Managing adaptation of urban water systems in a changing climate

Water Resources Management

Volumn 26, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 1953-1981

  Short, Michael D ^a   Peirson, William L ^a   Peters, Gregory M ^a,b   Cox, Ronald J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^b CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Adaptive management; Climate change adaptation; Risk assessment; Strategic planning; Urban water security; water delivery system infrastructure management

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION RESPONSE; ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUE; AUSTRALIA; CHANGING CLIMATE; CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION; CLIMATIC CHANGES; DIVERSE RANGE; FUTURE CLIMATE; KNOWLEDGE GAPS; POTENTIAL BENEFITS; POTENTIAL IMPACTS; SUPPLY SECURITY; URBAN WATER SYSTEMS; URBAN WATERS; WATER DELIVERY SYSTEMS; WATER INFRASTRUCTURE; WATER SECURITY; WATER SUPPLY INDUSTRY; WATERRESOURCE MANAGEMENT;

RISK ASSESSMENT; STRATEGIC PLANNING; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER SUPPLY;

CLIMATE CHANGE;

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; CLIMATE CHANGE; INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING; RESOURCE ASSESSMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; STRATEGIC APPROACH; URBAN PLANNING; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER PLANNING; WATER SUPPLY;

AUSTRALIA;

EID: 84860473080     PISSN: 09204741     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11269-012-0002-8     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Abbs D, Rafter T (2008) Climate change and its impact on extreme rainfall in SE Australia. Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR) Technical Report No. 6., pp. 33-36. ISBN: 978-1- 921424-82-3. Online at: http://cawcr.gov.au/bmrc/basic/cawcr-wksp2/papers/abstracts.pdf (accessed 23 February 2012)
2. ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2006) Catalogue No. 4610.0 - Water Account, Australia, 2004-05, Released 28/11/2006
3. ADB (Asian Development Bank) (2005) Climate proofing: a risk-based approach to adaptation - summary for policy and decision makers. Asian Development Bank, Publication Stock No: 102105
4. Allen Consulting Group (2007) Improving market confidence in water intermediaries. Waterlines Occasional Paper No 3, July 2007. Published by the National Water Commission, Canberra ACT. ISBN: 978-1-921107-52-8
5. Allen G, Longmuir G, Sullivan J (2008) Sydney water's response to climate change. International Water Association. Online at: http://www.iwahq.org/contentsuite/upload/iwa/Document/Sydney_Water.pdf (accessed 06 December 2011)
6. AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Risk management-Principles and guidelines. Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand. ISBN: 0 7337 9289 8
7. Austroads (2004) Impact of Climate Change on Road Infrastructure, Sydney, 148 p., AP-R243/04
8. Baggett S, Jeffrey P, Jefferson B (2006) Risk perception in participatory planning for water reuse. Desalination 187(1-3):149-158
9. Baker A, Asrat A, Fairchild IJ, Leng MJ, Thomas L, Widmann M, Jex CN, Dong B, van Calsteren P, Bryant C (2010) Decadal-scale rainfall variability in Ethiopia recorded in an annually laminated, Holocene-age, stalagmite. Holocene 20:827-836
10. Barnes D, Bliss PJ, Gould BW, Valentine HR (1981) Water and wastewater engineering systems. Pitman Books Ltd., London
11. Barnett J, O'Neill S (2010) Maladaptation. Global Environ Chang 20:211-213
12. Bates BC, Chandler RE, Charles SP, Campbell EP (2010) Assessment of apparent nonstationarity in time series of annual inflow, daily precipitation, and atmospheric circulation indices: a case study from southwest Western Australia. Water Resour Res 46:W00H02
13. Bea RG (1990) Reliability based design criteria for coastal and ocean structures. The Institution of Engineers Australia, Canberra. ISBN: 0858255189
14. Bea R, Mitroff I, Farber D, Foster H, Roberts KH (2009) A new approach to risk: the implications of E3. Risk Manage 11:30-43
15. Beever III JW, Gray W, Trescott D, Cobb D, Utley J, Hutchinson D (2010) Lee County climate change vulnerability assessment. Southwest Florida Regional Planning Council, Fort Myers, FL. Online at: http://www.swfrpc.org/climate_change.html (accessed 02 December 2011)
