Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Proton-Conducting Polymers

Solid State Proton Conductors: Properties and Applications in Fuel Cells

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 185-240

  Chailan, Jean François ^b   Khadhraoui, Mustapha ^c   Knauth, Philippe ^a  

^a AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULON   (France)

^c AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

Author keywords

DMA, macromolecular motions in polymers, macroscopic consequences; Engineering stress strain curves of polymers, using engineering stress; Intermediate behavior, thermosetting, thermoplastic, and ionomer durability; Mechanical properties of polymeric, and microscopic arrangement; Mechanical properties of polymers, modifications by types of hardening; Mechanical properties, microstructure and parameter stabilization; Proton conducting ionomers, stress strain tensile tests; Proton conducting polymers, mechanical, dynamic mechanical analysis; Relaxation, creep of polymers, elasticity, and polymer mechanical response; Stress relaxation and creep, time dependent phenomena

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860371073     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781119962502.ch6     Document Type: Chapter

References (82)

1. Ashby, M.F. and Jones, D.R.H. (1996) Engineering Materials, 2nd edn, Elsevier, Oxford.
2. Callister, W.D. (2010) Materials Science and Engineering, 8th edn, Wiley.
3. Ferry, J.D. (1980) Viscoelastic properties of polymers, 3rd edn, Wiley, New York.
4. McCrum, N., Williams, G. and Read, B. (1987) Anelastic and Dielectric Effects in Polymeric Solids, Dover, New York.
5. Cowie, J.M.G. (1991) Polymers: Chemistry & Physics of Modern Materials, 2nd edn, Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow.
6. Menard, K.P. (1999) Dynamic Mechanical Analysis: A Practical Introduction, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
7. Brinson, H.F. and Brinson, L.C. (2008) Polymer Engineering Science and Viscoelasticity, Springer, New York.
8. Heijboer, J. (1977) International Journal of Polymer Materials, 6, 11.
9. ISO-527-2-1996, web site http://www.iso.org/iso/.
10. Solasi, R., Huang, X. and Reifsnider, K. (2010) Creep and stress-rupture of Nafion membranes under controlled environment. Mechanics of Materials, 42, 678-685.
11. Baillon, J.P. and Dorlot, J.M. (2000) Des Matériaux, 3th edn, Presses Internationales Polytechnique, Montréal, p. 638.
12. Liu, D., Kyriakides, S., Case, S.W. et al. (2006) Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 44, 1453-1465.
13. Kaliaguine, S., Mikhailenko, S.D., Wang, K.P. et al. (2003) Catalysis Today, 82, 213.
14. Chen, J., Maekawa,Y., Asano, M. and Yoshida, M. (2007) Double crosslinked polyetheretherketonebased polymer electrolyte membranes prepared by radiation and thermal crosslinked techniques. Polymer, 48, 6002-6009.
15. Di Vona, M.L., Marani, D., D'Epifanio, A. et al. (2007) Hybrid materials for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: water uptake, mechanical and transport properties. Journal of Membrane Science, 304, 76-81.
16. Di Vona, M.L., Sgreccia, E., Licoccia, S. et al. (2008) Composite proton-conducting hybrid polymers: water sorption isotherms and mechanical properties of blends of sulfonated PEEK and substituted PPSU. Chemistry of Materials, 20, 4327-4334.
17. Alberti, G., Narducci, R. and Sganappa, M. (2008) Effects of hydrothermal/thermal treatments on the water-uptake of Nafion membranes and relations with changes of conformation, counterelastic force and tensile modulus of the matrix. Journal of Power Sources, 178, 575.
18. Di Vona, M.L., Sgreccia, E., Tamilvanan, M. et al. (2010) High ionic exchange capacity polyphenylsulfone (SPPSU) and polyethersulfone (SPES) crosslinked by annealing treatment: thermal stability, hydration level and mechanical properties. Journal of Membrane Science, 354, 134-141.
