Autologous blood in obstetrics: Where are we going now?

Blood Transfusion

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 125-147

  Liumbruno, Giancarlo Maria ^a   Liumbruno, Chiara ^a   Rafanelli, Daniela ^b  

^a SAN GIOVANNI CALIBITA FATEBENEFRATELLI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit   (Italy)

Author keywords

Acute normovolaemic haemodilution; Autologous blood; Intra operative cell salvage; Pre operative autologous blood donation; Safety

Indexed keywords

ALLOANTIBODY; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; CITRIC ACID; GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN;

ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; AMNION FLUID EMBOLISM; ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; BETA THALASSEMIA; BLOOD AUTOTRANSFUSION; BLOOD DONOR; BLOOD SALVAGE; DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR CLOTTING; ERYTHROCYTE; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; EUROPE; HEMODILUTION; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; MEDICAL RECORD; OBSTETRICS; PLACENTA ACCRETA; PLACENTA PREVIA; POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE; PREOPERATIVE AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD DONATION; PREOPERATIVE TREATMENT; REVIEW;

BLOOD SAFETY; BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS; FEMALE; HEMODILUTION; HUMANS; OBSTETRICS; OPERATIVE BLOOD SALVAGE; PREGNANCY;

EID: 84860504759     PISSN: 17232007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2450/2011.0010-11     Document Type: Review

References (215)

1. WHO. Department of Essential Health Technologies. Blood Transfusion Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available from: http://www.who.int/ bloodsafety/en/Blood-Transfusion-Safety.pdf. Last accessed on: 01/22/2011.
2. Catling S. Blood conservation techniques in obstetrics: a UK perspective. Int J Obstet Anesth 2007; 16: 241-9. (Pubitemid 46880313)
3. Wise A, Clark V. Challenges of major obstetric haemorrhage. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2010; 24: 353-65.
4. Cantwell R, Clutton-Brock T, Cooper G, et al. Saving mothers' lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006-2008. The Eighth Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG 2011; 118 (Suppl 1): 1-203.
5. Brace V, Penney G, Hall M. Quantifying severe maternal morbidity: a Scottish population study. BJOG 2004; 111: 481-4. (Pubitemid 38621880)
6. Ronsmans C, Graham WJ. Maternal mortality: who, when, and why. Lancet 2006; 368: 1189-200. (Pubitemid 44441554)
7. Zhang WH, Alexander S, Bouvier-Colle MH, Macfarlane A, the MOMS-B Group. Incidence of severe pre-eclampsia, postpartum haemorrhage and sepsis as a surrogate marker for severe maternal morbidity in a European population-based study: the MOMS-B survey. BJOG 2005; 112: 89-96. (Pubitemid 40095087)
8. Boulton FE, James V. Guidelines for policies on alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusion. 1. Predeposit autologous blood donation and transfusion. British Committee for Standards in Haematology, Transfusion Task Force. Transfus Med 2007; 17: 354-65. (Pubitemid 47508648)
9. st ed, Milan, Italy, SIMTI Servizi Srl; 2010.
10. Weiskopf RB. Erythrocyte salvage during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 1519-22. (Pubitemid 30412467)
11. Horstmann WG, Ettema HB, Verheyen CC. Dutch orthopedic blood management surveys 2002 and 2007: an increasing use of blood-saving measures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2010; 130: 55-9.
12. Tawes RL. The basic concepts of an autotransfusor: the cell saver. Semin Vasc Surg 1994; 7: 93-4.
13. Waters JH. The future of blood management. Clin Lab Med 2010; 30: 453-65.
14. Waters JH, Potters PS. Cell salvage in the Jehovah's Witness. Anesth Analg 2000; 90: 229-30.
15. Allam J, Cox M, Yentis SM. Cell salvage in obstetrics. Int J Obstet Anesth 2008; 17: 37-45. (Pubitemid 350298890)
16. Catling S. Intraoperative cell salvage in obstetrics. Clin Risk 2008; 14: 14-7.
17. Surgenor DM. The patient's blood is the safest blood [editorial]. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 542-4.
18. Fergusson D, van Walraven C, Coyle D, Laupacis A. Economic evaluations of technologies to minimize perioperative transfusion: a systematic review of published studies. International Study of Perioperative Transfusion (ISPOT) investigators. Transfus Med Rev 1999; 13: 106-17. (Pubitemid 29185003)
19. Henry DA, Carless PA, Moxey AJ, et al. Pre-operative autologous donation for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; 2: CD003602.
20. Brecher ME, Goodnough LT. The rise and fall of preoperative autologous blood donation [editorial]. Transfusion 2002; 42: 1618-22.
21. Goldman M, Savard R, Long A, et al. Declining value of preoperative autologous donation. Transfusion 2002; 42: 819-23.
22. Rock G, Berger R, Bormanis J, et al. A review of nearly two decades in an autologous blood programme: the rise and fall of activity. Transfus Med 2006; 16: 307-11. (Pubitemid 44453751)
23. Daurat G, Duedari N, Schved JF. The decrease of preoperative autologous transfusion in France has not been linked to an increase of homologous red cell concentrates. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2008; 27: 141-7.
