'Agricultural Poverty' and the Expansion of Artisanal Mining in Sub-Saharan Africa: Experiences from Southwest Mali and Southeast Ghana

Population Research and Policy Review

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 435-464

  Hilson, Gavin ^a   Garforth, Chris ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Artisanal and small scale mining (ASM); Ghana; Mali; Poverty; Rural livelihoods; Smallholder farming

Indexed keywords

ARTISANAL MINING; GLOBALIZATION; INCOME DISTRIBUTION; MINING; POVERTY; POVERTY DETERMINANT; RURAL ECONOMY; SEASONALITY; SMALLHOLDER;

GHANA; MALI; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 84860374638     PISSN: 01675923     EISSN: 15737829     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11113-012-9229-6     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Amankwah, R. K., & Anim-Sackey, C. (2003). Strategies for sustainable development of the small-scale gold and diamond mining industry of Ghana. Resources Policy, 29(3-4), 131-138.
2. Andrew, J. S. (2003). Potential application of mediation to land use conflicts in small-scale mining. Journal of Cleaner Production 11(2), 117-130.
3. Awumbila, M., & Tsikata, D. (2007). Migration dynamics and small scale gold mining in north-eastern Ghana: Implications for sustainable rural livelihoods. Paper presented at the Fifth African Population Conference, Arusha.
4. Bach, F., & Pinstrup-Andersen, P. (2008). Agriculture, growth and employment in Africa. Denmark: DanChurchAid.
5. Baden, S., & Alpert, E. (2007). Pricing farmers out of cotton: The costs of World Bank reforms in Mali. Oxfam Briefing Paper 99, Washington, DC.
6. Banchirigah, S. M. (2008). Challenges with eradicating illegal mining in Ghana: A perspective from the grassroots. Resources Policy, 33(1), 29-38.
7. Banchirigah, S. M., & Hilson, G. (2010). De-agrarianization, re-agrarianization and local economic development: Re-orientating livelihoods in African Artisanal Mining Communities. Policy Sciences, 43(2), 157-180.
8. Barrett, C. B., Reardon, T., & Webb, P. (2001). Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: Concepts, dynamics, and policy implications. Food Policy, 26(4), 315-331.
9. Bryceson, D. F. (1996). Deagrarianization and rural employment in sub-Saharan Africa: A sectoral perspective. World Development, 24(1), 97-111.
10. Bryceson, D. (1999). African rural labour, income diversification and livelihood approaches: A long-term development perspective. Review of African Political Economy, 26(80), 171-189.
11. Bryceson, D. F. (2002). The scramble in Africa: Reorienting rural livelihoods. World Development, 30(5), 725-739.
12. Bryceson, D. F., & Jonsson, J. B. (2010). Gold digging careers in rural Africa: Small-scale miners' livelihood choices. World Development, 38(3), 379-392.
13. Cartier, L. (2009). Livelihoods and production cycles in the Malagasy artisanal ruby-sapphire trade: A critical examination. Resources Policy, 34(1-2), 80-86.
14. Childs, J. (2008). Reforming small-scale mining in sub-Saharan Africa: Political and ideological challenges to a Fair Trade gold initiative. Resources Policy33(4), 203-209.
15. Crisp, B., & Kelly, M. (1999). The socioeconomic impacts of structural adjustment. International Studies Quarterly, 43, 533-552.
16. Davidson, J. (1993). The transformation and successful development of small-scale mining enterprises in developing countries. Natural Resources Forum, 17(4), 315-326.
17. Delgado, C. (1998). Agricultural growth linkages in sub-Saharan Africa. International Food Policy Research Institute, Research Report 107, Washington DC.
18. Dembélé, N. N., & Staatz, J. M. (1999). The impact of market reform on agricultural transformation in Mali. Michigan State University Staff Paper no. 99-29. Michigan State University, Lansing.
19. Eastwood, R., Lipton, M., & Newell, A. (2004). Farm Size. Paper prepared for Volume III of the Handbook of Agricultural Economics, The University of Sussex, UK.
20. Ellis, F. (1998). Survey article: Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. The Journal of Development Studies, 35(1), 1-38.
21. Ellis, F. (1999). Rural livelihood diversification in developing countries: Evidence and policy implications. Natural Resource Perspectives Working Paper, Overseas Development Institute, London.
22. Ellis, F. (2000). Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
