To grow or control, that is the question: San Francisco's planning transformation in the 1980s and 1990s

Journal of Planning History

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 141-146

  Hu, Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANBERRA   (Australia)

Author keywords

San Francisco; Transformation; Urban planning

Indexed keywords

BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT; HEGEMONY; PLANNING HISTORY; URBAN GROWTH; URBAN HISTORY; URBAN PLANNING; WAR;

CALIFORNIA; SAN FRANCISCO [CALIFORNIA]; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84860212586     PISSN: 15385132     EISSN: 15526585     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1538513211419041     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Gunther Barth, Instant Cities: Urbanization and the Rise of San Francisco and Denver (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975)
2. Roger W. Lotchin, San Francisco, 1846-1856: From Hamlet to City (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974)
3. Brian Godfrey, "Urban Development and Redevelopment in San Francisco," The Geographical Review 87, no. 3 (1997):309-334.
4. Stephen McGovern, The Politics of Downtown Development: Dynamic Political Cultures in San Francisco and Washington, D. C. (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1998).
5. Brian Godfrey, "Urban Development and Redevelopment in San Francisco," The Geographical Review 87, no. 3 (1997):309-334.
6. Stephen McGovern, The Politics of Downtown Development: Dynamic Political Cultures in San Francisco and Washington, D. C., (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1998).
7. The broad categorization of thematic planning spectrums as physical, social, and economic planning is adopted from the definition of planning activity by the American Planning Association: To advance the art and science of planning and to foster the activity of planning-physical, economic, and social-at the local, regional, state, and national level.
8. John Mollenkopf, The Contested City (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983).
9. Frederick Praeger, Community Renewal Programming: A San Francisco Case Study (New York: Arthur D. Little, 1966).
10. Stephen McGovern, The Politics of Downtown Development: Dynamic Political Cultures in San Francisco and Washington, (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1998).
11. San Francisco historically was the gateway city for immigrants from these areas and thus established rich cultural and ethnic links with them. It was believed these links would help bring about business values for San Francisco in the form of investment, trade, and tourism.
12. Richard DeLeon, Left Coast City: Progressive Politics in San Francisco, 1975-1991 (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1992).
13. Chester Hartman, City for Sale: The Transformation of San Francisco. Revised and updated ed. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002).
14. John Logan and Harvey Molotch, Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987)
15. Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris and Tridib Banerjee, Urban Design Downtown: Poetics and Politics of Form (London: University of California Press, 1998).
16. Manuel Castells, The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements (London: Edward Arnold, 1983), 99.
17. Stephen McGovern, The Politics of Downtown Development: Dynamic Political Cultures in San Francisco and Washington, D. C, (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1998).
18. Richard DeLeon, Left Coast City: Progressive Politics in San Francisco, 1975-1991, (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1992).
19. Stephen Graham and Simon Guy, "Digital Space Meets Urban Place: Sociotechnologies of Urban Restructuring in Downtown San Francisco," City 6, no. 3 (2002): 369-382.
20. An "initiative" is a proposal of a new law that is placed on the ballot by petition, that is, by collecting signatures of a certain number of citizens. Twenty-four U.S. states have the initiative process and California got it in 1911. Once a sufficient number of signatures have been collected, the proposal is placed on the ballot for a vote of the people, so-called direct initiative.
21. David Dowall, Back Offices and San Francisco's Office Development Growth Cap" Cities (May 1987): 119-27.
22. Dear Macris and George Williams, "San Francisco's Downtown Plan," SPUR Newsletter, August 1999.
23. San Francisco Planning Department, Area Plan: Downtown, www.sfgov.org.
24. Chester Hartman, City for Sale: The Transformation of San Francisco, (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002).
