The effectiveness of anti-leakage policies in the European Union: Results for Austria

Empirica

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 233-260

  Bednar Friedl, Birgit ^a   Kulmer, Veronika ^a   Schinko, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

Author keywords

Anti leakage policy; Carbon leakage; Computable general equilibrium; Emissions trading; Grandfathering; International competitiveness

Indexed keywords

CARBON EMISSION; COMPETITION (ECONOMICS); COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; EMISSIONS TRADING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; GLOBALIZATION; POLICY REFORM; SUBSIDY SYSTEM; TRADE POLICY; TRADE-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONS;

AUSTRIA;

EID: 84860223837     PISSN: 03408744     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10663-012-9186-7     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Anderl M, Winiwarter W, Wieser M, Weiss P, Seuss K, Schwaiger E, Schodl B, Poupa S, Muik B, Köther T, Kampel E, Freudenschuß A, Zethner G (2008) Austria's national inventory report 2008. Submission under the United Nations framework convention on climate change. Reports REP-0152, Umweltbundesamt, Vienna.
2. Armington P (1969) A theory of demand for products distinguished by place of production. IMF Staff Pap 16: 159-178.
3. Babiker MH (2005) Climate change policy, market structure, and carbon leakage. J Int Econ 65: 421-445.
4. Babiker MH, Rutherford TF (2005) The economic effects of border measures in subglobal climate agreements. Energy J 26(4): 99-126.
5. Babiker MH, Bautista ME, Jacoby HD, Reilly JM (2000) Effects of differentiating climate policy by sector: a United States example. Report no. 61, MIT joint program on the science and policy of global change, Cambridge.
6. Barker T, Junankar S, Pollitt H, Summerton P (2007) Carbon leakage from unilateral environmental reforms in Europe. Energy Policy 35: 6281-6292.
7. Bhagwati J, Mavroidis PC (2007) Is action against US exports for failure to sign Kyoto Protocol WTO-legal? World Trade Rev 6(2): 299-310.
8. Böhringer C (1999) PACE-policy assessment based on computable equilibrium. Ein flexibles Modellsystem zur gesamtwirtschaftlichen Analyse von wirtschaftspolitischen Maßnahmen. ZEW Dokumentation, Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim.
9. Böhringer C (2000) Cooling down hot air: a global CGE analysis of post-Kyoto carbon abatement strategies. Energy Policy 28: 779-789.
10. Burniaux J-M, Martins JO (2000) Carbon emission leakages: a general equilibrium view. OECD Economics Department Working Papers 242, OECD publishing. doi: 10. 1787/41053555.
11. 2 emissions: a technical manual. Working Paper 116, Economics and Statistics Department, OECD, Paris.
12. Copeland BR, Taylor MS (2005) Free trade and global warming: a trade theory view of the Kyoto Protocol. J Environ Econ Manag 49: 205-234.
13. 2 en fonction de la production ou bien les ajuster aux frontières? Revue Econ 59(3): 497-504.
14. Ellerman A, Buchner B (2008) Over-allocation or abatement? A preliminary analysis of the EU ETS based on the 2005-06 emissions data. Environ Res Econ 41(2): 267-287.
15. Ellerman AD, Convery FJ, de Perthuis C (2010) Pricing carbon. The European Union emissions trading scheme. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
16. European Commission (2008) 20 20 by 2020. Europe's climate change opportunity. Communication from the European Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels.
17. European Commission (2009) 2010/2/EU: commission decision of 24 December 2009 determining, pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, a list of sectors and subsectors which are deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage (notified under document C(2009) 10251). Brussels.
18. European Commission (2011a) 2011/278/EU: commission decision of 27 April 2011 determining transitional Union-wide rules for harmonised free allocation of emission allowances pursuant to Article 10a of Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document C(2011) 2772). Brussels.