24. Walsh TS, Prowse C. BCSH guidelines for policies on alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusion. 1. Predeposit autologous blood donation and transfusion, August 2006 [editorial]. Transfus Med 2007; 17: 353. (Pubitemid 47508649)
25. Roth WK, Weber M, Buhr S, et al. Yield of HCV and HIV-1 NAT after screening of 3.6 million blood donations in central Europe. Transfusion 2002; 42: 862-8.
26. Faught C, Wells P, Fergusson D, Laupacis A. Adverse effects of methods for minimizing perioperative allogeneic transfusion: a critical review of the literature. Transfus Med Rev 1998; 12: 206-25. (Pubitemid 28377119)
27. Popovsky MA, Whitaker B, Arnold NL. Severe outcomes of allogeneic and autologous blood donation: frequency and characterization. Transfusion 1995, 35: 734-7.
28. Linden JV, Wagner K, Voytovich AE, Sheehan J. Transfusion errors in New York State: an analysis of 10 years' experience. Transfusion 2000; 40: 1207-13.
29. Puppo F, Ghio M, Contini P, et al. Fas, Fas ligand, and transfusion immunomodulation. Transfusion 2001; 41: 416-8. (Pubitemid 32238544)
30. Ghio M, Contini P, Mazzei C, et al. In vitro immunosuppressive activity of soluble HLA class I and Fas ligand molecules: do they play a role in autologous blood transfusion? Transfusion 2001; 41: 988-96. (Pubitemid 33642787)
31. Ghio M, Contini P, Ubezio G, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of blood transfusions: the synergic role of soluble HLA Class I free heavy-chain molecules detectable in blood components. Transfusion 2008; 48: 1591-7.
32. Yamada T, Mori H, Ueki M. Autologous blood transfusion in patients with placenta previa. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005; 84: 255-9. (Pubitemid 40333105)
33. Kruskall MS, Leonard S, Klapholz H. Autologous blood donation during pregnancy: analysis of safety and blood use. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70: 938-41. (Pubitemid 18007722)
34. Herbert WN, Owen HG, Collins ML. Autologous blood storage in obstetrics. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72: 166-70.
35. McVay PA, Hoag RW, Hoag MS, Toy PT. Safety and use of autologous blood donation during the third trimester of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 1479-86.
36. James AH, Paglia MJ, Gernsheimer T, et al. Blood component therapy in postpartum hemorrhage. Transfusion 2009; 49: 2430-3.
37. Fuller AJ, Bucklin B. Blood component therapy in obstetrics. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2007; 34: 443-58. (Pubitemid 47503679)
38. Fuller AJ, Bucklin BA. Blood product replacement for postpartum hemorrhage. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 53: 196-208.
39. Singbartl G, Schreiber J, Singbartl K. Preoperative autologous blood donation versus intraoperative blood salvage: intraindividual analyses and modeling of efficacy in 1103 patients. Transfusion 2009; 49: 2374-83.
40. Erslev AJ, Caro J, Miller O, Silver R. Plasma erythropoietin in health and disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1980; 10: 250-7. (Pubitemid 10109572)
41. Erslev AJ, Wilson J, Caro J. Erythropoietin titers in anemic, nonuremic patients. J Lab Clin Med 1987; 109: 429-33. (Pubitemid 17064445)
42. Weisbach V, Corbière C, Strasser E, et al. The variability of compensatory erythropoiesis in repeated autologous blood donation. Transfusion 2001; 41: 179-83. (Pubitemid 32220506)
43. Singbartl G. Preoperative autologous blood donation-part I. Only two clinical parameters determine efficacy of the autologous predeposit. Minerva Anestesiol 2007; 73: 143-51. (Pubitemid 46779560)
44. Singbartl G, Malgorzata S, Quoss A. Preoperative autologous blood donation-part II. Adapting the predeposit concept to the physiological basics of erythropoiesis improves its efficacy. Minerva Anestesiol 2007; 73: 153-60. (Pubitemid 46779561)
45. Singbartl G. Pre-operative autologous blood donation: clinical parameters and efficacy. Blood Transfus 2011; 9: 10-8.
46. Boonstra JG, Overbeeke MA, de Rijke YB, Duvekot JJ. A pregnant woman with irregular erythrocyte antibodies for whom no compatible packed red blood cells were available. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2005; 149: 2633-6. (Pubitemid 41703106)
47. Messmer K, Lewis DH, Sunder-Plassmann L, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution. Changes of central hemodynamics and microcirculatory flow in skeletal muscle. Eur Surg Res 1972; 4: 55-70.
48. Laks H, O'Connor NE, Pilon RN, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution: effects on hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and lung water in anesthetized man. Surg Forum 1973; 24: 201-2.
49. st clinical experiences. Langenbecks Arch Chir 1974; Suppl: 185-9.
50. Napier JA, Bruce M, Chapman J, et al. Guidelines for autologous transfusion. II. Perioperative haemodilution and cell salvage. British Committee for Standards in Haematology Blood Transfusion Task Force. Autologous Transfusion Working Party. Br J Anaesth 1997; 78: 768-71.