23. Ellis, F. (2005). Small-farms, livelihood diversification and rural-urban transitions: Strategic issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. Paper presented at the Research Workshop on 'The Future of Small Farms', Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London.
24. Ellis, F. (2006). Agrarian change and rising vulnerability in rural sub-Saharan Africa. New Political Economy 11(3), 387-397.
25. Ellis, F., & Biggs, S. (2001). Evolving themes in rural development 1950s-2000s. Development Policy Review, 19(4), 437-448.
26. Fisher, E. (2007). Occupying the margins: Labour integration and social exclusion in artisanal mining in Tanzania. Development and Change, 38(4), 735-760.
27. Fold, N. (2008). Transitional sourcing practices in Ghana's perennial crop sectors. Journal of Agrarian Change, 8(1), 94-122.
28. Fortin, E. (2005). Reforming land rights: The World Bank and the globalization of agriculture. Social and Legal Studies, 14(2): 147-177.
29. Frenken, K. (2005). Irrigation in Africa in figures - AQUASTAT Survey - 2005. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
30. Fuess, S. (1998). Does GDP distort Mexico's economic growth? Southern Economic Journal, 64, 973-986.
31. Government of Ghana. (2008). East Akim District assembly district medium-term development plan (2006-2009). Accra: Government of Ghana.
32. Government of Ghana. (2010). Agriculture in Ghana: Facts and Figures (2009). Accra: Statistics, Research and Information Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture.
33. Haggblade, S., Hazell & P., Reardon, T. (2010). The Rural Non-farm Economy: Prospects for Growth and Poverty Reduction World Development 38(10), 1429-1441.
34. Hazell, P. B. R., & Hojjati, B. (1995). Farm/non-farm growth linkages in Zambia. Journal of African Economies, 4(3), 406-435.
35. Hilson, G. (2009). Small-scale mining, poverty and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview. Resources Policy, 34(1-2), 1-5.
36. Hilson, G. (2010a). 'Once a Miner, Always a Miner': Poverty and livelihood diversification in Akwatia, Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies, 26(3), 296-307.
37. Hilson, G. (2010b). Child labour in African artisanal mining communities: Experiences from northern Ghana. Development and Change, 41(3), 445-473.
38. Hilson, G., & Clifford, M. J. (2010). 'A Kimberley Protest': Diamond mining, export sanctions and poverty in Akwatia, Ghana. African Affairs, 109(436), 431-450.
39. Hinton, J. J., Veiga, M. M., & Veiga, A. T. C. (2003). Clean artisanal gold mining: A utopian approach? Journal of Cleaner Production 11(2), 99-115.
40. House, W. J., & Zimalirana, G. (1992). Rapid population growth and poverty generation in Malawi. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 30, 141-161.
41. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). (2001). Rural Poverty Report 2001. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Rome.
42. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). (2010). Rural Poverty Report 2011. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Rome.
43. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2002a). Malawi poverty reduction strategy paper. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund (IMF).
44. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2002b). Ethiopia: Sustainable development and poverty reduction program. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund (IMF).
45. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2003). Mali poverty reduction strategy paper. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund (IMF).
46. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2005a). Uganda: Poverty reduction strategy paper. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund (IMF).
47. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2005b). Kenya: Poverty reduction strategy paper. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund (IMF).
48. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2006a). United Republic of Tanzania: Poverty reduction strategy paper. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund (IMF).
49. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2006b). Ghana growth and poverty reduction strategy paper. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund (IMF).
50. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2008). Mali growth and poverty reduction strategy paper. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund.
51. Khor, M. (2006). Globalisation, liberalisation and protectionism: The global framework affecting rural producers in developing countries. Accra: Third World Network.
