Pruritus in Chronic Cholestatic Liver Disease

Clinics in Liver Disease

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 331-346

  Bunchorntavakul, Chalermrat ^a,b   Reddy, K Rajender ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b RANGSIT UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

Author keywords

Cholestasis; Cholestyramine; Itching; Liver disease; Management; Opioid antagonist; Pathogenesis; Pruritus

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; AUTOTAXIN; BILE ACID; BUTORPHANOL; COLESEVELAM; COLESTIPOL; COLESTYRAMINE; CYCLOSPORIN; DEXAMETHASONE; DRONABINOL; FLUMECINOL; GABAPENTIN; HISTAMINE; LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN; LIDOCAINE; LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID; METENKEPHALIN; METHOTREXATE; NALMEFENE; NALOXONE; NALTREXONE; ONDANSETRON; PHENOBARBITAL; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; PROPOFOL; RIFAMPICIN; SEROTONIN; SERTRALINE; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID;

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ALBUMIN DIALYSIS; BEDTIME DOSAGE; BENIGN RECURRENT INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS; BILE ACID BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DIZZINESS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; HEMODIALYSIS; HEMOLYSIS; HEPATITIS; HISTAMINE RELEASE; HUMAN; INJECTION SITE DISCOMFORT; INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS; INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS OF PREGNANCY; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; MENTAL STRESS; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PLASMAPHERESIS; PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME; PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS; PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS; PRURITUS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RASH; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT PLANNING;

ALGORITHMS; ANION EXCHANGE RESINS; ANTIPRURITICS; BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTASIS; CHRONIC DISEASE; FEMALE; HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTS; HUMANS; LIVER DISEASES; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LYSOPHOSPHOLIPIDS; NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS; OPIOID PEPTIDES; PHOSPHORIC DIESTER HYDROLASES; PLASMAPHERESIS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PRURITUS; RECEPTORS, STEROID; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN ANTAGONISTS; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84860279973     PISSN: 10893261     EISSN: 15578224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2012.03.010     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Bergasa N.V. Update on the treatment of the pruritus of cholestasis. Clin Liver Dis 2008, 12(1):219-234. x.
2. Lebovics E., Seif F., Kim D., et al. Pruritus in chronic hepatitis C: association with high serum bile acids, advanced pathology, and bile duct abnormalities. Dig Dis Sci 1997, 42(5):1094-1099.
3. Murray K.F., Carithers R.L. AASLD practice guidelines: evaluation of the patient for liver transplantation. Hepatology 2005, 41(6):1407-1432.
4. Mela M., Mancuso A., Burroughs A.K. Review article: pruritus in cholestatic and other liver diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003, 17(7):857-870.
5. Rishe E., Azarm A., Bergasa N.V. Itch in primary biliary cirrhosis: a patients' perspective. Acta Derm Venereol 2008, 88(1):34-37.
6. Broome U., Olsson R., Loof L., et al. Natural history and prognostic factors in 305 Swedish patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 1996, 38(4):610-615.
7. Tischendorf J.J., Hecker H., Kruger M., et al. Characterization, outcome, and prognosis in 273 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a single center study. Am J Gastroenterol 2007, 102(1):107-114.
8. McPhedran N.T., Henderson R.D. Pruritus and jaundice. Can Med Assoc J 1965, 92:1258-1260.
9. Kremer A.E., Oude Elferink R.P., Beuers U. Pathophysiology and current management of pruritus in liver disease. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011, 35(2):89-97.
10. Lindor K.D., Gershwin M.E., Poupon R., et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2009, 50(1):291-308.
11. Slappendel R., Weber E.W., Benraad B., et al. Itching after intrathecal morphine. Incidence and treatment. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2000, 17(10):616-621.
12. Bergasa N.V. The pruritus of cholestasis. J Hepatol 2005, 43(6):1078-1088.
13. Ghent C.N., Bloomer J.R., Klatskin G. Elevations in skin tissue levels of bile acids in human cholestasis: relation to serum levels and to pruritus. Gastroenterology 1977, 73(5):1125-1130.
14. Varadi D.P. Pruritus induced by crude bile and purified bile acids. Experimental production of pruritus in human skin. Arch Dermatol 1974, 109(5):678-681.
15. Ricci P., Hofmann A.F., Hagey L.R., et al. Adjuvant cholylsarcosine during ursodeoxycholic acid treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 1998, 43(6):1292-1295.
16. Kuiper E.M., van Erpecum K.J., Beuers U., et al. The potent bile acid sequestrant colesevelam is not effective in cholestatic pruritus: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 2010, 52(4):1334-1340.
17. Jones E.A., Bergasa N.V. The pruritus of cholestasis: from bile acids to opiate agonists. Hepatology 1990, 11(5):884-887.
18. Bergasa N.V., Alling D.W., Vergalla J., et al. Cholestasis in the male rat is associated with naloxone-reversible antinociception. J Hepatol 1994, 20(1):85-90.
19. Swain M.G., Rothman R.B., Xu H., et al. Endogenous opioids accumulate in plasma in a rat model of acute cholestasis. Gastroenterology 1992, 103(2):630-635.
20. Bergasa N.V., Rothman R.B., Vergalla J., et al. Central mu-opioid receptors are down-regulated in a rat model of cholestasis. J Hepatol 1992, 15(1-2):220-224.
21. Thornton J.R., Losowsky M.S. Plasma methionine enkephalin concentration and prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis. BMJ 1988, 297(6658):1241-1242.
22. Nelson L., Vergnolle N., D'Mello C., et al. Endogenous opioid-mediated antinociception in cholestatic mice is peripherally, not centrally, mediated. J Hepatol 2006, 44(6):1141-1149.
23. Kremer A.E., Martens J.J., Kulik W., et al. Lysophosphatidic acid is a potential mediator of cholestatic pruritus. Gastroenterology 2010, 139(3):1008-1018. 1018 e1001.
24. Spivey J.R., Jorgensen R.A., Gores G.J., et al. Methionine-enkephalin concentrations correlate with stage of disease but not pruritus in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1994, 89(11):2028-2032.
25. Inagaki N., Nagao M., Igeta K., et al. Scratching behavior in various strains of mice. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2001, 14(2):87-96.
26. Hagermark O. Peripheral and central mediators of itch. Skin Pharmacol 1992, 5(1):1-8.
27. George R.B., Allen T.K., Habib A.S. Serotonin receptor antagonists for the prevention and treatment of pruritus, nausea, and vomiting in women undergoing cesarean delivery with intrathecal morphine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2009, 109(1):174-182.
28. van Meeteren L.A., Moolenaar W.H. Regulation and biological activities of the autotaxin-LPA axis. Prog Lipid Res 2007, 46(2):145-160.
29. Hashimoto T., Ohata H., Momose K. Itch-scratch responses induced by lysophosphatidic acid in mice. Pharmacology 2004, 72(1):51-56.
30. Paumgartner G., Beuers U. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid in cholestatic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2004, 8(1):67-81. vi.
31. Geenes V., Williamson C. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. World J Gastroenterol 2009, 15(17):2049-2066.
32. Lindor K.D. Ursodiol for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Mayo Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Ursodeoxycholic Acid Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997, 336(10):691-695.
33. Talwalkar J.A., Souto E., Jorgensen R.A., et al. Natural history of pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003, 1(4):297-302.
34. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of cholestatic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2009, 51(2):237-267.
35. Kaplan M.M., Schmid C., Provenzale D., et al. A prospective trial of colchicine and methotrexate in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1999, 117(5):1173-1180.
36. Mitchison H.C., Palmer J.M., Bassendine M.F., et al. A controlled trial of prednisolone treatment in primary biliary cirrhosis. Three-year results. J Hepatol 1992, 15(3):336-344.
37. Wiesner R.H., Ludwig J., Lindor K.D., et al. A controlled trial of cyclosporine in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1990, 322(20):1419-1424.
38. Hendrickse M.T., Rigney E., Giaffer M.H., et al. Low-dose methotrexate is ineffective in primary biliary cirrhosis: long-term results of a placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1999, 117(2):400-407.
39. Carey J.B., Williams G. Relief of the pruritus of jaundice with a bile-acid sequestering resin. JAMA 1961, 176:432-435.
40. Van Itallie T.B., Hashim S.A., Crampton R.S., et al. The treatment of pruritus and hypercholesteremia of primary biliary cirrhosis with cholestyramine. N Engl J Med 1961, 265:469-474.
41. Datta D.V., Sherlock S. Treatment of pruritus of obstructive jaundice with cholestyramine. Br Med J 1963, 1(5325):216-219.
42. Datta D.V., Sherlock S. Cholestyramine for long term relief of the pruritus complicating intrahepatic cholestasis. Gastroenterology 1966, 50(3):323-332.
43. Wiertelak E.P., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. Cholecystokinin antianalgesia: safety cues abolish morphine analgesia. Science 1992, 256(5058):830-833.
44. Javitt N.B. Letter: timing of cholestyramine doses in cholestatic liver disease. N Engl J Med 1974, 290(23):1328-1329.
45. Rust C., Sauter G.H., Oswald M., et al. Effect of cholestyramine on bile acid pattern and synthesis during administration of ursodeoxycholic acid in man. Eur J Clin Invest 2000, 30(2):135-139.
46. Aldridge M.A., Ito M.K. Colesevelam hydrochloride: a novel bile acid-binding resin. Ann Pharmacother 2001, 35(7-8):898-907.
47. Cohen L.B., Ambinder E.P., Wolke A.M., et al. Role of plasmapheresis in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut 1985, 26(3):291-294.
48. Omokawa S., Yamashita M., Malchesky P.S., et al. Therapeutic plasmapheresis for cholestatic liver diseases: study of 9 cases. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990, 337:233-236.
49. Montero J.L., Pozo J.C., Barrera P., et al. Treatment of refractory cholestatic pruritus with molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS). Transplant Proc 2006, 38(8):2511-2513.
50. Pares A., Cisneros L., Salmeron J.M., et al. Extracorporeal albumin dialysis: a procedure for prolonged relief of intractable pruritus in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004, 99(6):1105-1110.
51. Pares A., Herrera M., Aviles J., et al. Treatment of resistant pruritus from cholestasis with albumin dialysis: combined analysis of patients from three centers. J Hepatol 2010, 53(2):307-312.
52. Ambinder E.P., Cohen L.B., Wolke A.M., et al. The clinical effectiveness and safety of chronic plasmapheresis in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Clin Apher 1985, 2(3):219-223.
53. Bellmann R., Graziadei I.W., Feistritzer C., et al. Treatment of refractory cholestatic pruritus after liver transplantation with albumin dialysis. Liver Transpl 2004, 10(1):107-114.
54. Chen J., Raymond K. Roles of rifampicin in drug-drug interactions: underlying molecular mechanisms involving the nuclear pregnane X receptor. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2006, 5:3.
55. Marschall H.U., Wagner M., Zollner G., et al. Complementary stimulation of hepatobiliary transport and detoxification systems by rifampicin and ursodeoxycholic acid in humans. Gastroenterology 2005, 129(2):476-485.
56. Bachs L., Pares A., Elena M., et al. Comparison of rifampicin with phenobarbitone for treatment of pruritus in biliary cirrhosis. Lancet 1989, 1(8638):574-576.
57. Bloomer J.R., Boyer J.L. Phenobarbital effects in cholestatic liver diseases. Ann Intern Med 1975, 82(3):310-317.
58. Kreek M.J., Garfield J.W., Gutjahr C.L., et al. Rifampin-induced methadone withdrawal. N Engl J Med 1976, 294(20):1104-1106.
59. Glantz A., Reilly S.J., Benthin L., et al. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: amelioration of pruritus by UDCA is associated with decreased progesterone disulphates in urine. Hepatology 2008, 47(2):544-551.
