Stress associated with caregiving: An examination of the stress process model among Kenyan Luo elders

Social Science and Medicine

Volumn 74, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 2020-2027

  Ice, Gillian H ^a   Sadruddin, Aalyia F A ^a   Vagedes, Amy ^a   Yogo, Jaja ^a   Juma, Elizabeth ^b  

^a OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b KENYA MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Kenya)

Author keywords

Africa; Aging; Appraisal; Blood pressure; Cortisol; HIV AIDS; Kenya; Orphans

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; HYDROCORTISONE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; DISEASE PREVALENCE; ELDERLY CARE; HEALTH SERVICES; HEALTH WORKER; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CAREGIVER; CAREGIVER BURDEN; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; CONTROLLED STUDY; EPIDEMIC; FEMALE; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; KENYA; LUO PERCEIVED STRESS SCALE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MARRIAGE; ORPHANED CHILD; PROCESS MODEL; SALIVA LEVEL; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SOCIOECONOMICS; STRESS;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CAREGIVERS; CHILD, ORPHANED; EPIDEMICS; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONS; KENYA; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; SALIVA; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

KENYA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84860485463     PISSN: 02779536     EISSN: 18735347     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.018     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Agyarko R.D., Kalache A., Kowal P. Older people, children and the HIV/AIDS nexus 2000, UNAIDS, Geneva.
2. Ainsworth M., Dayton J. Is the AIDS epidemic having an impact on the coping behavior and health status of the elderly? Evidence from Northwestern Tanzania 2000, World Bank.
3. Aranda M.P., Knight B.G. The influence of ethnicity and culture on the caregiver stress and coping process: a sociocultural review and analysis. The Gerontologist 1997, 37(3):342-354.
4. Ardington C., Case A., Islam M., Lam D., Leibbrandt M., Menendez A., et al. The impact of AIDS on intergenerational support in South Africa: evidence from the Cape Area Panel Study. Research on Aging 2010, 32(1):97-121.
5. Ayikukwei R.M., Ngare D., Sidle J.E., Ayuku D.O., Baliddawa J., Greene J.Y. Social and cultural significance of the sexual cleansing ritual and its impact on HIV prevention strategies in western Kenya. Journal of Sexuality and Culture 2007, 11:32-50.
6. Baird A., John R., Hayslip B. Custodial grandparenting among African Americans: a focus group perspective. Grandparents raising grandchildren. Theoretical, empirical and clinical perspectives 2000, 125-144. Springer Publishing Company, New York. B. Hayslip, R. Goldberg-Glen (Eds.).
7. Baker L.A., Silverstein M. Depressive symptoms among grandparents raising grandchildren: the impact of participation in multiple roles. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships 2008, 6(3):285-304.
8. Beegle K., Filmer D., Stokes A., Tiererova L. Orphanhood and living arrangements of children in Sub-Saharan Africa 2008, Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank, New York.
9. Bjorntorp P., Rosmond P. Obesity and cortisol. Nutrition 2000, 16(10):924-936.
10. Brown E.J., Sweet Jemmott L., Outlaw F.H., Wilson G., Howard M., Curtis S. African American grandmother's perceptions of caregiver concerns associated with rearing adolescent grandchildren. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 2000, 2(April):73-80.
11. Bullock K. Grandfathers raising grandchildren: an exploration of African American kinship networks. Journal of Health and Social Policy 2007, 22(3/4):181-197.
12. Burnette D. Grandparents raising grandchildren in the inner city. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services 1997, 78:489-499.
13. Buzzard S. Women's status and wage employment in Kisumu, Kenya 1982, Anthropology, The American University, Washington, D.C.
14. Cohen S., Kamarck T., Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health Society and Behavior 1983, 24(4):385-396.
15. Conway F., Jones S., Speakes-Lewis A. Emotional strain in caregiving among African American grandmothers raising their grandchildren. Journal of Women and Aging 2011, 23:113-128.
16. Cox C.B., Monk A. Strain among caregivers: comparing the experiences of African American and Hispanic caregivers of Alzheimer's relatives. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 1996, 43(2):P93-P105.
17. Dahlem N.W., Zimet G.D., Walker R.R. The Multidimensional scale of perceived social support: a confirmation study. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1991, 47:756-761.
18. Dayton J., Ainsworth M. The elderly and AIDS: coping with the impact of adult death in Tanzania. Social Science & Medicine 2004, 59:2161-2172.
19. Emick M.A., Hayslip B. Custodial grandparenting: stresses, coping skills, and relationships with grandchildren. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 1999, 48(1):35-61.
20. Epstein H. The invisible cure: Africa, the West and the fight against AIDS 2007, Strass and Giroux, Farrar.