19. Di Vona, M.L., Marani, D., D'Ottavi, C. et al. (2006) A simple new route to covalent organic/inorganic hybrid proton exchange polymeric membranes. Chemistry of Materials, 18, 69-75.
20. Turi, E.A. (1997) Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials, 2nd edn, vol. I, Academic Press, Brooklyn, New York, p. 529.
21. Thomasson, J.L. (1990) Investigation of composite interphase using dynamic mechanical analysis: artifacts and reality. Polymer Composites, 11, 105-113.
22. Hodge, I.M. and Eisenberg, A. (1978) Dielectric and mechanical relaxations in a Nafion precursor. Macromolecules, 11(2), 289-293.
23. Kyu, T., Hashiyama, M. and Eisenberg, A. (1983) Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 61, 680-687.
24. Yeo, S.C. and Eisenberg, A. (1977) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 21, 875-898.
25. Osborn, S.J. et al. (2007) Glass transition temperature of perfmuorosulfonic acid ionomers. Macromolecules, 40(10), 3886-3890.
26. Page, K.A. et al. (2005) Molecular origins of the thermal transitions and dynamic mechanical relaxations in perfluorosulfonate ionomers. Macromolecules, 38(15), 6472-6484.
27. Mohamed, H.F. et al. (2009) Effects of ion exchange on the free volume and oxygen permeation in Nafion fuel cells. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B, 113, 2247-2252.
28. Page, K.A. et al. (2009) Direct analysis of the ion-hopping process associated with the a-relaxation in perfluorosulfonate ionomers using quasielastic neutron scattering. Macromolecules, 42, 2729-2736.
29. Page, K.A. et al. (2006) SAXS analysis of the thermal relaxation of anisotropic morphologies in oriented Nafion membranes. Macromolecules, 39, 3939-3946.
30. Martinez, M. et al. (2010) Proton-conducting ionic liquid-based proton exchange membrane fuel cell membranes: the key role of ionomer-ionic liquid interaction. Journal of Power Sources, 195, 5829-5839.
31. Di Noto, V. et al. (2010) Structure-relaxation interplay of a new nanostructured membrane based on tetraethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfone ionic liquid and neutralized Nafion 117 for high-temperature fuel cell. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132, 2183-2195.
32. Kim, Y.S. et al. (2003) Processing induced morphological development in hydrated sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer membranes. Polymer, 44, 5729-5736.
33. Chhabra, P. et al. (2009) Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated naphtalenic polyimides based on 4,40-diaminodiphenylether-2,20-disulfonic acid and bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenylhexafluoropropane] for fuel cell application. European Polymer Journal, 45, 1467-1475.
34. Liu, Y.F. et al. (2007) Preparation and proton conductivity of composite membranes based on sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) and benzimidazole. Electrochimica Acta, 52, 8133-8137.
35. Li, N. et al. (2008) Synthesis and properties of sulfonated poly[bis(benzimidazobenzisoquinolinones)] as hydrolytically and thermooxidatively stable proton conducting ionomers. Macromolecules, 41, 4165-4172.
36. Linares, A. et al. (2006) Proton conducting blends based on polysulfones and elastomers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 100, 3474-3482.
37. Arnett, N.Y. et al. (2007) Hydrocarbon and partially fluorinated sulfonated copolymer blends as functional membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources, 172, 20-29.
38. Ghassemi, H. et al. (2011) Poly(arylene ether)s with pendant perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid groups as proton-exchange membrane materials. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 212, 673-678.
39. Yoshimura, K. et al. (2009) Aromatic polymer with pendant perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid for fuel cell applications. Macromolecules, 42, 9302-9306.
40. Mokrini, A. et al. (2001) New ion conducting systems based on star branched block copolymer. Polymer, 42, 8817-8824.