60. Podesta A., Lopez P., Terg R., et al. Treatment of pruritus of primary biliary cirrhosis with rifampin. Dig Dis Sci 1991, 36(2):216-220.
61. Bachs L., Pares A., Elena M., et al. Effects of long-term rifampicin administration in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1992, 102(6):2077-2080.
62. Khurana S., Singh P. Rifampin is safe for treatment of pruritus due to chronic cholestasis: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized-controlled trials. Liver Int 2006, 26(8):943-948.
63. Tandon P., Rowe B.H., Vandermeer B., et al. The efficacy and safety of bile acid binding agents, opioid antagonists, or rifampin in the treatment of cholestasis-associated pruritus. Am J Gastroenterol 2007, 102(7):1528-1536.
64. Prince M.I., Burt A.D., Jones D.E. Hepatitis and liver dysfunction with rifampicin therapy for pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut 2002, 50(3):436-439.
65. Kumar R., Bhatia V., Khanal S., et al. Antituberculosis therapy-induced acute liver failure: magnitude, profile, prognosis, and predictors of outcome. Hepatology 2010, 51(5):1665-1674.
66. Turner I.B., Rawlins M.D., Wood P., et al. Flumecinol for the treatment of pruritus associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994, 8(3):337-342.
67. Bergasa N.V., Talbot T.L., Alling D.W., et al. A controlled trial of naloxone infusions for the pruritus of chronic cholestasis. Gastroenterology 1992, 102(2):544-549.
68. Bergasa N.V., Alling D.W., Talbot T.L., et al. Effects of naloxone infusions in patients with the pruritus of cholestasis. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995, 123(3):161-167.
69. Wolfhagen F.H., Sternieri E., Hop W.C., et al. Oral naltrexone treatment for cholestatic pruritus: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 1997, 113(4):1264-1269.
70. Bergasa N.V., Schmitt J.M., Talbot T.L., et al. Open-label trial of oral nalmefene therapy for the pruritus of cholestasis. Hepatology 1998, 27(3):679-684.
71. Bergasa N.V., Alling D.W., Talbot T.L., et al. Oral nalmefene therapy reduces scratching activity due to the pruritus of cholestasis: a controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999, 41(3 Pt 1):431-434.
72. Terg R., Coronel E., Sorda J., et al. Efficacy and safety of oral naltrexone treatment for pruritus of cholestasis, a crossover, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Hepatol 2002, 37(6):717-722.
73. Mansour-Ghanaei F., Taheri A., Froutan H., et al. Effect of oral naltrexone on pruritus in cholestatic patients. World J Gastroenterol 2006, 12(7):1125-1128.
74. Carson K.L., Tran T.T., Cotton P., et al. Pilot study of the use of naltrexone to treat the severe pruritus of cholestatic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1996, 91(5):1022-1023.
75. Thornton J.R., Losowsky M.S. Opioid peptides and primary biliary cirrhosis. BMJ 1988, 297(6662):1501-1504.
76. Jones E.A., Dekker L.R. Florid opioid withdrawal-like reaction precipitated by naltrexone in a patient with chronic cholestasis. Gastroenterology 2000, 118(2):431-432.
77. Ko M.C., Lee H., Song M.S., et al. Activation of kappa-opioid receptors inhibits pruritus evoked by subcutaneous or intrathecal administration of morphine in monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003, 305(1):173-179.
78. Muller C., Pongratz S., Pidlich J., et al. Treatment of pruritus in chronic liver disease with the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor type 3 antagonist ondansetron: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998, 10(10):865-870.
79. Schworer H., Hartmann H., Ramadori G. Relief of cholestatic pruritus by a novel class of drugs: 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists: effectiveness of ondansetron. Pain 1995, 61(1):33-37.
80. Jones E.A., Molenaar H.A., Oosting J. Ondansetron and pruritus in chronic liver disease: a controlled study. Hepatogastroenterology 2007, 54(76):1196-1199.