51. Pape A, Habler O. Alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusions. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2007; 21: 221-39. (Pubitemid 46888189)
52. Kreimeier U, Messmer K. Perioperative hemodilution. Transfus Apher Sci 2002; 27: 59-72. (Pubitemid 34663870)
53. Shander A, Rijhwani TS. Acute normovolemic hemodilution. Transfusion 2004: 44 (2 Suppl): 26S-34S. (Pubitemid 39636416)
54. Monk TG. Acute normovolemic hemodilution. Anesthesiology Clin N Am 2005; 23: 271-81. (Pubitemid 40744879)
55. Shander A, Goodnough LT. Objectives and limitations of bloodless medical care. Curr Opin Hematol 2006; 13: 462-70. (Pubitemid 44607449)
56. Goodnough LT, Monk TG, Brecher ME. Acute normovolemic hemodilution should replace the preoperative donation of autologous blood as a method of autologous-blood procurement. Transfusion 1998; 38: 473-6. (Pubitemid 28287505)
57. Billote DB, Abdoue AG, Wixson RL. Comparison of acute normovolemic hemodilution and preoperative autologous blood donation in clinical practice. J Clin Anesth 2000; 12: 31-5. (Pubitemid 30204613)
58. Weiskopf RB. Efficacy of acute normovolemic hemodilution assessed as a function of fraction of blood volume lost. Anesthesiology 2001; 94: 439-46. (Pubitemid 32198451)
59. Messmer K. Hemodilution. Surg Clin North Am 1975; 55: 659-78.
60. Gross JB. Estimating allowable blood loss: corrected for dilution. Anesthesiology 1983; 58: 277-80.
61. Cardone D, Klein AA. Perioperative blood conservation. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26: 722-9.
62. Kochamba GS, Pfeffer TA, Sintek CF, Khonsari S. Intraoperative autotransfusion reduces blood loss after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 61: 900-3. (Pubitemid 26084551)
63. Helm RE, Klemperer JD, Rosengart TK, et al. Intraoperative autologous blood donation preserves red cell mass but does not decrease postoperative bleeding. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 62: 1431-41. (Pubitemid 26383546)
64. Olsfanger D, Fredman B, Goldstein B, et al. Acute normovolaemic haemodilution decreases postoperative allogeneic blood transfusion after total knee replacement. Br J Anaesth 1997; 79: 317-21. (Pubitemid 27404044)
65. Terada N, Arai Y, Matsuta Y, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution for radical prostatectomy: can it replace preoperative autologous blood transfusion? Int J Urol 2001; 8: 149-52. (Pubitemid 34225067)
66. Matot I, Scheinin O, Jurim O, Eid A. Effectiveness of acute normovolaemic haemodilution to minimize allogeneic blood transfusion in major liver resections. Anesthesiology 2002; 97: 794-800.
67. Wong JC, Torella F, Haynes SL, et al ATIS Investigators. Autologous versus allogeneic transfusion in aortic surgery: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 145-51. (Pubitemid 34062411)
68. Habler O, Schwenzer K, Zimmer K, et al. Effects of standardized acute normovolemic hemodilution on intraoperative allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing major maxillofacial surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 33: 467-75. (Pubitemid 38950215)
69. Bennet J, Haynes S, Torella F, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution in moderate blood loss surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Transfusion 2006; 46: 1097-103. (Pubitemid 44139482)
70. Takayanagi A, Masumori N, Kobayashi K, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution for radical retropubic prostatectomy and radical cystectomy. Urology 2008; 72: 401-5.
71. Imai R, Matsumura H, Uchida R, Watanabe K. Perioperative hemodilutional autologous blood transfusion in burn surgery. Int J Care Injured 2008, 39: 57-60.
72. Parkin IR, Chiu GA, Schwarz PA, Hodder SC. Acute perioperative normovolaemic haemodilution in major maxillofacial surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 46: 387-90. (Pubitemid 351787377)
73. Jarnagin WR, Gonen M, Maithel SK, et al. A prospective randomized trial of acute normovolemic hemodilution compared to standard intraoperative management in patients undergoing major hepatic resection. Ann Surg 2008; 248: 360-9.
74. Grange CS, Douglas MJ, Adams TJ, Wadsworth D. The use of acute hemodilution in parturients undergoing cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 156-60. (Pubitemid 28302812)
75. Estella NM, Berry DL, Baker BW, et al. Normovolemic hemodilution before cesarean hysterectomy for placenta percreta. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 669-70. (Pubitemid 27413298)
76. Nagy CJ, Wheeler AS, Archer TL. Acute normovolemic hemodilution, intraoperative cell salvage and PulseCO hemodynamic monitoring in a Jehovah's Witness with placenta percreta. Int J Obstet Anesth 2008; 17: 159-63. (Pubitemid 351381425)
77. Kahraman S, Altunkaya H, Celebioǧlu B, et al. The effect of acute normovolemic hemodilution on homologous blood requirements and total estimated red blood cell volume lost. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997; 41: 614-7. (Pubitemid 27244560)
78. Hohn L, Schweizer A, Licker M, Morel DR. Absence of beneficial effect of acute normovolemic hemodilution combined with aprotinin on allogeneic blood transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 276-92.
