Epidemiology of Injuries and Prevention Strategies in Competitive Swimmers

Sports Health

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 246-251

  Wanivenhaus, Florian ^a   Fox, Alice J S ^a   Chaudhury, Salma ^a   Rodeo, Scott A ^a,b  

^a HOSPITAL FOR SPECIAL SURGERY   (United States)

^b WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

competitive swimmer; injury; knee; prevention; shoulder; spine

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860473517     PISSN: 19417381     EISSN: 19410921     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1941738112442132     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Almeida DF,Meyer RD,Oh SJ.True neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome in a competitive swimmer: a case report of this rare association.Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2007;65:1245-1248.
2. Bak K.The practical management of swimmer's painful shoulder: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20 (5): 386-390.
3. Bak K,Fauno P.Clinical findings in competitive swimmers with shoulder pain.Am J Sports Med. 1997;25 (2): 254-260.
4. Bartelink DL.The role of abdominal pressure in relieving the pressure on the lumbar intervertebral discs.J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1957;39 (4): 718-725.
5. Beach ML,Whitney SL,Dickoff-Hoffman S.Relationship of shoulder flexibility, strength, and endurance to shoulder pain in competitive swimmers.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1992;16 (6): 262-268.
6. Bedi A,Rodeo SA.Os acromiale as a cause for shoulder pain in a competitive swimmer: a case report.Sports Health. 2009;1 (2): 121-124.
7. Brushoj C,Bak K,Johannsen HV,Fauno P.Swimmers' painful shoulder arthroscopic findings and return rate to sports.Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;17 (4): 373-377.
8. Cady LD,Bischoff DP,O'Connell ER,Thomas PC,Allan JH.Strength and fitness and subsequent back injuries in firefighters.J Occup Med. 1979;21 (4): 269-272.
9. Capaci K,Ozcaldiran B,Durmaz B.Musculoskeletal pain in elite competitibe male swimmers.Pain Clin. 2002;14:229-234.
10. Ciullo JV.Swimmer's shoulder.Clin Sports Med. 1986;5 (1): 115-137.
11. Costill DL,Kovaleski J,Porter D,Kirwan J,Fielding R,King D.Energy expenditure during front crawl swimming: predicting success in middle-distance events.Int J Sports Med. 1985;6 (5): 266-270.
12. Drori A,Mann G,Constantini N.Low back pain in swimmers: is the prevalence increasing?. The 12th International Jerusalem Symposium on Sports Injuries; 1996Tel Aviv; 1996.
13. Echlin PS,Michaelson JE.Adolescent butterfly swimmer with bilateral subluxing sternoclavicular joints.Br J Sports Med. 2006;40 (4): e12.
14. Hangai M,Kaneoka K,Hinotsu S, et al.Lumbar intervertebral disk degeneration in athletes.Am J Sports Med. 2009;37 (1): 149-155.
15. Hutson M,Speed SSports Injuries. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2011:.
16. Johnson JE,Sim FH,Scott SG.Musculoskeletal injuries in competitive swimmers.Mayo Clin Proc. 1987;62 (4): 289-304.
17. Johnson JN,Gauvin J,Fredericson M.Swimming biomechanics and injury prevention: new stroke techniques and medical considerations.Phys Sportsmed. 2003;31 (1): 41-46.
18. Kaneoka K,Shimizu K,Hangai M, et al.Lumbar intervertebral disk degeneration in elite competitive swimmers: a case control study.Am J Sports Med. 2007;35 (8): 1341-1345.
19. Kennedy JC,Hawkins R,Krissoff WB.Orthopaedic manifestations of swimming.Am J Sports Med. 1978;6 (6): 309-322.
20. Kennedy JC,Hawkins RJ.Swimmers shoulder.Physician Sports Med. 1974;2 (4): 34-38.
21. Keskinen K,Eriksson E,Komi P.Breaststroke swimmer's knee: a biomechanical and arthroscopic study.Am J Sports Med. 1980;8 (4): 228-231.
22. Kibler WB,Herring SA,Press JMFunctional Rehabilitation of Sports and Musculoskeletal Injuries. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers; 1998:.
23. Knobloch K,Yoon U,Kraemer R,Vogt PM.200-400 m breaststroke event dominate among knee overuse injuries in elite swimming athletes.Sportverletzung-Sportschaden. 2008;22 (4): 213-219.
24. McMaster WC.Shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers.Clin Sports Med. 1999;18 (2): 349-359.