16. Bengtsson L, Hodges KI, Esch M, Keenlyside N, Kornbleuh L, Luo J-J, Yamagata T (2007) How may tropical cyclones change in a warmer climate? Tellus A 59(4):539-561
17. Bobylev N (2009) Urban Underground Infrastructure and Climate Change: Opportunities and Threats. In: Fifth Urban Research Symposium: Cities and Climate Change: Responding to the Urgent Agenda, Marseille, France, 28-30 June 2009, p 17
18. BoM (Bureau of Meteorology) (2011) Australian Water Resources Information System (AWRIS). Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. Online at: http://www.bom.gov.au/water/about/wip/awris.shtml (accessed 30 November 2011)
19. Brown R, Ashley R, Farrelly M (2011) Political and professional agency entrapment: an agenda for urban water research. Water Resour Manage 25(15):4037-4050
20. Carley JT, Blacka M, Mariani A, Cox RJ, Attwater C, Watson P (2009) Integrated assessment of coastal hazards and climate change for Clarence City, Tasmania. Proceedings of Australasian Coasts and Ports Conference 2009, 14-18 September 2009, Wellington, New Zealand (Engineers Australia)
21. Carmichael DG, Hersh AM, Parasu P (2011) Real options estimate using probabilistic present worth analysis. Eng Econ 56(4):295-320
22. Caron L-P, Jones CG (2008) Analysing present, past and future tropical cyclone activity as inferred from an ensemble of Coupled Global Climate Models. Tellus A 60(1):80-96
23. CEQ(Council on Environmental Quality) (2011) National action plan: priorities for managing freshwater resources in a changing climate. The Council on Environmental Quality, Interagency Climate Change Adaptation Task Force, October 2011. Online at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/ceq/initiatives/adaptation (accessed 21 November 2011)
24. Climate Commission (2011) The critical decade: climate science, risks and responses. Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, Commonwealth of Australia 2011. ISBN: 978-1-921299-50-6
25. COAG (Council of Australian Governments) (2004) Intergovernmental Agreement on a National Water Initiative, June 2004. Online at: http://www.coag.gov.au/coag_meeting_outcomes/2004-06-25/index.cfm#nwi (accessed 11 November 2011)
26. Cordery I, McCall M (2000) A model for forecasting drought from teleconnections. Water Resour Res 36(3):763-768
27. Cromwell JE, Smith JB, Raucher RS (2007) Implications of climate change for urban water utilities. Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies (AMWA), Washington, D.C. Online at: http://www.amwa.net/galleries/climate-change/AMWA_Climate_Change_Paper_12.13.07.pdf (accessed 22 October 2011)
28. CSIRO (2009) Sewerage overview. Online at: http://www.csiro.au/science/SewerageOverview (accessed 08 September 2011)
29. Danilenko A, Dickson E, Jacobsen M (2010) Climate change and urban water utilities: challenges & opportunities. Water Working Notes, Note No. 24, April 2010, Water Sector Board of the Sustainable Development Network of the World Bank Group. Online at: http://www.wsscc.org/resources/publication (accessed 10 October, 2011)
30. Dessai S, Hulme M (2004) Does climate adaptation policy need probabilities? Climate Policy 4(2):107-128
31. Dobbie M, Brown R (2011) Risk perceptions of water practitioners towards sustainable urban water systems. 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage (ICUD), 11-16 September 2011, Porto Alegre, Brazil
32. Edwards PN (2011) History of climate modeling. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2(1):128-139
33. Emanuel K, Sundararajan R, Williams J (2008) Hurricanes and global warming-results from downscaling IPCC AR4 simulations. Bull Amer Met Soc 89:347-367
34. Engineers Australia (2010) Australian Infrastructure Report Card 2010. November 2010. ISBN: 978-0-85825-925-6
35. Fane S, Patterson J (2009) Urban water planning in the face of climate change. Water12 36(3):84-89
36. Flett D, Varley I, Schofield N, Ladson T (2008) New water entitlement products for Australia-AThinkpiece. Waterlines Report Series No. 12, November 2008. Published by the National Water Commission, Canberra ACT. ISBN: 978-1-921107-66-5
37. Foley J, de Haas D, Lant P (2010) Comprehensive life cycle inventories of alternative wastewater treatment systems. Water Res 44(5):1654-1666
38. Garnaut R (2008) The Garnaut climate change review. Cambridge University Press, Port Melbourne, Victoria, ISBN: 9780521744447
39. Goodwin ID, van Ommen TD, Curran MAJ, Mayewski PA (2004) Mid latitude winter climate variability in the south Indian and south-west Pacific regions since 1300 AD. Clim Dyn 22:783-794
40. Hammer MJ, Hammer MJ (2008) Water and wastewater technology, 6th edn. Prentice Hall. ISBN 10: 0131745425
41. Hanak E, Lund J (2008) Adaptation of California's water management to climate change. Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco
42. Haylock MR, Cawley GC, Harpham C, Wilby RL, Goodess CM (2006) Downscaling heavy precipitation over the United Kingdom: a comparison of dynamical and statistical methods and their future scenarios. Int J Climatol 26(10):1397-1415
43. Hegerl GC, Zwiers FW, Braconnot P, Gillett NP, Luo Y, Marengo Orsini M, Nicholls N, Penner JE, Stott PA (2007) Understanding and attributing climate change. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt K, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA, pp 663-745
44. Heimlich BN, Bloetscher F, Meeroff DE, Murley J (2009) Southeast Florida's resilient water resources: adaptation to sea level rise and other impacts of climate change. Center for Urban and Environmental Solutions, Florida Atlantic University. Online at: http://www.ces.fau.edu/climate_change (accessed 30 November 2011)
45. Hennessy KJ, Suppiah R, Page CM (1999) Australian rainfall changes, 1910-1995. Aust Meteorol Mag 48:1-13
46. Hennessy K, Fitzharris B, Bates BC, Harvey N, Howden SM, Hughes L, Salinger J, Warrick R (2007) Australia and New Zealand. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. and New York, NY, USA, pp 507-540
47. Horton R, Rosenzweig C, Gornitz V, Bader D, O'Grady M (2010) Climate risk information: climate change scenarios & implications for NYC infrastructure. Ann NY Acad Sci 1196:147-228. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05323.x
48. Hurlimann A, Dolnicar S (2010) When public opposition defeats alternative water projects-the case of Toowoomba Australia. Water Res 44(1):287-297
49. Infrastructure Australia (2008) A report to the Council of Australian Governments. December, 2008
50. IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Allali A, Bojariu R, Diaz S, Elgizouli I, Griggs D, Hawkins D, Hohmeyer O, Pateh Jallow B, Kajfež-Bogataj L, Leary N, Lee H, Wratt D (eds). IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland
51. th session of the AWG LCA. International Water Association, London, 24 April 2009. Online at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/smsn/ngo/146.pdf (accessed 30 November 2011)
52. Jacobson G, Schuett A (1979) Water levels, balance, and chemistry of Lake George, New South Wales. BMR J Aust Geol Geophys 4:25-32
53. Kenway SJ, Priestley A, Cook S, Seo S, Inman M, Gregory A, Hall M (2008) Energy use in the provision and consumption of urban water in Australia and New Zealand. Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship Report, CSIRO and WSAA, 978 0 643 09616 5
54. Kundzewicz ZW, Mata LJ, Arnell NW, Döll P, Kabat P, Jiménez B, Miller K, Oki T, Şen Z, Shiklomanov I (2007) Freshwater resources and their management. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate Change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 173-210
55. Kundzewicz ZW, Mata LJ, Arnell NW, Döll P, Jimenez B, Miller K, Oki T, Şen Z, Shiklomanov I (2008) The implications of projected climate change for freshwater resources and their management. Hydrolog Sci J 53(1):3-10
56. Lambert SJ, Fyfe JC (2006) Changes in winter cyclone frequencies and strengths simulated in enhanced greenhouse warming experiments: Results from the models participating in the IPCC diagnostic exercise. Clim Dynam 26(7-8):713-728
57. Lempert RJ, Schlesinger ME (2001) Climate-change strategy needs to be robust. Nature 412:375
58. Lenzen M, Peters GM (2010) How city dwellers affect their resource hinterland a spatial impact study of Australian households. J Ind Ecol 14(1):73-90
59. Leviston Z, Walker IA (2010) Baseline Survey of Australian attitudes to climate change: preliminary report. CSIRO Report. Canberra
60. Leviston Z, Leitch A, Greenhill M, Leonard R, Walker I (2011) Australians' views of climate change. CSIRO Report, Canberra
61. Linsley RK, Kohler MA, Paulus JLH (1975) Hydrology for engineers, 2nd edn. McGraw Hill