79. Svenmarker S, Engstrom KG. The inflammatory response to recycled pericardial suction blood and the influence of cell-saving. Scand Cardiovasc J 2003; 37: 158-64. (Pubitemid 36889380)
80. Bryson GL, Laupacis A, Wells GA. Does acute normovolemic hemodilution reduce perioperative allogeneic transfusion? A meta-analysis. The International Study of Perioperative Transfusion. Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 9-15. (Pubitemid 28040082)
81. Gillon J, Desmond M, Thomas MJ. Acute normovolemic haemodilution. Transfus Med 1999; 9: 259-64.
82. Segal JB, Blasco-Colmenares E, Norris EJ, Guallar E. Preoperative acute normovolemic hemodilution: a meta-analysis. Transfusion 2004; 44: 632-44. (Pubitemid 38608238)
83. Carless P, Moxey A, O'Connell DO, Henry D. Autologous transfusion techniques: a systematic review of their efficacy. Transfus Med 2004; 14: 123-44. (Pubitemid 38623075)
84. Zohar E, Fredman B, Ellis M, et al. A comparative study of the postoperative allogeneic blood sparing effect of tranexamic acid versus acute normovolemic hemodilution after total knee replacement. Anesth Analg 1999; 89: 1382-7.
85. Davies L, Brown TJ, Haynes S, et al. Costeffectiveness of cell salvage and alternative methods of minimizing perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion: a systematic review and economic model. Health Technol Assess 2006; 10: 1-210.
86. Society of Thoracic Surgeons Blood Conservation Guideline Task Force, Ferraris VA, Ferraris SP, Saha SP, et al. Perioperative blood transfusion and blood conservation in cardiac surgery: the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists clinical practice guideline. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 83 (5 Suppl): S27-86.
87. Blundell J. Experiments on the transfusion of blood by the syringe. Med Chir Trans 1818; 9: 56-92.
88. Highmore W. Practical remarks on an overlooked source of blood supply for transfusion in postpartum haemorrhage. Lancet 1874; 1: 89.
89. Sullivan MT, Cotten R, Read EJ, Wallace EL. Blood collection and transfusion in the United States in 2001. Transfusion 2007; 47: 385-94.
90. Seifried E, Klueter H, Weidmann C, et al. How much blood is needed? Vox Sang 2011; 100: 10-21.
91. Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG committee opinion. Placenta accreta. Number 266, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002; 77: 77-8.
92. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin: Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists. Number 76, October 2006: postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1039-47.
93. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia. Practice guidelines for obstetric anesthesia: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 843-63.
94. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Intraoperative Blood Cell Salvage In Obstetrics. Interventional Procedure Guidance 144. London, UK: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2005. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11038/30690/30690.pdf. Last accessed on: 01/22/2011.
95. The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association. OAA/AAGBI Guidelines For Obstetric Anaesthetic Services. Revised edition 2005. London, UK: The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland; 2005. p. 25. Available from: http://www.aagbi.org/ publications/guidelines/docs/obstetric05.pdf. Last accessed on: 01/22/2011.
96. The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Blood Transfusion And The Anaesthetist. Intra-Operative Cell Salvage. London, UK: The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland; 2009. p. 11. Available from: http://www.aagbi.org/publications/guidelines/docs/cell%20- salvage-2009-amended.pdf. Last accessed on: 01/22/2011.
97. UK Cell Salvage Action Group. Indications and contraindications. In: UK Cell Salvage Action Group, editor. Intraoperative Cell Salvage: Education Workbook. UK: UK Cell Salvage Action Group; 2008. p. 50-2. Available from: http://www.transfusionguidelines.org.uk/docs/pdfs/bbt-03-icsag-workbook-0812- all.pdf. Last accessed on: 01/22/2011.
98. Fuller AJ, Bucklin BA. Blood product replacement for postpartum hemorrhage. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 53: 196-208.
99. Lombaard H, Pattinson RC. Common errors and remedies in managing postpartum haemorrhage. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 23: 317-26.
100. Gallos G, Redai I, Smiley RM. The role of the anesthesiologist in management of obstetric hemorrhage. Semin Perinatol 2009; 33: 116-23.
101. Mercier FJ, Van de Velde M. Major obstetric hemorrhage. Anesthesiol Clin 2008; 26: 53-66. (Pubitemid 351308160)
102. Wise A, Clark V. Strategies to manage major obstetric haemorrhage. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21: 281-7. (Pubitemid 351658922)
103. Clark V. Facilities for blood salvage (cell saver technique) must be available in every obstetric theatre. Int J Obstet Anesth 2005; 14: 50-2.
104. Esper SA, Waters JH. Intraoperative cell salvage: a fresh look at the indications and contraindications. Blood Transfus 2011; 9:139-47.
105. Davies L, Brown TJ, Haynes S, et al. Costeffectiveness of cell salvage and alternative methods of minimizing perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion: a systematic review and economic model. Health Technol Assess 2006; 10: 1-210.