41. Gomes, D. et al. (2007) Characterization of partially sulfonated polyoxadiazoles and oxadiazoletriazole copolymers. The Journal of Membrane Science, 295, 121-129.
42. Gomes, D. et al. (2008) Single-step synthesis of sulfonated polyoxadiazoles and their use as proton conducting membranes. Journal of Power Sources, 175, 49-59.
43. Gourdoupi, N. et al. (2003) New proton conducting polyelectrolyte composed of an aromatic polyether containing main-chain pyridine units for fuel cell applications. Chemistry of Materials, 15, 5044-5050.
44. Pefkianakis, E.K. et al. (2005) Novel polymer electrolyte membrane, based on pyridine containing poly(ether sulfone), for application in high temperature fuel cells. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 261724-1728.
45. Geormezi, M. et al. (2008) Novel pyridine based poly(ether-sulfones) and their study in high temperature PEM fuel cells. Macromolecules, 41, 9051-9056.
46. Navarro, A. et al. (2007) Kinetic study of the sulfonation of hydrogenated styrene butadiene block copolymer (HSBS) microstructural and electrical characterizations. Journal of Membrane Science, 300, 79-87.
47. Qing, S. et al. (2005) Synthesis and characterization of thermally stable sulfonated polybenzimidazoles. European Polymer Journal, 41, 1589-1595.
48. Shin, C.K. et al. (2004) Acid functionalized poly(arylene ether)s for proton-conducting membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 245, 163-173.
49. Ponce, M. et al. (2008) One-pot of high molecular weight sulfonated poly(oxadiazole-triazole) copolymers for proton conductive membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 319, 14-22.
50. Qing, S. et al. (2005) Synthesis and characterization of thermally stable polybenzimidazoles obtained from 3,30-disulfonyl-4,40-dicarboxyldiphenylsulfone. Journal of Polymer Science A, 43, 4363-4372.
51. Bai, Z. et al. (2007) Structures and properties of highly sulfonated poly(arylenethioethersulfone)s as proton exchange membranes. Polymer, 48, 6598-6604.
52. Sgreccia, E. et al. (2009) Self-assembled nanocomposite organic-inorganic proton conducting sulfonated poly-ether-ether-ketone (SPEEK)-based membranes: optimized mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. Journal of Power Sources, 192, 353-359.
53. Sgreccia, E. et al. (2011) Hybrid composite membranes based on SPEEK and functionalized PPSU for PEM fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 8063-8069.
54. Paik, Y. et al. (2009) Influence of water and degree of sulfonation on the structure and dynamics of SPEEK studied by solid-state 13C and 1H NMR. Polymer, 50, 2664-2673.
55. Mistry, M.K. et al. (2010) Inorganic modification of block copolymer for medium temperature proton exchange membrane application. Journal of Membrane Science, 351, 168-177.
56. Mokrini, A. et al. (2004) Synthesis and characterization of newion conductors based on butadiene styrene copolymers. Solid State Ionics, 166, 375-381.
57. Sgreccia, E. et al. (2010) Mechanical properties of proton-conducting sulfonated aromatic polymer membranes: stress-strain tests and dynamic analysis. Journal of Power Sources, 195, 7770-7775.
58. Di Vona, M.L. et al. (2009) Analysis of temperature-promoted and solvent-assisted cross-linking in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) proton-conducting membranes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113, 7905-7912.
59. Dupuis, A.C. (2011) Proton exchange membranes for fuel cells operated at medium temperatures: materials and experimental techniques. Progress in Polymer Science, 56, 289-327.
60. Li, W. et al. (2008) Sulfonated poly(arylene-co-imide)s as water stable proton exchange membrane materials for fuel cell. Journal of Membrane Science, 315, 172-179.
61. Daletou, M.K. et al. (2005) Proton conducting membranes based on blends of PBI with aromatic polyethers containing pyridine units. Journal of Membrane Science, 252, 115-122.
62. Deimede,V.A. et al. (2005) Synthesis of poly(arylene ether) copolymers containing pendant PEO groups and evaluation of their blends as proton conductive membranes. Macromolecules, 38, 9594-9601.
63. Gourdoupi, N. et al. (2010) New proton conducting polymer blends and their fuel cell performance. Journal of Power Sources, 195, 170-174.
64. Gursël, S.A. et al. (2011) Synthesis and characterization of novel graft copolymers by radiationinduced grafting. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 120, 2313-2323.
65. Santos, L.E.P. et al. (2010) Styrene/phosphonic acid copolymers: synthesis and thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical characterization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 119, 460-471.
66. Herring, A.M. (2006) Inorganic-polymer composite membranes for protons exchange membrane fuel cells. Polymer Review, 46, 245-296.
67. Jalani, N.H. et al. (2005) Synthesis and characterization of Nafion®-MO2 (M=Zr, Si, Ti) nanocomposite membranes for higher temperature PEM fuel cells. Electrochemica Acta, 51, 553-560.
68. Di Noto, V. et al. (2006) Effect of SiO2 on relaxation phenomena and mechanism of ion conductivity of [Nafion/(SiO2)x] composite membranes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B, 110, 24972-24986.
69. Di Noto, V. et al. (2010) New organic-inorganic proton conducting membranes based on Nafion and hydrophobic fluoroalkylated silica nanoparticles. Journal of Power Sources, 195, 7734-7742.
70. Thayumanansundaram, S. et al. (2010) Hybrid inorganic-organic proton conduxting membranes based on Nafion, SiO2 and triethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate ionic liquid. Electrochemica Acta, 55, 1355-1365.
71. Di Noto, V. et al. (2010) Structure, properties and proton conductuvity of Nafion/[(TiO2 (WO3)0.148]cTiO2 nanocomposites membranes. Electrochemica Acta, 55, 1431-1444.
72. Di Noto, V. et al. (2009) Hybrid inorganic-organic proton conducting membranes based on Nafion and 5% wt of MxOy (M=Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta and W). Part II: relaxation phenomena and conductivity mechanism. Journal of Power Sources, 187, 57-66.
73. Chuang, S.W. et al. (2007) Synthesis and properties of fluorine-containing polybenzimidazole/ silica nanocomposite membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Journal of Membrane Science, 305, 353-363.
74. Musto, P. et al. (2006) Microstructural features, diffusion and molecular relaxations in polyimide/ silica hybrids. Polymer, 47, 6172-6186.
75. Gomes, D. et al. (2008) Fluorinated polyoxadiazole for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Journal of Membrane Science, 321, 114-122.
76. Escribano, P.G. et al. (2009) Preparation, characterization and single cell testing of new ionic conducting polymers for fuel cell applications. Journal of Power Sources, 187, 98-102.
77. Kim, J.D. et al. (2003) Proton conducting polydimethylsiloxane/zirconium oxide hybrid membranes added with phosphotungstic acid. Electrochemica Acta, 48, 3633-3638.
78. Yang, C.C. et al. (2010) Direct methanol fuel cell based on poly(vinyl alcohol)/titanium oxide nanotubes/poly(styrene sulfonic acid)(PVA/nt-TiO2/PSSA) composite polymer membrane. Journal of Power Sources, 195, 3407-3415.
79. Yang, C.C. et al. (2010) Preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol)/montmorillonite/poly(styrene sulfonic acid) composite membranes for hydrogen-oxygen polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Current Applied Physics, 11, S229-S237 80.
80. Hartmann-Thomson, C. et al. (2008) Proton-conducting Polyhedral Oligosilsesquioxane nanoadditives for sulfonated polyphenylsulfone hydrogen fuel cell proton exchange membrannes. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 110, 958-974.
81. Yen, Y.C. et al. (2010) The effect of sulfonic acid groups within a plyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing cross-linked proton exchange membrane. Polymer, 51, 84-91.
82. DiVona, M.L. et al. (2011) Composite polymer electrolytes of sulfonated poly-ether-ether-ketone (SPEEK) with organically functionalized TiO2. Journal of Membrane Science, 369, 536-544.