21. Foster G. The capacity of the extended family safety net for orphans in Africa. Psychology, Health and Medicine 2000, 346(2):1907-1910.
22. Frolkis W. Stress-age syndrome. Mechanisms of Aging and Development 1993, 69:93-107.
23. Fuller-Thomson E. Canadian First Nations grandparents raising grandchildren: a portrait in resilience. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 2005, 60(4):331-342.
24. Fuller-Thomson E., Minkler M. The mental and physical health of grandmothers who are raising their grandchildren. Journal of Mental Health and Aging 2000, 6:311-323.
25. Fuller-Thomson E., Minkler M. American grandparents providing extensive child care to their grandchildren: prevalence and profile. Gerontologist 2001, 41(2):201-209.
26. Geissler P.W., Nokes K., Price R.J., Achieng' Odhiambo R., Aagaard-Hansen J., Ouma J.H. Children and medicines: self-treatment of common illnesses among Luo school children in western Kenya. Social Science & Medicine 2000, 50:1771-1783.
27. Heim C., Ehlert U., Hellhammer D.H. The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000, 25(1):1-35.
28. Horwitz S., Yogo J., Juma E., Ice G. Care-giving and cardiovascular disease risk factors in male and female Luo elders from Kenya. Annals of Human Biology 2009, 36(4):400-410.
29. Ice G.H., Heh V., Yogo J., Juma E. Caregiving, gender and nutritional status in Nyanza Province, Kenya: grandmothers gain, grandfathers lose. American Journal of Human Biology 2011, 23(4):498-508.
30. Measuring stress in humans. A practical guide for the field 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. G.H. Ice, G.D. James (Eds.).
31. Ice G.H., Yogo J. Development of a culturally specific scale to measure perceived stress: the Luo Perceived Stress Scale. Field Methods 2005, 17:394-411.
32. Ice G.H., Yogo J., Heh V., Juma E. The impact of caregiving on the health and well-being of Kenyan Luo grandparents. Research on Aging 2010, 32(1):40-66.
33. Ice G.H., Zidron A.M., Juma E. Health and health perceptions among Kenyan grandparents. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 2008, 23:111-129.
34. Juma M., Okeyo T., Kidenda G. " Our hearts are willing, but..." Challenges of elderly caregivers in rural Kenya 2004, Horizons, Population Council/Horizons, London.
35. Kelch-Oliver K. African American grandparent caregivers: stresses and implications for counselors. The Family Journal 2008, 16(1):43-50.
36. Kowal P., Kahn K., Ng N., Naidoo N., Abdullah S., Bawah A., et al. Ageing and adult health status in eight lower-income countries: the INDEPTH WHO-SAGE collaboration. Global Health Action 2011, 6(3):e20264.
37. Labarthe D.R., Blaufox M.D., Smith W.M., Lacy C.R., Schnaper H., LaBaw F., et al. Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). Part 5: baseline blood pressure and pulse rate measurements. Hypertension 1991, 17(3 Suppl.):1162-1176.
38. Lawton M.P., Kleban M.H., Moss M., Rovine M., Glicksman A. Measuring caregiving appraisal. Journal of Gerontology 1989, 44(3):P61-P71.
39. Lawton M.P., Rajagopal D., Brody E., Kleban M.H. The dynamics of caregiving for a demented elder among black and white families [see comments]. Journal of Gerontology 1992, 47(4):S156-S164.
40. Leder S., Grinstead L.N., Torees E. Grandparents raising grandchildren. Stressors, social support and health outcomes. Journal of Family Issues 2007, 27:912-932.
41. Levenstein S., Prantera C., Varvo V., Scribano M.L., Berto E., Luzi C., et al. Development of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire: a new tool for psychosomatic research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1993, 37(1):19-32.
42. Levin C. Social functioning. Assessing older persons 2000, 170-199. Oxford University Press, Oxford. R.L. Kane, R.A. Kane (Eds.).
43. McEwen B. From molecules to mind. Stress, individual differences, and the social environment. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 2001, 935:42-49.
44. McEwen B. The end of stress as we know it 2002, Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C.
45. McEwen B., Wingfield J.C. The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Hormones and Behavior 2003, 43:2-15.
46. Miller C. Counting carers. How to improve data collection and information on households affected by AIDS and reduce the poverty of carers, people living with HIV and vulnerable children 2006, Help Age International, London.
47. Minkler M., Fuller-Thomson D.E. The health of grandparents raising grandchildren: results of a national study. American Journal of Public Health 1999, 89(9):1384-1389.
48. Minkler M., Fuller-Thomson D.E. Physical and mental health status of American grandparents providing extensive child care to their grandchildren. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association 2001, 56(4):199-205.
49. Minkler M., Fuller-Thomson E. African American grandparents raising grandchildren: a national study using the Census 2000 American Community Survey. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences 2005, 60B(2):S82-S92.
50. Minkler M., Fuller-Thomson E., Miller D., Driver D. Depression in grandparents raising grandchildren: results of a national longitudinal study. Archives of Family Medicine 1997, 6:445-452.
51. Minkler M., Roe K.M. Grandparents as surrogate parents. Generations 1996, 20:34-38.