106. Szpisjak DF, Potter PS, Capehart BP. Economic analysis of an intraoperative cell salvage service. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 201-5. (Pubitemid 38029877)
107. Phillips SD, Maguire D, Deshpande R, et al. A prospective study investigating the cost effectiveness of intraoperative blood salvage during liver transplantation. Transplantation 2006; 81: 536-40.
108. Waters JR, Meier HH, Waters JH. An economic analysis of costs associated with development of a cell salvage program. Anesth Analg 2007; 104: 869-75.
109. King M, Wrench I, Whiting P. Cost effectiveness of using a cell saver in a large obstetric unit. Int J Obstet Anesth 2007; 16 (Suppl 1): S5.
110. Grimes DA. A simplified device for intraoperative autotransfusion. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72: 947-50.
111. O'Brien JM, Barton JR, Donaldson ES. The management of placenta percreta: conservative and operative strategies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 1632-8. (Pubitemid 27021039)
112. Eller AG, Porter TF, Soisson P, Silver RM. Optimal management strategies for placenta accreta. BJOG 2009; 116: 648-54.
113. Potter PS, Waters JH, Burger GA, Mraović B. Application of cell-salvage during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 619-21. (Pubitemid 29071532)
114. Rebarber A, Lonser R, Jackson S, et al. The safety of intraoperative autologous blood collection and autotransfusion during cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 715-20. (Pubitemid 28447252)
115. Keeling MM, Gray LA Jr, Brink MA, et al. Intraoperative autotransfusion. Experience in 725 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 1983; 197: 536-41. (Pubitemid 13080043)
116. Zichella L, Gramolini R. Autotransfusion during cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 295. (Pubitemid 20055481)
117. Jackson SH, Lonser RE. Safety and effectiveness of intracesarean blood salvage. Transfusion 1993; 33: 181. (Pubitemid 23060553)
118. Tawes RL Jr, Duvall TB. Is the "salvaged-cell syndrome" myth or reality? Am J Surg 1996; 172: 172-4.
119. Rees SG, Boheimer NO. Autologous blood transfusion. Br J Anaesth 1998; 80: 563.
120. Rainaldi MP, Tazzari PL, Scagliarini G, et al. Blood salvage during caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1998; 80: 195-8. (Pubitemid 28069769)
121. Oei SG, Wingen CBM, Kerkkamp HEM. Cell salvage: how safe in obstetrics? Int J Obstet Anesth 2000; 9: 143.
122. Catling SJ, Freites O, Krishnan S, Gibbs R. Clinical experience with cell salvage in obstetrics: 4 cases from one UK centre. Int J Obstet Anesth 2002; 11: 128-34. (Pubitemid 34563730)
123. Waters JH, Lukauskiene E, Anderson ME. Intraoperative blood salvage during cesarean delivery in a patient with beta thalassemia intermedia. Anesth Analg 2003; 97: 1808-9. (Pubitemid 37475143)
124. de Souza A, Permezel M, Anderson M, et al. Antenatal erythropoietin and intra-operative cell salvage in a Jehovah's Witness with placenta praevia. BJOG 2003; 110: 524-6. (Pubitemid 36556138)
125. McGurgan P, Maouris P, Hart R, et al. En caul delivery of the fetus to facilitate cell salvage. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 44: 585. (Pubitemid 40073968)
126. Teig M, Harkness M, Catling S, Clark V. Survey of cell-salvage use in obstetrics in the UK. Int J Obstet Anesth 2007; 16 (Suppl 1): S30.
127. Harkness M, Clark V. The use of cell salvage during obstetric procedures: an audit of Scotland's maternity units. Scott Med J 2008; 53: 24-7.
128. Araki Y, Fukuda I, Kamiya I, et al. Case of caesarean section using Cell Savers5+ in a patient with the placenta accreta associated with massive hemorrhage. Masui 2009; 58: 499-502.
129. Okunuga A, Skelton VA. Use of cell salvage in patients with sickle cell trait. Int J Obstet Anesth 2009; 18: 90-1.
130. King M, Wrench I, Galimberti A, Spray R. Introduction of cell salvage to a large obstetric unit: the first six months. Int J Obstet Anesth 2009; 18: 111-7.
131. Parry N, Junghans C, Skelton V, Okunuga A. Audit of cell salvage use in obstetric patients: adding experience. Int J Obstet Anesth 2010; 19: 238-9.
132. McDonnell NJ, Kennedy D, Long LJ, et al. The development and implementation of an obstetric cell salvage service. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010; 38: 492-9.
133. Sreelakshmi TR, Eldridge J. Acute hypotension associated with leucocyte depletion filters during cell salvaged blood transfusion. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 742-4.
134. Kessack LK, Hawkins N. Severe hypotension related to cell salvaged blood transfusion in obstetrics. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 745-8.
135. Malik S, Brooks H, Singhal T. Cell saver use in obstetrics. J Obstet Gynaecol 2010; 30: 826-8.
136. Catling S, Thomas D. Intraoperative autologous blood transfusion. In: Lynch CB, Keith L, Lalonde A, Karoshi M, editors. A Textbook Of Postpartum Haemorrhage. Duncow, UK: Sapiens Publishing; 2006. p. 421-6.
