial of perillyl alcohol in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Int. J. Gastrointest. Cancer, 32, 125-128.
340. Bailey, H.H., Levy, D., Harris, L.S. et al. (2002) A phase II trial of daily perillyl alcohol in patients with advanced ovarian cancer: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E2E96. Gynecol. Oncol., 85, 464-468.
341. Liu, G., Oettel, K., Bailey, H. et al. (2003) Phase II trial of perillyl alcohol (NSC 641066) administered daily in patients with metastatic androgen independent prostate cancer. Invest. New Drugs, 21, 367-372.
342. da Fonseca, C.O., Schwartsmann, G., Fischer, J. et al. (2008) Preliminary results from a phase I/II study of perillyl alcohol intranasal administration in adults with recurrent malignant gliomas. Surg. Neurol., 70, 259-266.
343. Dorai, T. and Aggarwal, B.B. (2004) Role of chemopreventive agents in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett., 215, 129-140.
344. Ghosh, D., Skinner, M. and Ferguson, L.R. (2006) The role of the Therapeutic Goods Administration and the Medicine and Medical Devices Safety Authority in evaluating complementary and alternative medicines in Australia and New Zealand. Toxicology, 221, 88-94.
345. Forte, J.S. andRaman,A. (2000) Regulatory issues relating to herbal products. Part 1.Legislation in the European Union, North America, and Australia. J. Med. Food, 3, 23-39.
346. Barnes, J. (2003) Quality, efficacy and safety of complementary medicines: fashions, facts and the future. Part I. Regulation and quality. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 55, 226-233.
347. Beerling, J., Meakins, S. and Small, L. (2002) Eucalyptus oil products. Formulations and legislation, in Eucalyptus: The Genus Eucalyptus (ed. J.J.W. Coppen), Taylor & Francis, London, UK, pp. 345-364.
348. Margetts, J. (2005) Aroma chemicals V: natural aroma chemicals, in Chemistry and Technology of Flavors and Fragrances (ed. D.J. Rowe), Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 169-198.
349. Taylor, B. (2005) Other beverage ingredients, in Chemistry and Technology of Soft Drinks and Fruit Juices (ed. P.R. Ashurst), Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 90-128.
350. Ahmad, M.M. and Rehman, S. (2006) Sensory evaluation of citrus peel essential oils as flavouring agents in various food products. J. Agric. Res., 44, 325-333.
351. Schwab, W., Davidovich-Rikanati, R. and Lewinsohn, E. (2008) Biosynthesis of plant-derived flavor compounds. Plant J., 54, 712-732.
352. Serra, S., Fuganti, C. and Brenna, E. (2005) Biocatalytic preparation of natural flavours and fragrances. Trends Biotechnol., 23, 193-198.
353. Batish, D.R., Singh, H.P., Kohli, R.K. and Kaur, S. (2008) Eucalyptus essential oil as a natural pesticide. For. Ecol. Manage., 256, 2166-2174.