Mackenzie delta flow during spring breakup: Uncertainties and potential improvements

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering

Volumn 39, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 579-588

  Beltaos, Spyros ^a  

^a ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Flow; Gauge; Hydroecology; Ice breakup; Mackenzie delta; Spring; Uncertainty

Indexed keywords

FLOW; HYDRO-ECOLOGY; ICE BREAK-UP; MACKENZIE DELTA; UNCERTAINTY;

GAGES; SPRINGS (COMPONENTS); UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

ICE;

DELTA; FLOODING; GAUGE; HYDROMETRY; ICE BREAKUP; ICE FLOW; SPRING WATER; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; WATER LEVEL;

ARCTIC OCEAN; BEAUFORT SEA; CANADA; MACKENZIE DELTA; MACKENZIE RIVER [NORTHWEST TERRITORIES]; NORTHWEST TERRITORIES;

CENTROSTEGIA THURBERI;

EID: 84860459007     PISSN: 03151468     EISSN: 12086029     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/L2012-033     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Beltaos, S. 1982. Notes on ice hydraulics. Summary of lecture notes presented at IWD training seminar Hydraulics of ice covered rivers and ice jam analysis, NWRI Report, Burlington, Canada.
2. Beltaos, S. 2008a. River ice breakup. Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, Colo., USA.
3. Beltaos, S. 2008b. Chapter 6: Onset of breakup. In River ice breakup. Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, Colo., USA.
4. Beltaos, S. 2010. Developing winter flow rating relationships using slope-area hydraulics. River Research and Applications, 27(9): 1076-1089. doi:10.1002/rra.1404.
5. th International Ice Symposium, July 1998, Potsdam, N.Y., USA, Vol. 2. pp. 793-800.
6. Beltaos, S., and Burrell, B.C. 2000. Suspended sediment concentrations in the Saint John River during ice breakup. Proceedings, 2000 Annual Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, London, Ontario. pp. 235-242.
7. Beltaos, S., and Carter, T. 2009. Field studies of ice breakup and jamming in the Mackenzie Delta. Proceedings, 15th Workshop on River Ice (F. Hicks and S. Warren, co-chairs), St. John's, NL, 15-17 June 2009, CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, Edmonton. pp. 266-283.
8. Beltaos, S., Carter, T., and Prowse, T. 2011a. Morphology and genesis of deep scour holes in the Mackenzie Delta. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 38(6): 638-649. doi:10.1139/l11-034.
9. Beltaos, S., Rowsell, R., and Tang, P. 2011b. Remote data collection on ice breakup dynamics: Saint John River case study. Cold Regions Science and Technology. (Available online from doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2011.03.005. [In press].
10. Bigras, S.C. 1988. Ice jamming characteristics of the Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T. In Proceedings of the 45th Eastern Snow Conference: Lake Placid, N.Y. pp. 129-139.
11. Carey, K.L. 1966. Observed configuration and computed roughness of the underside of river ice, St. Crois River, Wisconsin. U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 550-B. pp. B192-B198.
12. Carey, K.L. 1967. The underside of river ice, St. Crois River, Wisconsin. U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 575-C. pp. C195-B199.
13. Costa, J.E., Cheng, R.T., Haeni, F.P., Melcher, N., Spicer, K.R., Hayes, E., et al. 2006. Use of radars to monitor stream discharge by noncontact methods. Water Resources Research, 42(7): W07422 doi:10.1029/2005WR004430.
14. Emmerton, C.A., Lesack, L.F.W., and Vincent, W.F. 2008. Mackenzie River nutrient delivery to the Arctic Ocean and effects of the Mackenzie Delta during open water conditions. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22(1): GB1024 doi:10.1029/2006GB002856.
15. Gharabaghi, B., Inkratas, C., Beltaos, S., and Krishnappan, B. 2007. Modelling of three-dimensional flow velocities in a deep hole in the East Channel of the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 34(10): 1312-1323. doi:10.1139/l07-054.
16. Goulding, H.L. 2008. Spatial and temporal patterns and hydroclimatic controls of river ice break-up in the Mackenzie River Delta, NWT. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Geography, University of Victoria.
17. Goulding, H.L., Prowse, T.D., and Beltaos, S. 2009. Spatial and temporal patterns of break-up and ice jam flooding in the Mackenzie Delta, NWT. Hydrological Processes, 23(18): 2654-2704. doi:10.1002/hyp.7251.