137. Coker A, Oliver R. Definitions and classifications. In: Lynch CB, Keith L, Lalonde A, Karoshi M, editors. A Textbook Of Postpartum Haemorrhage. Duncow, UK: Sapiens Publishing; 2006. p. 11-7.
138. Waters JH, Dyga RM, Yazer MH, editors. Guidelines For Blood Recovery And Reinfusion In Surgery And Trauma. Bethesda, MD, USA: AABB; 2010.
139. Waters JH, Santrach PJ. Pro/con debate: is cell salvage a safe technique for the obstetric patient? SOAP Newsletter 2005; Fall:7-9.
140. Hatfield T, Kraus H, McConnell D, Nageotte M. Synchronous autotransfusion during cesarean hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: e15-6.
141. Geoghegan J, Daniels JP, Moore PA, et al. Cell salvage at caesarean section: the need for an evidence-based approach. BJOG 2009; 116: 743-7.
142. Catling S, Wrench I. Cell salvage at Caesarean section: the need for an evidence-based approach. BJOG 2010; 117: 122-3.
143. McDonald JM, Sethi B. Blood transfusion for Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1998; 81: 825-6.
144. Fong J, Gurewitsch ED, Kang HJ, et al. An analysis of transfusion practice and the role of intraoperative red blood cell salvage during cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2007; 104: 666-72.
145. Hussain S, Clyburn P. Cell salvage-induced hypotension and London buses. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 659-63.
146. Taylor C (editor), Cohen H, Mold D, et al, on behalf of the Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) Steering Group. The 2009 Annual SHOT Report (2010). Manchester, UK: SHOT; 2010. Available from: http://www.shotuk.org/wp- content/uploads/2010/07/SHOT2009.pdf. Last accessed on: 01/22/2011.
147. Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association. National survey of obstetric cell salvage availability. London, UK: Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association; 2010. Availablefrom: http://survey.oaa-anaes.ac.uk/PublicDisplay.aspx?id=90. Last accessed on: 01/22/2011.
148. Waters JH. Indications and contraindications of cell salvage. Transfusion 2004; 44 (12 Suppl): 40S-4S. (Pubitemid 39636418)
149. Sugai Y, Sugai K, Fuse A. Current status of bacterial contamination of autologous blood for transfusion. Transfus Apher Sci 2001; 24: 255-9. (Pubitemid 33070567)
150. Schwieger IM, Gallagher CJ, Finlayson DC, et al. Incidence of Cell-Saver contamination during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1989; 48: 51-3. (Pubitemid 19213524)
151. Ezzedine H, Baele P, Robert A. Bacteriologic quality of intraoperative autotransfusion. Surgery 1991; 109: 259-64.
152. Locher MC, Sailer HF. The use of the Cell Saver in transoral maxillofacial surgery: a preliminary report. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1992; 20: 14-7.
153. Wollinsky KH, Oethinger M, Büchele M, et al. Autotransfusion- bacterial contamination during hip arthroplasty and efficacy of cefuroxime prophylaxis. A randomized controlled study of 40 patients. Acta Orthop Scand 1997; 68: 225-30. (Pubitemid 27341572)
154. Bland LA, Villarino ME, Arduino MJ, et al. Bacteriologic and endotoxin analysis of salvaged blood used in autologous transfusions during cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 103: 582-8.
155. Holden F, Foley M, Devin G, et al. Coagulase-negative staphylococcal contamination of whole blood and its components: the effects of WBC reduction. Transfusion 2000; 40: 1508-13. (Pubitemid 32048538)
156. Siblini L, Lafeuillade B, Ros A, et al. Reduction of Yersinia enterocolitica load in deliberately inoculated blood: the effects of blood prestorage temperature and WBC filtration. Transfusion 2002; 42: 422-7.
157. Siblini L, Lafeuillade B, Ros A, et al. Influence of blood prestorage conditions and white blood cell filtration on the bacterial load of blood deliberately inoculated with Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Vox Sang 2004; 87: 241-9. (Pubitemid 39627151)
158. Waters JH, Tuohy MJ, Hobson DF, Procop G. Bacterial reduction by cell salvage washing and leukocyte depletion filtration. Anesthesiology 2003; 99: 652-5. (Pubitemid 37051981)
159. Liang TB, Li JJ, Li DL, et al. Intraoperative blood salvage and leukocyte depletion during liver transplantation with bacterial contamination. Clin Transplant 2010; 24: 265-72.
160. Steneker I, van Luyn MJ, van Wachem PB, Biewenga J. Electronmicroscopic examination of white cell reduction by four white cell-reduction filters. Transfusion 1992; 32: 450-7.
161. Pietersz RN, van der Meer PF, Seghatchian MJ. Update on leucocyte depletion of blood components by filtration. Transfus Sci 1998; 19: 321-8.