52. Musil C.M. Health, stress, coping and social support in grandmother caregivers. Health Care for Women International 1998, 19:441-455.
53. Musil C.M., Ahmad M. Health of grandmothers: a comparison by caregiver status. Journal of Aging and Health 2002, 14:96-121.
54. Musil C.M., Youngblut J.M., Ahn S., Curry V.L. Parenting stress: a comparison of grandmother caretakers and mothers. Journal of Mental Health and Aging 2002, 8:197-210.
55. Nalagoda F., Wawer M., Konde-Lule J., Menon R., Gray R., Serwadda D., et al. HIV infection in rural households, Rakai District, Uganda. Health Transition Review 1997, 7:3-17.
56. Ntozi J.P.M., Nakayiwa S. AIDS in Uganda: how has the household coped with the epidemic?. The continuing HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa: Responses and coping strategies 1999, 155-181. Health Transition Centre, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra. I.O. Orubuloye, J.C. Caldwell, J.P.N. Ntozi (Eds.).
57. Nyambedha E., Wandibba S., Aagaard-Hansen J. Policy implications of the inadequate support systems for orphans in Western Kenya. Health Policy 2001, 58:83-96.
58. Nyambedha E., Wandibba S., Aagaard-Hansen J. Changing patterns of orphan care due to the HIV epidemic in western Kenya. Social Science & Medicine 2003, 57:301-311.
59. Nyambedha E., Wandibba S., Aagaard-Hansen J. " Retirement lost" - the new role of the elderly as caretakers for orphans in western Kenya. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 2003, 18:33-52.
60. Oburu P.O., Palmerus K. Stress related factors among primary and part time caregiving grandmothers of Kenyan grandchildren. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 2005, 64(4):273-282.
61. Ochieng' W. People round the lake 1985, Evans Brothers Limited, London.
62. Ocholla-Ayayo A.B.C. Traditional ideology and ethics among the Southern Luo 1999, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, Sweden.
63. Opiyo F.A. Rural Kenyan Luo women's lived experiences: An interpretation 1996, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro.
64. Patel V. Cultural factors and international epidemiology. British Medical Bulletin 2001, 57:33-45.
65. Patel V., Araya R., de Lima M., Ludermir A., Todd C. Women, poverty and common mental disorders in four restructuring societies. Social Science & Medicine 1999, 49:1461-1471.
66. Pearlin L.I. The sociological study of stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1989, 30(September):241-256.
67. Pearlin L.I. The stress process revisited. Reflections on concepts and their interrelationships. Handbook of the sociology of mental health 1999, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. C.S. Aneshensel, J.C. Phelan (Eds.).
68. Pearlin L.I., Mullan J.T., Semple S.J., Skaff M.M. Caregiving and the stress process: an overview of concepts and their measures. The Gerontologist 1990, 30(5):P583-P594.
69. Pike I.L., Young A. Understanding psychosocial health among reproductive age women from Turkana District, Kenya and Mbulu District, Tanzania. American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting Abstracts 2002, 479.
70. Reynar A. Fertility decision making by couples amongst the Luo of Kenya. Demography 2000, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
71. Sapolsky R.M. Why stress is bad for your brain. Science 1996, 273(5276):749-750.
72. Sapolsky R.M. Glucocorticoids, stress, and their adverse neurological effects: relevance to aging. Experimental Gerontology 1999, 34(6):721-732.
73. Sarason I., Levin H.M., Basham R.B., Sarason B.R. Assessing social support: the social support questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1983, 44(1):127-139.
74. Taylor J.Y., Washington O.G.M., Artinian N.T., Lichtenberg P. Parental stress among African American parents and grandparents. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 2007, 28:373-387.
75. Toledo J.R., Hayslip B., Emick M.A., Toledo C., Henderson C. Cross-cultural differences in custodial grandparenting. Grandparents raising grandchildren 2000, 107-124. Springer Publishing Company, New York. B. Hayslip, R. Goldberg-Glen (Eds.).
76. Trail Ross M.E., Aday L.A. Stress and coping in African American grandparents raising their grandchildren. Journal of Family Issues 2006, 27:912-932.
77. UNAIDS 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic 2006, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Geneva.
78. UNICEF Children and AIDS. Third stocktaking report, 2008 2008, UNICEF, New York.
79. Wagner A.K., Wyss K., Gandek B., Kilima P.M., Lorenz S., Whiting D. A Kiswahili version of the SF-36 Health Survey for use in Tanzania: translation and tests of scaling assumptions. Quality of Life Research 1999, 8:101-110.
80. Williams A., Tumwekwase G. Multiple impacts of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the aged in rural Uganda. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 2001, 16:221-236.
81. Zimmer Z., Dayton J. The living arrangements of older adults in sub-Saharan Africa during a time of HIV/AIDS 2003, The Population Council, New York.
82. Zimmer Z., Dayton J. Older adults in sub-Saharan Africa living with children and grandchildren. Population Studies 2005, 3:295-312.