62. Lundie S, Peters G, Beavis P (2005) Quantitative systems analysis as a strategic planning approach for metropolitan water service providers. Water Sci Technol 52(9):11-20
63. Lundie S, Peters G, Ashbolt N, Lai E, Livingston D (2006) A sustainability framework for the Australian water industry. Water12 33(7):83-88
64. Marsh D, Sharma D (2006) Water-energy nexus: a review of existing models. International Water Association (Australia) 1st Australian Young Water Professionals Conference, 15-17 February, 2006, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
65. MDBA (the Murray-Darling Basin Authority) (2009) The Basin Plan: a concept statement. Murray-Darling Basin Authority, Canberra. MDBA publication no. 02/09, ISBN 978-1-921557-07-1
66. Myers SC (1977) Determinants of corporate borrowing. Journal of Financial Economics 5:147-175
67. Milly PCD, Betancourt J, Falkenmark M, Hirsch RM, Kundzewicz ZW, Lettenmaier DP, Stouffer RJ (2008) Stationarity is dead: whither water management? Science 319(5863):573-574
68. Mirfenderesk H, Corkill D (2009) The need for adaptive strategic planning: Sustainable management of risks associated with climate change. Int J Clim Change Strat Manage 1(2):146-159
69. NHMRC (National Health and Medical Research Council) (2004) National Water Quality Management Strategy, Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. ISBN: 1864961244
70. NOW (NSW Office of Water) (2010) 2010 Metropolitan Water Plan. August 2010. ISBN: 978-1-74263-076-2
71. NRA (Natural Resources Agency) (2009) California Climate Adaptation Strategy. A Report to the Governor of the State of California in Response to Executive Order S-13-2008. Natural Resources Agency, California, USA, December 2009
72. NSW Treasury (2008) Total Asset Management (TAM) requirements for updating the NSW State Infrastructure Strategy (SIS). Office of Financial Management: Policy & Guidelines Paper. TPP 08-2. ISBN: 978-0-7313-3378-3
73. Olsen E (2007) Strategic Planning For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-470-03716-4
74. Ong A, Zafiris M, Govan C (2010) Community attitudes to climate change. Report prepared for Australian Climate Change Adaption Research Network for Settlements and Infrastructure. Ref. No. 18733. October, 2010
75. Paerl HW, Huisman J (2009) Climate change: a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Environ Microbiol Rep 1(1):27-37
76. Pahl-Wostl C (2002) Towards sustainability in the water sector-the importance of human actors and processes of social learning. Aquat Sci 64(4):394-411
77. Pahl-Wostl C (2007) Transitions towards adaptive management of water facing climate and global change. Water Resour Manage 21:49-62
78. Pahl-Wostl C, Jeffrey P, Isendahl N, Brugnach M (2011) Maturing the new water management paradigm: progressing from aspiration to practice. Water Resour Manage 25:837-856
79. Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP et al (2007) Technical Summary. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. and New York, NY, USA, pp 23-78
80. Pearson L, Coggan A, Proctor W, Smith T (2010) A sustainable decision support framework for urban water management. Water Resour Manage 24(2):363-376
81. Peirson WL, Nittim R, Chadwick MJ, Bishop KA, Horton PR (2001) Assessment of changes to saltwater/freshwater habitat from reductions in flow to the Richmond River estuary, Australia. Water Sci Technol 43(9):89-97
82. Pereira LS, Cordery I, Iacovides I (2009) Coping with water scarcity: addressing the challenges. Springer. ISBN: 978-1-402-095788
83. Perkins SE, Pitman AJ, Holbrook NJ, McAneney J (2007) Evaluation of the AR4 Climate Models' Simulated Daily Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperature and Precipitation over Australia using Probability Density Functions. J Climate 20(17):4356-4376
84. Perkins SE, Pitman AJ, Sisson SA (2009) Smaller projected increases in 20-year temperature returns over Australia in skill-selected climate models. Geophys Res Lett 36:L06710. doi:10.1029/2009GL037293
85. Peters GM, Rowley HV, Wiedemann S, Tucker R (2010) Accounting for water use in Australian red meat production. Int J Life Cycle Ass 15(3):311-320
86. Pisano WC, Barsanti J, Joyce J, Sorensen H (1998) Sewer and tank sediment flushing studies. United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/600/R-98/157. December 1998