162. Dzik W. Use of leukodepletion filters for the removal of bacteria. Immunol Invest 1995; 24: 95-115.
163. Smith RN, Yaw PB, Glover JL. Autotransfusion of contaminated intraperitoneal blood: an experimental study. J Trauma 1978; 18: 341-4. (Pubitemid 8367548)
164. Bowley DM, Barker P, Boffard KD. Intraoperative blood salvage in penetrating abdominal trauma: a randomised, controlled trial. World J Surg 2006; 30: 1074-80. (Pubitemid 43824421)
165. Durand F, Duchesne-Gueguen M, Le Bervet JY, et al. Rheologic and cytologic study of autologous blood collected with Cell Saver 4 during cesarean. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1989; 32: 179-91.
166. Waters JH, Biscotti C, Potter PS, Phillipson E. Amniotic fluid removal during cell salvage in the cesarean section patient. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 1531-6. (Pubitemid 30412469)
167. Fong J, Gurewitsch ED, Kump L, Klein R. Clearance of fetal products and subsequent immunoreactivity of blood salvaged at cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93: 968-72.
168. Thornhill ML, O'Leary AJ, Lussos SA, et al. An in-vitro assessment of amniotic fluid removal from human blood through cell saver processing. Anesthesiology 1991; 75 (Suppl 3): A830.
169. Fuhrer Y, Bayoumeu F, Boileau S, et al. Evaluation of the blood quality collected by cell-saver during cesarean section. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1996; 15: 1162-7. (Pubitemid 27006938)
170. Bernstein HH, Rosenblatt MA, Gettes M, Lockwood C. The ability of the Haemonetics 4 Cell Saver System to remove tissue factor from blood contaminated with amniotic fluid. Anesth Analg 1997; 85: 831-3. (Pubitemid 27418888)
171. Catling SJ, Williams S, Fielding AM. Cell salvage in obstetrics: an evaluation of the ability of cell salvage combined with leucocyte depletion filtration to remove amniotic fluid from operative blood loss at caesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth 1999; 8: 79-84. (Pubitemid 29204157)
172. Sullivan I, Faulds J, Ralph C. Contamination of salvaged maternal blood by amniotic fluid and fetal red cells during elective Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101: 225-9. (Pubitemid 351989661)
173. Clark S. Amniotic fluid embolism. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 53: 322-8.
174. Benson MD. A hypothesis regarding complement activation and amniotic fluid embolism. Med Hypotheses 2007; 68: 1019-25. (Pubitemid 46274044)
175. Clark SL, Pavlova Z, Greenspoon J, et al. Squamous cells in the maternal pulmonary circulation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 154: 104-6. (Pubitemid 16106659)
176. Kuhlman K, Hidvegi D, Tamura R, Depp R. Is amniotic fluid material in the central circulation of peripartum patients pathologic? Am J Perinatol 1985; 2: 295-9. (Pubitemid 16235236)
177. Lee W, Ginsburg K, Cotton DB, Kaufman RH. Squamous and trophoblastic cells in the maternal pulmonary circulation identified by invasive hemodynamic monitoring during the peripartum period. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 155: 999-1001. (Pubitemid 17176665)
178. Gist RS, Stafford IP, Leibowitz AB, Beilin Y. Amniotic fluid embolism. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 1599-602.
179. Clark SL, Hankins GD, Dudley DA, et al. Amniotic fluid embolism: analysis of the national registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 1158-67.
180. Knight M, Tuffnell D, Brocklehurst P, et al; UK Obstetric Surveillance System. Incidence and risk factors for amniotic-fluid embolism. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115: 910-7.
181. Tuffnell D, Knight M, Plaat F. Amniotic fluid embolism - an update. Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 3-6.
182. Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R. Amniotic fluid embolism: an evidence-based review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 201: 445.e1-13.
183. Ilstrup SJ, Dyga RM, Rios Yazer MH, editors. Standards For Perioperative Autologous Blood Collection And Administration. 4th ed. Bethesda, MD, USA: AABB; 2010.
184. Gilbert WM, Danielsen B. Amniotic fluid embolism: decreased mortality in a population-based study. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93: 973-7. (Pubitemid 29247106)
185. Dzick S. Leukodepletion blood filters: filter design and mechanisms of leukocyte removal. Transf Med Rev 1993; 7: 65-77.
186. UK Cell Salvage Action Group. Practicalities - reinfusion. In: UK Cell Salvage Action Group, Editor. Intraoperative Cell Salvage: Education Workbook. UK: UK Cell Salvage Action Group; 2008. p. 81. Available from: http://www.transfusionguidelines.org.uk/docs/pdfs/bbt-03-icsag-workbook-0812- all.pdf. Last accessed on: 01/22/2011.
187. Parker J, Wray J, Gooch A, et al. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines for the use of prophylactic anti-D immunoglobulin. London, UK: British Society for Haematology; 2006. Available from: http://www.bcshguidelines.com/documents/Anti-D-bcsh-07062006.pdf. Last accessed on: 01/22/2011.
188. Austin E, Bates S, de Silva M, et al. Working Party of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology, Transfusion Taskforce. Guidelines for the estimation of fetomaternal haemorrhage. London, UK: British Society for Haematology; 2009. Available from: http://www.bcshguidelines.com/documents/BCSH- FMH-bcsh-sept2009.pdf. Last accessed on: 01/22/2011.