81. O'Donohue J.W., Pereira S.P., Ashdown A.C., et al. A controlled trial of ondansetron in the pruritus of cholestasis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005, 21(8):1041-1045.
82. Browning J., Combes B., Mayo M.J. Long-term efficacy of sertraline as a treatment for cholestatic pruritus in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2003, 98(12):2736-2741.
83. Mayo M.J., Handem I., Saldana S., et al. Sertraline as a first-line treatment for cholestatic pruritus. Hepatology 2007, 45(3):666-674.
84. Bergasa N.V., McGee M., Ginsburg I.H., et al. Gabapentin in patients with the pruritus of cholestasis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 2006, 44(5):1317-1323.
85. Sheen M.J., Ho S.T., Lee C.H., et al. Preoperative gabapentin prevents intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus after orthopedic surgery. Anesth Analg 2008, 106(6):1868-1872.
86. Vila T., Gommer J., Scates A.C. Role of gabapentin in the treatment of uremic pruritus. Ann Pharmacother 2008, 42(7):1080-1084.
87. Ahuja R.B., Gupta R., Gupta G., et al. A comparative analysis of cetirizine, gabapentin and their combination in the relief of post-burn pruritus. Burns 2011, 37(2):203-207.
88. Gingold A.R., Bergasa N.V. The cannabinoid agonist WIN 55, 212-2 increases nociception threshold in cholestatic rats: implications for the treatment of the pruritus of cholestasis. Life Sci 2003, 73(21):2741-2747.
89. Neff G.W., O'Brien C.B., Reddy K.R., et al. Preliminary observation with dronabinol in patients with intractable pruritus secondary to cholestatic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002, 97(8):2117-2119.
90. Borgeat A., Wilder-Smith O.H., Mentha G. Subhypnotic doses of propofol relieve pruritus associated with liver disease. Gastroenterology 1993, 104(1):244-247.
91. Villamil A.G., Bandi J.C., Galdame O.A., et al. Efficacy of lidocaine in the treatment of pruritus in patients with chronic cholestatic liver diseases. Am J Med 2005, 118(10):1160-1163.
92. Watson W.C. Intravenous lignocaine for relief of intractable itch. Lancet 1973, 1(7796):211.
93. Seymour C.A., Summerton C.B. Effect of stanozolol on itching in primary biliary cirrhosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988, 296(6628):1066-1067.
94. Kondrackiene J., Beuers U., Kupcinskas L. Efficacy and safety of ursodeoxycholic acid versus cholestyramine in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Gastroenterology 2005, 129(3):894-901.
95. Palma J., Reyes H., Ribalta J., et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of cholestasis of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind study controlled with placebo. J Hepatol 1997, 27(6):1022-1028.
96. Binder T., Salaj P., Zima T., et al. Randomized prospective comparative study of ursodeoxycholic acid and S-adenosyl-l-methionine in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. J Perinat Med 2006, 34(5):383-391.
97. Roncaglia N., Locatelli A., Arreghini A., et al. A randomised controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid and S-adenosyl-l-methionine in the treatment of gestational cholestasis. BJOG 2004, 111(1):17-21.
98. Frezza M., Surrenti C., Manzillo G., et al. Oral S-adenosylmethionine in the symptomatic treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 1990, 99(1):211-215.
99. Ribalta J., Reyes H., Gonzalez M.C., et al. S-adenosyl-l-methionine in the treatment of patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with negative results. Hepatology 1991, 13(6):1084-1089.
100. Glantz A., Marschall H.U., Lammert F., et al. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial comparing dexamethasone and ursodeoxycholic acid. Hepatology 2005, 42(6):1399-1405.
101. van der Woerd W.L., van Mil S.W., Stapelbroek J.M., et al. Familial cholestasis: progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010, 24(5):541-553.
102. Stapelbroek J.M., van Erpecum K.J., Klomp L.W., et al. Nasobiliary drainage induces long-lasting remission in benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis. Hepatology 2006, 43(1):51-53.