87. Pittock B (ed) (2003) Climate change: an Australian guide to the science and potential impacts. Australian Greenhouse Office. ISBN: 1 920840 125
88. Pittock J (2008) Climate change and water supply. Water21 June: 12-14
89. Pittock AB, Jones RN, Mitchell CD (2001) Probabilities will help us plan for climate change. Nature 413 (6853):249
90. Power S, Sadler B, Nicholls N (2005) The influence of climate science on water management in Western Australia. Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 86:839-844
91. Preston B, Smith TF, Brooke C, Gorddard R, Measham TG, Withycombe G, Beveridge B, Morrison C, McInnes K, Abbs D (2008) Climate change vulnerability mapping as a stakeholder engagement tool: case study from Sydney, Australia. Coastal Cities Summit 2008, Values and Vulnerabilities. November 17-20, St. Petersburg, Florida USA
92. Randall DA, Wood RA, Bony S, Colman R, Fichefet T, Fyfe J, Kattsov V, Pitman A, Shukla J, Srinivasan J, Stouffer RJ, Sumi A, Taylor KE (2007) Climate models and their evaluation. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. and New York, NY, USA, pp 589-662
93. Reid RA, Koljonen EL, Bruce Buell J (1999) The Deming Cycle provides a framework for managing environmentally responsible process improvements. Qual Eng 12(2):199-209
94. Robson BJ, Hamilton DP (2004) Three-dimensional modelling of a Microcystis bloom event in the Swan River estuary. Ecol Model 174(1-2):203-222
95. Rowley HV, Lundie S, Peters GM (2009) A hybrid LCA model for comparison with conventional methodologies in Australia. Int J Life Cycle Ass 14(6):508-516
96. Sampei Y, Aoyagi-Usui M (2009) Mass-media coverage, its influence on public awareness of climate-change issues, and implications for Japan's national campaign to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Global Environ Chang 19(2):203-212
97. Schmidli J, Goodess CM, Frei C, Haylock MR, Hundecha Y, Ribalaygua J, Schmith T (2007) Statistical and dynamical downscaling of precipitation: An evaluation and comparison of scenarios for the European Alps. J Geophys Res 112(D4): D04105.
98. Schulz M, Short MD, Peters GM (2011) A streamlined sustainability assessment tool for improved decision making in the urban water industry. Integr Environ Assess Manage. doi:10.1002/ieam.247
99. Sinclair MR, Watterson IG (1999) Objective assessment of extratropical weather systems in simulated climates. J Climate 12:3467-3485
100. SMEC Australia (2009) Climate change adaptation actions for local government. Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, Commonwealth of Australia. ISBN: 978-1-921298-89-9
101. Smit B, Pilifosova O (2001) Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity. Chapter 18 in Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
102. Stakhiv EZ (1998) Policy implications of climate change impacts on water resource management. Water Policy 1(2):159-175
103. Stankey GH, Clark RN, Bormann BT (2005) Adaptive management of natural resources: theory, concepts, and management institutions. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-654. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 73 p
104. Steffen W, Crutzen PJ, McNeill JR (2007) The Anthropocene: are humans now overwhelming the great forces of nature? AMBIO 36(8):614-621
105. Stein PL (2000) The great Sydney water crisis of 1998. Water Air Soil Poll 123(1-4):419-436
106. Stern N (2006) Stern review: the economics of climate change. HM Treasury, London
107. Svensson NL (1990) Introduction to engineering design. UNSW Press. ISBN: 0 86840 224 9
108. Sydney Water (2008) Climate Change Strategy: Low carbon, high water security. SW237 11/07. Online at: http://www.sydneywater.com.au/Sustainability/ClimateChangeStrategy.pdf (accessed 30 November 2011)
109. Thyer M, Frost AJ, Kuczera G (2006) Parameter estimation and model identification for stochastic models of annual hydrological data: Is the observed record long enough? J Hydrol 330(1-2):313-328
110. Tjandraatmadja G, Burn S, McLaughlin M, Biswas T (2005) Rethinking urban water systems - revisiting concepts in urban wastewater collection and treatment to ensure infrastructure sustainability. Water Sci Technol: Water Supply 5:145-154
111. Tong S, Dale P, Nicholls N, Mackenzie JS, Wolff R, McMichael AJ (2008) Climate variability, social and environmental factors, and Ross River Virus transmission: research development and future research needs. Environ Health Persp 116(12):1591-1597