189. Sandler SG, Sathiyamoorthy S. Laboratory methods for Rh immunoprophylaxis: a review. Immunohematology 2010; 26: 92-103.
190. nd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing; 2005. p. 97-118.
191. Directive 2002/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 setting standards of quality and safety for the collection, testing, processing, storage and distribution of human blood and blood components and amending Directive 2001/83/EC. Official Journal of the European Union; 08/2/2003: L 33/30-40.
192. Commission Directive 2004/33/EC of 22 March 2004 implementing Directive 2002/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards certain technical requirements for blood and blood components. Official Journal of the European Union 30/03/2004: L 91/25-39.
193. Commission Directive 2005/61/EC of 30 September 2005 implementing Directive 2002/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards traceability requirements and notification of serious adverse reactions and events. Official Journal of the European Union; 01/10/2005: L 256/32-40.
194. Commission Directive 2005/62/EC of 30 September 2005 implementing Directive 2002/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards Community standards and specifications relating to a quality system for blood establishments. Official Journal of the European Union 01/10/2005: L 256/41-48.
195. Robinson EAE. The European Union Blood Safety Directive and its implications for blood services. Vox Sang 2007; 93: 122-30. (Pubitemid 47228498)
196. Muñoz M, Slappendel R, Thomas D. Laboratory characteristics and clinical utility of post-operative cell salvage: washed or unwashed blood transfusion? Blood Transfus 2011; 9: 248-61
197. Council Directive 93/42/EEC of 14 June 1993 concerning medical devices. Official Journal of the European Union; 12/07/1993: L 169/1-51.
198. Directive 2007/47/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 September 2007 amending Council Directive 90/385/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to active implantable medical devices, Council Directive 93/42/EEC concerning medical devices and Directive 98/8/EC concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. Official Journal of the European Union; 21/09/2007: L 247/21-55.
199. Directive 2001/95/EC (Directive 2001/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 December 2001 on general product safety. Official Journal of the European Communities; 15/01/2002: L 11/4-17.
200. Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products. Official Journal of the European Union; 07/08/1985: L 210/29-33.
201. Grazzini G. Clinical appropriateness of blood component transfusion: regulatory requirements and standards set by the Scientific Society in Italy. Blood Transfus 2008; 6: 186-90.
202. th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies). Available at: https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=312229&BackColorInternet= B9BDEE&BackColorIntranet=FFCD4F&BackColorLogged=FFC679. Last accessed on: 01/22/2011.
203. th ed., Strasbourg, Council of Europe; 2011.
204. th, 2005.
205. nd ed., Milano, Italia, SIMTI Servizi srl; 2010. Available at: http://www.transfusionmedicine. org/linee-guida.aspx?ok=1. Last accessed on: 01/22/2011.
206. Decreto del Ministro della Sanità 1 settembre 1995. Disciplina dei rapporti tra le strutture pubbliche provviste di servizi trasfusionali e quelle pubbliche e private, accreditate e non accreditate, dotate di frigoemoteche. Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana, Serie Generale, n. 240, 13 ottobre 1995.
207. Ministero del Lavoro, della Salute e delle Politiche Sociali. Dipartimento della Qualità, Direzione Generale della Programmazione Sanitaria, dei Livelli di Assistenza e dei Principi Etici di Sistema, Ufficio III. Manuale Per La Sicurezza In Sala Operatoria: Raccomandazioni E Checklist. Available at: http://www.ministerosalute.it/imgs/C-17-pubblicazioni-1119- allegato.pdf. Last accessed on: 01/22/2011.
208. Murphy MF, Wallington TB, Kelsey P, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology, Blood Transfusion Task Force. Guidelines for the clinical use of red cell transfusions. Br J Haematol 2001; 113: 24-31.
209. Stainsby D, MacLennan S, Thomas D, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on the management of massive blood loss. Br J Haematol 2006; 135: 634-41. (Pubitemid 44674073)
210. Ortiz P, Mingo A, Lozano M, et al.; Sociedad Española de Transfusión Sanguínea. Guía sobre la transfusión de componentes sanguíneos. Med Clin (Barc) 2005; 125: 389-96.
211. Leal-Noval R, Muñoz M, Páramo JA, García-Erce JA, for the Spanish Expert Panel on Alternatives to Allogeneic Blood Transfusion. Spanish consensus statement on alternatives to allogeneic transfusions: the 'Seville document'. Transfus Altern Transfus Med 2006; 8: 178-202.
212. Liumbruno G, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A, et al. Recommendations for the transfusion of red blood cells. Blood Transfus 2009; 7: 49-64.
213. Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use. Official Journal of the European Union; 28/11/2004; L 311/67-128.
214. Knight M, Spark P, Pierce M, Kayem G, Kurinczuk JJ, Brocklehurst P, editors; on behalf of UKOSS. United Kingdom Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) Annual Report 2010. Oxford, UK: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit; 2010. Available from: https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/downloads/ukoss/UKOSS-annual- report-2010.pdf. Last accessed on: 01/22/2011.
215. Tanqueray T, Allam J, Norman B, Cox M. Leucocyte depletion filter and a second suction circuit during intra-operative cell salvage in obstetrics [letter]. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 207-8.