19. European Commission (2011b) Guidance Document no. 1 on the harmonized free allocation methodology for the EU-ETS post 2012 General Guidance to the allocation methodology. Directorate-General Climate Action, Directorate B-European & International Carbon Markets. Final version issued on 14 April 2011 and updated on 29 June 2011. Brussels.
20. European Commission (2011c) Durban climate conference 2011. European Commission Climate Action. http://ec. europa. eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/durban/index_en. htm. Accessed 15 Dec 2011.
21. European Parliament (2003) Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and the Council. Establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emissions allowance trading within the community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC. Brussels.
22. European Parliament and Council (2009) Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the community. Brussels.
23. Fæhn T, Bruvoll A (2009) Richer and cleaner-at others' expense? Resour Energy Econ 31: 103-122.
24. Ferris MC, Munson TS (2000) Complementarity problems in GAMS and the PATH solver. J Econ Dyn Control 24: 165-188.
25. Fischer C, Fox AK (2007) Output-based allocation of emissions permits for mitigation tax and trade interactions. Land Econ 83(4): 575-599.
26. Fischer C, Fox A (2009) Comparing policies to combat emissions leakage: border tax adjustments versus rebates. Discussion paper RRF DP 09-02, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC.
27. Giljum S, Lutz C, Jungnitz A, Bruckner M, Hinterberger F (2008) Global dimensions of European natural resource use. First results from the Global Resource Accounting Model (GRAM). SERI Working Paper 07/2008, Vienna.
28. Grubb M, Brewer T, Sato M, Heilmayr R, Fazekas D (2009) Climate policy and industrial competitiveness: ten insights from Europe on the EU Emissions Trading System. Final report, climate strategies. http://www. climatestrategies. org/component/reports/category/61/204. html. Accessed 8 Aug 2011.
29. Ho MS, Morgenstern R, Shih J-S (2008) Impact of carbon price policies on U. S. industry. Technical report RFF DP 08-37, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC.
30. IEA (2008). Issues behind competitiveness and carbon leakage. Focus on heavy industry. IEA information paper, International Energy Agency, Paris. http://www. iea. org/papers/2008/Competitiveness_and_Carbon_Leakage. pdf. Accessed 8 Aug 2011.
31. Kettner C, Köppl A, Schleicher SP, Thenius G (2008) Stringency and distribution in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme: first evidence. Clim Policy 8(1): 41-61.
32. Kraemer RA, Hinterberger F, Tarasofsky R (2007) What contribution can trade policy make towards combating climate change?. Policy Department External Policies, European Parliament, Brussels.
33. Kuik O, Gerlagh R (2003) Trade liberalization and carbon leakage. Energy J 24(3): 97-120.
34. Lanz B, Rutherford T, Tilton J (2011) Subglobal climate agreements and energy-intensive activities: Is there a carbon haven for copper? Working paper CEEPR WP 2011-003, MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Cambridge.
35. 2 emissions data for GTAP version 7 data base. Department of Economics, National Chengchi University, Taiwan. https://www. gtap. agecon. purdue. edu/resources/res_display. asp?RecordID=1143. Accessed 8 Aug 2011.
36. Mani M (2007) The effects of climate change policies on international trade and competitiveness. In: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) (ed) Climate, equity and global trade. Selected Issue Briefs 2, The ICTSD Programme on Trade and the Environment, Geneva, pp 9-10.
37. 2 emission limits. MIT Press, Cambridge.
38. Mattoo A, Subramanian A, van Der Mensbrugghe D, He J (2009) Reconciling climate change and trade policy. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5123, World Bank, Washington, DC.
39. McDougall R, Aguiar A (2007) Initial preparation of energy volume data for GTAP 7. GTAP Research Memorandum No. 10. Center for Global Trade Analysis, Purdue University, West Lafayette.