112. USEPA (2008) National Water Program Strategy: Response to Climate Change. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water (4101M). Report No. EPA 800-R-08-001
113. USEPA (2011) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Policy Statement on Climate-Change Adaptation. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C. Online at: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/effects/downloads/adaptation-statement.pdf (accessed 20 November 2011)
114. van Renssen S (2011) The case for adaptation funding. Nature Climate Change 1(1):19-20
115. Viney NR, Bates BC (2004) It never rains on Sunday: The prevalence and implications of untagged multi-day rainfall accumulations in the Australian high quality data set. Int J Climatol 24(9):1171-1192
116. Viney NR, Bates BC, Charles SP, Webster IT, Bormans M (2007) Modelling adaptive management strategies for coping with the impacts of climate variability and change on riverine algal blooms. Global Change Biol 13(11):2453-2465
117. Vreeker R, Deakin M, Curwell S (2008) Sustainable Urban Development, 3: The Toolkit for Assessment. Routledge. ISBN: 9780203886786
118. Wagener T, Sivapalan M, McGlynn B (2008) Catchment classification and services-toward a new paradigm for catchment hydrology driven by societal needs. In: Anderson MG (eds) Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
119. Walling DE (2009) The impact of global change on erosion and sediment transport by rivers: current progress and future challenges. International Sediment Initiative of UNESCO-IHP, published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France. ISBN: 978-92-3-104135-8
120. Warrick RA (2000) Strategies for vulnerability and adaptation assessment in the context of national communications. Asia-Pac J Environ Dev 7:43-51
121. Warrick RA (2006) Climate change impacts and adaptation in the Pacific: recent breakthroughs in concept and practice. In: Chapman R, Boston J, Schwass M (eds) Confronting climate change: critical issues for New Zealand. Victoria University Press, Wellington, pp 189-196
122. Watson PJ (2011) Is there evidence yet of acceleration in mean sea level rise around mainland Australia? J Coastal Res 27(2):368-377
123. Webb T, Burgin S, Maheshwari B (2009) Action research for sustainable water futures in western Sydney: reaching beyond traditional stakeholder engagement to understand community stakeholder language and its implications for action. Syst Pract Action Res 22:1-14
124. Wernli H, Schwierz C (2006) Surface cyclones in the ERA-40 dataset (1958-2001). Part I: novel identification, method and global climatology. J Atmos Sci 63:2486-2507
125. WGA (Western Governors' Association) (2008) Water needs and strategies for a sustainable future: next steps. The Western Governors' Association and Western States Water Council, June 2008. Online at: http://www.westgov.org/wga/publicat/water08.pdf (accessed 10 November 2011)
126. Wiedner C, Rücker J, Brüggemann R, Nixdorf B (2007) Climate change affects timing and size of populations f an invasive cyanobacterium in temperate regions. Oecologia 152(3):473-484
127. Woodruff R, Bambrick H (2008) Climate change impacts on the burden of Ross River Virus disease. Report commissioned by The Garnaut Climate Change Review, June 2008. Online at: http://www.garnautreview.org.au/ (accessed 30 November 2011)
128. WSAA (the Water Services Association of Australia) (2008a) WSAA Report Card 2007/2008: Performance of the Australian Urban Water Industry and projections for the future. Published by the Water Services Association of Australia Ltd. ISBN: 1920760326
129. WSAA (the Water Services Association of Australia) (2008b) Real Options and Urban Water Resource Planning in Australia. Occasional Paper No. 20, April 2008. Published by the Water Services Association of Australia Ltd. ISBN: 192076030X
130. WSAA (the Water Services Association of Australia) (2009a) Vision for a sustainable urban water future. Position Paper No. 3, January 2009. Published by the Water Services Association of Australia Ltd. ISBN: 1920760342
131. WSAA (the Water Services Association of Australia) (2009b) WSAA Report Card 2008/2009: Performance of the Australian Urban Water Industry and projections for the future. Published by the Water Services Association of Australia Ltd. ISBN: 1920760466