25. McMaster WC,Troup J.A survey of interfering shoulder pain in United States competitive swimmers.Am J Sports Med. 1993;21 (1): 67-70.
26. Mundt DJ,Kelsey JL,Golden AL, et al.An epidemiologic study of sports and weight lifting as possible risk factors for herniated lumbar and cervical discs.Am J Sports Med. 1993;21 (6): 854-860.
27. Mutoch YSwimming Medicine IV. Eriksson BFurberg B, ed. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press; 15-123.
28. Nuber GW,Jobe FW,Perry J,Moynes DR,Antonelli D.Fine wire electromyography analysis of muscles of the shoulder during swimming.Am J Sports Med. 1986;14 (1): 7-11.
29. Nyska M,Constantini N,Cale-Benzoor M,Back Z,Kahn G,Mann G.Spondylolysis as a cause of low back pain in swimmers.Int J Sports Med. 2000;21 (5): 375-379.
30. O'Donnell CJ,Bowen J,Fossati J.Identifying and managing shoulder pain in competitive swimmers: how to minimize training flaws and other risks.Phys Sportsmed. 2005;33 (9): 27-35.
31. Pink M,Perry J,Browne A,Scovazzo ML,Kerrigan J.The normal shoulder during freestyle swimming: an electromyographic and cinematographic analysis of twelve muscles.Am J Sports Med. 1991;19 (6): 569-576.
32. Pink MM,Tibone JE.The painful shoulder in the swimming athlete.Orthop Clin North Am. 2000;31 (2): 247-61.
33. Porter RW,Adams MA,Hutton WC.Physical activity and the strength of the lumbar spine.Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1989;14 (2): 201-203.
34. Richardson AR.The biomechanics of swimming: the shoulder and knee.Clin Sports Med. 1986;5 (1): 103-113.
35. Rodeo SA.Knee pain in competitive swimming.Clin Sports Med. 1999;18 (2): 379-387.
36. Rodeo SAThe Shoulder and the Overhead Athlete. Krishnan SGHawkins RJWarren RF, ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & WIlkins; 350.
37. Rovere GD,Nichols AW.Frequency, associated factors, and treatment of breaststroker's knee in competitive swimmers.Am J Sports Med. 1985;13 (2): 99-104.
38. Rupp S,Berninger K,Hopf T.Shoulder problems in high level swimmers: impingement, anterior instability, muscular imbalance?.Int J Sports Med. 1995;16 (8): 557-562.
39. Sallis RE,Jones K,Sunshine S,Smith G,Simon L.Comparing sports injuries in men and women.Int J Sports Med. 2001;22 (6): 420-423.
40. Scovazzo ML,Browne A,Pink M,Jobe FW,Kerrigan J.The painful shoulder during freestyle swimming: an electromyographic cinematographic analysis of twelve muscles.Am J Sports Med. 1991;19 (6): 577-582.
41. Seiler JG,Hammond KE,Payne SH,Ivy R.Bilateral exertional compartment syndrome of the forearm: evaluation and endoscopic treatment in an elite swimmer.J Surg Orthop Adv. 2011;20 (2): 126-131.
42. Sein ML,Walton J,Linklater J, et al.Shoulder pain in elite swimmers: primarily due to swim-volume-induced supraspinatus tendinopathy.Br J Sports Med. 2010;44 (2): 105-113.
43. Soder RB,Mizerkowski MD,Petkowicz R,Baldisserotto M.MRI of the knee in asymptomatic adolescent swimmers: a controlled study.Br J Sports Med. 2012;46 (4): 268-272.
44. Stulberg SD,Shulman K,Stuart S,Culp P.Breaststroker's knee: pathology, etiology, and treatment.Am J Sports Med. 1980;8 (3): 164-171.
45. Taimela S,Kujala UM,Orava S.Two consecutive rib stress fractures in a female competitive swimmer.Clin J Sport Med. 1995;5 (4): 254-256.
46. Vizsolyi P,Taunton J,Robertson G.Breaststroker's knee: an analysis of epidemiological and biomechanical factors.Am J Sports Med. 1987;15 (1): 63-71.
47. Vogel CM,Jensen JE."Effort" thrombosis of the subclavian vein in a competitive swimmer.Am J Sports Med. 1985;13 (4): 269-172.
48. Weldon EJ,Richardson AB.Upper extremity overuse injuries in swimming: a discussion of swimmer's shoulder.Clin Sports Med. 2001;20 (3): 423-438.
49. Wolf BR,Ebinger AE,Lawler MP,Britton CL.Injury patterns in Division I collegiate swimming.Am J Sports Med. 2009;37 (10): 2037-2042.
50. Yanai T,Hay JG,Miller GF.Shoulder impingement in front-crawl swimming: I. A method to identify impingement.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32 (1): 21-29.
51. Zemek MJ,Magee DJ.Comparison of glenohumeral joint laxity in elite and recreational swimmers.Clin J Sport Med. 1996;6 (1): 40-47.