52. Konare, A. (2001). Challenges to Agricultural financing in Mali. Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, Lansing.
53. Kumar, R., & Amaratunga, D. (1994). Government policies towards small-scale mining. Resources Policy, 20(1), 15-22.
54. Maconachie, R., & Binns, T. (2007). 'Farming miners' or 'mining farmers'?: Diamond mining and rural development in post-conflict Sierra Leone. Journal of Rural Studies, 23, 367-380.
55. Maponga, O., & Meck, M. (2003). Illegal artisanal gold panning in Zimbabwe: A study of challenges to sustainability along Mazowe River. In G. M. Hilson (Ed.), The socio-economic impact of small scale mining in developing countries. The Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.
56. Mondlane, S., & Shoko, D. S. M. (2003). The socio-economic and environmental impacts of artisanal and small-scale mining in Mozambique. In: G. M. Hilson (Ed.), The socio-economic impacts of artisanal and small-scale mining in developing countries (pp. 265-280). The Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.
57. Monimart, M., & Tan, S. F. (2011). Gender and access to land and natural resources in Mali and Niger. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London.
58. New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). (2002). Comprehensive Africa agriculture development programme. Johannesburg: New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD).
59. Nöetstaller, R. (1987). Small-scale mining: A review of the issues. Washington DC: World Bank.
60. Nyame, F. K., Grant, J. A., & Yakovleva, N. (2009). Perspectives on migration patterns in Ghana's mining industry. Resources Policy, 34(1-2), 6-11.
61. Nyanteng, V. K., & Seini, A. W. (2000). Agricultural policy and the impact on growth and productivity 1970-1995. In E. Aryeetey, et al. (Eds.), Economic reforms in Ghana: The miracle and the mirage (pp. 267-283). Oxford: James Currey.
62. Osei, R. D., Owusu, G. A., Asem, F. E., & Afutu-Kotey, R. L. (2009). Effects of capitation grant on education outcomes in Ghana. Accra: Institute of Statistical Social and Economic Research (ISSER), The University of Ghana.
63. Overseas Development Institute. (ODI). (2000). Multi-agency partnerships for technical change in west African agriculture. Ho: National Workshop on Rice Production in Ghana.
64. Reardon, T. (1997). Using evidence of household income diversification to inform study of the nonfarm labour market in Africa. World Development, 25(5), 735-747.
65. Reardon, T., Berdegue, J., & Escobar, G. (2001). Rural nonfarm employment and incomes in Latin America: Overview and policy implications. World Development, 29(3), 395-409.
66. Reardon, T., Matlon, P., & Delgado, C. (1988). Coping with household-level food insecurity in drought affected areas of Burkina Faso. World Development, 16(9), 1065-1074.
67. Salami, A., Kamara, A. B., & Birxiova, Z. (2010). Smallholder Agriculture in East Africa: Trends, constraints and opportunities. African Development Bank Group Working Paper Series, No. 105, African Development Bank, Tunisia.
68. Sarris, A., & Shams, H. (1991). Ghana under structural adjustment: The impact on agriculture and the rural poor. New York: New York University Press.
69. Singh, I. (1990). The great ascent: The rural poor in south Asia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
70. United Nations (UN). (1972). Small-scale mining in developing countries. New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
71. Vintrova, R. (2005). What the GDP indicator does not reveal in economic analyses. Czech Journal of Economics and Finance, 55(11-12), 578-594.
72. Wooten, S. (2003). Women. Men, and market gardens: Gender relations and income generation in rural Mali' human organization, 62(2), 166-177.
73. World Bank. (1984). Ghana: Policies and programs for adjustment. Washington DC: World Bank.
74. World Bank. (2006). Malawi: Poverty and vulnerability assessment-Investing in our future. World Bank Draft Report, World Bank, Washington DC.
75. World Bank. (2008). World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. World Bank, Washington DC.
76. Wouterse, F., & Taylor, J. E. (2008). Migration and income diversification: Evidence from Burkina Faso. World Development, 36(4), 625-640.
77. Yaro, J. A. (2006). Is deagrarianisation real? A study of livelihood activities in rural northern Ghana. Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(1), 125-156.