18. Henderson, F.M. 1966. Open channel flow. The Macmillan Company, New York.
19. Inkratas, C., Gharabaghi, B., Beltaos, S., and Krishnappan, B. 2009. 3D modelling of ice-covered flows in the vicinity of a deep hole in the East Channel of the Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 36(5): 791-800. doi:10.1139/L09-031.
20. Kääb, A., and Prowse, T. 2011. Cold-regions river flow observed from space. Geophysical Research Letters, 38(8): L08403 doi:10.1029/2011GL047022.
21. Lesack, L.W.F., and Marsh, P. 2007. Lengthening plus shortening of river-to-lake connection times in the Mackenzie River Delta, respectively, via two global change mechanisms along the arctic coast. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(23): L23404 doi:10.1029/2007GL031656.
22. Mackay, D.K. 1965. Break-up on the Mackenzie River and its Delta, 1964. Geographical Bulletin, 7(2): 117-128.
23. MacKay, D.K., and Mackay, J.R. 1973. Locations of spring ice jamming on the Mackenzie River, N.W.T. In Hydrologic aspects of northern pipeline development. Task Force on Northern Pipeline Development Report No 73-3, Ottawa.
24. Marsh, P., Lesack, L., and Roberts, A. 1993. The environmental effects of ice jam flooding on lakes in the Mackenzie Delta. Proceedings, Workshop on Environmental Aspects of River Ice, Saskatoon, Canada, NHRI Symposium No. 12, Edited by T.D. Prowse. pp. 359-381.
25. Melcher, N.B., and Walker, J.F. 1992. Evaluation of selected methods for determining streamflow during periods of ice effect. US Geological Survey Water Supply paper 2378, Denver, Colo., USA.
26. Morse, B., Hamai, K., and Choquette, Y. 2005. River discharge measurement using the velocity index method. Proceedings CD, 13th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers, Hanover, NH, 15-16 September 2005, Paper No. 11 (26 pp.). CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment, Edmonton, Canada.
27. Morse, B., Richard, M., Hamaï, K., Godin, D., Choquette, Y., and Pelletier, G. 2010. Gauging rivers during all seasons using the Q2D Velocity Index Method. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 136(4): 195-203. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000143.
28. Nafziger, J., Hicks, F., Andrishak, R., Marsh, P., and Lesack, L. 2009. Hydraulic model of river flow and storage effects in the Mackenzie Delta, Canada. Proceedings of 17th International Northern Research Basins Symposium and Workshop, Iqaluit-Pangnirtung-Kuujjuaq, Canada, 12-18 August 2009.
29. Parkinson, F.E., and Holder, G.K. 1982. Liard-Mackenzie winter regime study, final report. Prepared for British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority. LHL-830. Lasalle Hydraulic Laboratory Ltd., Montreal, Canada.
30. Prowse, T.D., Furgal, C., Chouinard, R., Melling, H., Milburn, D., and Smith, S.L. 2009. Implications of climate change for economic development in northern Canada: energy, resource, and transportation sectors. Ambio, 38(5): 272-281. doi:10.1579/0044-7447-38.5.272. PMID:19714960.
31. RHC (Rickley Hydrological Company). 2011. Surface velocity meters. Available from http://www.rickly.com/sgi/surface_velocity_meters.htm.
32. Rosenberg, H.B., and Pentland, R.L. 1983. Accuracy of winter streamflow records. Inland Waters Directorate, Direction générale des eaux intérieures, Ottawa, Canada. (Reprinted from the Proceedings of the 43rd Eastern Snow Conference, 1966, Hartford, USA., pp. 51-72.)
33. Shiklomanov, A.I., Yakovleva, T.I., Lammers, R.B., Karasev, I.P., Vorosmarty, C.J., and Linder, E. 2006. Cold region river discharge uncertainty-estimates from large Russian rivers. Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam), 326(1-4): 231-256. doi:10.1016/j. jhydrol.2005.10.037.
34. Tait, M., Moorman, B., and Lia, S. 2005. The long-term stability of survey monuments in permafrost. Engineering Geology, 79(1-2): 61-79. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.10.010.
35. T. Blench and Associates Ltd. 1974. 1974 River break-up and ice study Mackenzie, Liard and Peel Rivers engineering report. Prepared for Northern Engineering Services Co. Ltd., Edmonton, Canada, July 1974.
36. Terroux, A.C.D., Sherstone, D.A., Kent, T.D., Anderson, J.C., Bigras, S.C., and Kriwoken, L.A. 1981. Ice regime of the Lower Mackenzie River and Mackenzie Delta.