40. McDougall R, Lee H-L (2006) An energy data base for GTAP. In: Center for Global Trade Analysis (ed) Global trade, assistance and production: the GTAP 6 data base, chapter 17. Purdue University, West Lafayette.
41. McKibbin WJ, Wilcoxen PJ (2008) The economic and environmental effects of border tax adjustments for climate policy. Working Paper, Syracuse University, Syracuse.
42. McKinsey, Ecofys (2006) EU ETS review: report on international competitiveness. European Commission DG Environment, Brussels. http://ww1. mckinsey. com/clientservice/sustainability/pdf/Report_on_International_Competitiveness. pdf. Accessed 8 Aug 2011.
43. Morgenstern RD, Aldy JE, Herrnstadt E. M, Ho M, Pizer WA (2007) Competitiveness impacts of carbon dioxide pricing policies on manufacturing. RFF Issue Brief 7, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC.
44. 2 responsibility and the carbon content of its international trade. Ecol Econ 69(10): 2003-2019.
45. Narayanan BG, Walmsley TL (2008) Global trade, assistance, and production: the GTAP 7 data base. Center for Global Trade Analysis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette.
46. Nordhaus W (1992) Managing the global commons: the economics of climate change. MIT Press, Cambridge.
47. Paltsev SV (2001) The Kyoto Protocol: regional and sectoral contributions to the carbon leakage. Energy J 22(4): 53-79.
48. Pauwelyn J (2007) US federal climate policy and competitiveness concerns: the limits and options of international trade law. Working Paper NI WP 07-02, Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University, Durham.
49. 2 embodied in international trade with implications for global climate policy. Environ Sci Technol 42(5): 1401-1407.
50. Peters G, Hertwich E (2008b) Post-Kyoto greenhouse gas inventories: production versus consumption. Clim Change 86: 51-66.
51. Poncet S (2006) The long term growth prospects of the world economy: Horizon 2050. Working Paper 2006-16, Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales, Paris.
52. Reinaud J (2005) Industrial competitiveness under the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme. International Energy Agency, Paris.
53. Reinaud J (2009) Trade, competitiveness and carbon leakage: challenges and opportunities. Energy, Environment and Development Programme Paper 09/01, Chatham House, London.
54. Rutherford TF (1999) Applied general equilibrium modeling with MPSGE as a GAMS subsystem: an overview of the modeling framework and syntax. Comput Econ 14(1-2): 1-46.
55. Rutherford TF, Paltsev SV (2000) GTAP-energy in GAMS. Working Paper 00-2 2000, University of Colorado, Boulder.
56. 2 abatement measures. Netherlands Research Programme on Climate Change Scientific Assessment and Policy Analysis, Bilthoven.
57. Steininger K, Schleicher S, Gebetsroither B, Schinko T, Tuerk A (2009) Klimaschutzplan Steiermark, Teilbericht 1: Emissionen, Sektorale Zurechnung und EU 2020 Ziele, Graz.
58. Stiglitz JE (2007) Making globalization work. Penguin Books, London.
59. Tamiotti L (2011) The legal interface between carbon border measures and trade rules. Clim Policy 11: 1202-1211.
60. The Guardian (2011a) Canada pulls out of Kyoto Protocol. http://www. guardian. co. uk/environment/2011/dec/13/canada-pulls-out-kyoto-protocol. Accessed 15 Dec 2011.
61. The Guardian (2011b) Climate deal salvaged after marathon talks in Durban. http://www. guardian. co. uk/environment/2011/dec/10/un-climate-change-summit-durban. Accessed 15 Dec 2011.
62. UNFCCC (2011) Greenhouse gas inventory data. United framework convention on climate change. http://unfccc. int/ghg_data/items/3800. php. Accessed 09 Aug 2011.
63. van Asselt H, Biermann F (2007) European emissions trading and the international competitiveness of energy-intensive industries: a legal and political evaluation of possible supporting measures. Energy Policy 35: 497-506.
64. WTO, UNEP (2009) Trade and climate change. World Trade Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva.