Ectopic pregnancy: Ultrasound diagnosis in modern management

Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 55, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 402-409

  Casikar, Ishwari ^a   Reid, Shannon ^a   Condous, George ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

cervical; cesarean scar; Ectopic pregnancy; heterotrop; interstitial; ovarian; tubal

Indexed keywords

CERVICAL PREGNANCY; COLOR ULTRASOUND FLOWMETRY; ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; INTERSTITIAL PREGNANCY; MATERNAL MORTALITY; PREGNANCY DISORDER; REVIEW; TRANSVAGINAL ECHOGRAPHY;

ADNEXA UTERI; CESAREAN SECTION; CICATRIX; FEMALE; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; ULTRASONOGRAPHY; UTERUS;

EID: 84860283143     PISSN: 00099201     EISSN: 15325520     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/GRF.0b013e31825109bd     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. LewisG(ed). TheConfidentialEnquiry into Maternal and Child health (CEMACH). SavingMothers'Lives:ReviewingMaternal Deaths to make Motherhood Safer-2003-2005. The Seventh Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. London: CEMACH; 2007.
2. Zane S, Keike B, Kendrick J, et al. Surveillance in a time of changing health care practices: Estimating ectopic pregnancy incidence in the United States. Matern Child Health J. 2002;6:227-236.
3. Lewis G. (ed). Saving Mothers' lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer-2006-2008. The Eighth Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG. 2011; 118 (suppl 1):1-205.
4. Sullivan EA, Hall B, King JF. Maternal Deaths in Australia 2003-2005. Maternal Deaths Series Number 3. Cat. No.PER42. Sydney, NSW: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit; 2008.
5. Stovall TG. Early Pregnancy Loss and Ectopic Pregnancy in Berek and Novak's Gynecology. In: Jonathan SB. ed. Berek & Novak's Gynecology. 14th ed, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007;617.
6. Hillis SD, Owens LM, Marchbanks PA, et al. Recurrent chlamydial infections increase the risks of hospitalization for ectopic pregnancy and pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 176:103-107. (Pubitemid 127780756)
7. Bakker I, Skjeldestad F. Incidence and treatment of extrauterine pregnancies in Norway 1990-2001. Tidssk Nor Laegefen. 2003;123:3016-3020. (Pubitemid 38268422)
8. Steptoe PC, Edwards RG. Reimplantation of the human embryo with subsequent tubal pregnancy. Lancet. 1976;1:880-882.
9. Maymon R, Halperin R, Mendlovic S, et al. Ectopic pregnancies in a Caesarian scar: Reviewof the medical approach to an iatrogenic complication. Human Reprod update. 2004;10:515-523. (Pubitemid 39529884)
10. Shennon AH. Recent developments in obstetrics. Br Med J. 2003;327:604-608.
11. Jurkovic D, Hillaby K, Woelfer B, et al. First-T rimester diagnosis andmanagement of pregnancies implanted into the lower uterine segment Caesarean section scar. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;21: 220-227. (Pubitemid 36390705)
12. Bouyer J, Rachou E, Germain E, et al. Risk factors for extrauterine pregnancy in women using an intrauterine device. Fertil Steril. 2000;74:899-908.
13. Condous G, Okaro E, Khalid A, et al. The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy prior to surgery. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:1404-1409. (Pubitemid 40790271)
14. Cacciatore B, Stenman UH, Ylostalo P. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy by vaginal ultrasonography in combination with a discriminatory serum hCG level of 1000 IU/l. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990; 97:904-908. (Pubitemid 20340622)
15. Shalev E, Yarom I, Bustan M, et al. Transvaginal sonography as the ultimate diagnostic tool for the management of ectopic pregnancy: Experience with 840 cases. Fertil Steril. 1998;69:62-65. (Pubitemid 28072993)
16. Condous G, Okaro E, Khalid A, et al. The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy prior to surgery. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:1404-1409. (Pubitemid 40790271)
17. BraffmanBH, ColemanBG,Ramchandani P, et al. Emergency department screening for ectopic pregnancy: A prospective US study. Radiology. 1994;190:797-802. (Pubitemid 24071049)
18. AtriM, Valenti DA, Bret PM, et al. Effect of transvaginal sonography on the use of invasive procedures for evaluating patients with a clinical diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. J Clin Ultrasound. 2003;31:1-8. (Pubitemid 36008866)
19. Kirk E, Papegeorghiou AT, Condous G, et al. The diagnostic effectiveness of an initial transvaginal scan in detecting ectopic pregnancy. Hum Reprod. 2007;22: 2824-2828. (Pubitemid 351696815)
20. Kadar N, DeVore G, Romero R. Discriminatory hCG zones: Its use in the sonographic evaluation for ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1981;58:156-161. (Pubitemid 11093350)
21. Kadar N, Caldwell BV, Romero R. A method of screening for ectopic pregnancy and its indications. Obstet Gynecol. 1981;58:162-166. (Pubitemid 11093351)
22. Romero R, Kadar N, Jeanty P, et al. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy: Value of the discriminatory human chorionic gonadotrophin zone. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;66:357-360. (Pubitemid 15016574)
23. Barnhart KT, Simhan H, Kamelle SA. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound above and below the beta-hCG discriminatory zone. Obstets Gynecol. 1999;94.
24. Mol BW, Hajenius PJ, Engelsbel S, et al. Serum human chorionic gonadotrophin measurement in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy when transvaginal ultrasonography is inconclusive. Fertil Steril. 1998; 70:972-981. (Pubitemid 28499099)
25. Condous G. The management of early pregnancy complications. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2004;18:37-57. (Pubitemid 38324635)
26. Condous G. Ectopic pregnancy: Challenging accepted management strategies. ANZJOG. 2009;49:346-351.
27. Kirk E, Daemen A, Papageorghiou AT, et al. Why are some ectopic pregnancies characterized as pregnancies of unknown location at the initial transvaginal ultrasound examination? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87:1150-1154.
28. Condous G, Timmerman D, Goldstein S, et al. Pregnancies of unknown location: A consensus statement. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006;28:121-122. (Pubitemid 44265163)
29. Winder S, Reid S, Condous G. Ultrasound diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Aust J Ultrasound Med. 2011;14:29-33.
30. Mol BW, Hajenius PJ, Engelsbel S, et al. Can noninvasive diagnostic tools predict tubal rupture or active bleeding in patients with tubal pregnancy? Fertil Steril. 1999;71:167-173. (Pubitemid 29042364)
31. Abrams BJ, Sukumvanich P, Seibel R, et al. Ultrasound for the detection of intraperitoneal fluid: The role of Trendelenburg positioning. Am J Emerg Med. 1999;17:117-120. (Pubitemid 29140992)
32. Seow KM, Huang LW, Lin YH, et al. Cesarean scar pregnancy: Issues in management. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004;23:247-253.
33. Michener C, Dickinson JE. Caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: A single centre case series. ANZJOG. 2009;49:451-455.
34. Ash A, Smith A, Maxwell D. Caesarean scar pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;114:253-263.
35. Fylstra DL. Ectopic pregnancy within a cesarean scar: A review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2002;57:537-543. (Pubitemid 34879330)
36. Grimes HG, Nosal RA, Gallagher JC. Ovarian pregnancy: A series 24 cases. Obstet Gynecol. 1983;61:174-180.
37. Hallat JG. Primary ovarian pregnancy: A report of 25 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;143:55-60.
38. Comstock C, Huston K, LeeW. The ultrasonographic appearance of ovarian ectopic pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105: 42-45. (Pubitemid 40189909)
39. Condous G, Okaro E, Bourne T, et al. The conservative management of early pregnancy complications: A review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;22: 420-430. (Pubitemid 37289774)
40. Al-AwadMM,DahamN, Eseet JS. Spontaneous unruptured bilateral ectopic pregnancy: Conservative tubal surgery. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1999;54:543.