25. Richard DeLeon, Left Coast City: Progressive Politics in San Francisco, 1975-1991, (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1992)
26. San Francisco Planning Department, Area Plan: Downtown, www.sfgov.org.
27. San Francisco Planning Department, Area Plan: Downtown, www.sfgov.org.
28. The San Francisco Planning Department has been working on a Transit Center District Plan since the early 2006 built on the Downtown Plan 1985 that envisioned the area around the Transbay Terminal as the heart of the new downtown. This project is still in the process of consultation among stakeholders and the newest plan update (May 26, 2009) is that it is a mixed use commercial land use and will add 2.54 million ft2, 235 housing units, and 425 hotel rooms (Source: San Francisco Planning Department, Transit Center District Plan http://transitcenter.sfplanning.org).
29. TDR is a planning tool for redirecting development away from the sites of historic buildings and is useful in protecting certain historic buildings in perpetuity in San Francisco. TDR could be transferred to any parcel or parcels within the same zoning district if the height, bulk, and other rules of the planning code would permit the increased square footage.
30. TDR from the retail and office districts and to a limited extent from the general commercial and support districts can also be used in a special development district. TDR has helped the San Francisco City in accommodating orderly growth while preserving a compact downtown. TDR provides property owners of significant and contributory buildings economic incentives to maintain these cultural resources. (Source: San Francisco Preservation Society, San Francisco Preservation Bulletin No.6: Preservation Incentives, http://sfpsociety.org/incentives.html).
31. San Francisco Planning Department, Downtown Plan Monitoring Report (San Francisco: San Francisco Planning Department, 1994).
32. San Francisco Planning Department, Downtown Plan Monitoring Report (San Francisco: San Francisco Planning Department, 1994).
33. Stephen McGovern, The Politics of Downtown Development: Dynamic Political Cultures in San Francisco and Washington, D. C., (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1998).
34. Brad Paul, "Proposition Mand the Downtown Growth Battle: Do High-Rises Create a Healthier Economy?" SPUR Newsletter, 1999.
35. Stephen McGovern, The Politics of Downtown Development: Dynamic Political Cultures in San Francisco and Washington, (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1998).
36. Stephen McGovern, The Politics of Downtown Development: Dynamic Political Cultures in San Francisco and Washington, (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1998).
37. Richard DeLeon, Left Coast City: Progressive Politics in San Francisco, 1975-199, (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1992)
38. Stephen McGovern, The Politics of Downtown Development: Dynamic Political Cultures in San Francisco and Washington, D. C, (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1998).
39. Brian Godfrey, "Urban Development and Redevelopment in San Francisco," The Geographical Review 87, no. 3 (1997): 309-34.
40. Brian Godfrey, "Urban Development and Redevelopment in San Francisco," The Geographical Review 87, no. 3 (1997): 309-34.
41. Chester Hartman, City for Sale: The Transformation of San Francisco (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002).
42. Brian Godfrey, "Urban Development and Redevelopment in San Francisco," The Geographical Review 87, no. 3 (1997):309-334.
43. Richard DeLeon, "San Francisco: The Politics of Race, Land Use, and Ideology." In Racial Politics in American Cities, ed. Dale Rogers Marshall, Rufus Browning, and David Tabb (White Plains, NY: Longman, 2003).
44. Stephen Graham and Simon Guy, "Digital Space Meets Urban Place: Sociotechnologies of Urban Restructuring in Downtown San Francisco," City 6, no. 3 (2002): 369-382.
45. Richard DeLeon, "San Francisco: The Politics of Race, Land Use, and Ideology", (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1992).
46. San Francisco Planning Department, Profiles for Community Planning Areas: San Francisco's Eastern Neighborhoods (San Francisco: San Francisco Planning Department, 2007).
47. Richard DeLeon, "San Francisco: The Politics of Race, Land Use, and Ideology", (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1992).
48. Richard DeLeon, "San Francisco: The Politics of Race, Land Use, and Ideology", (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1992).
49. Stephen McGovern, The Politics of Downtown Development: Dynamic Political Cultures in San Francisco and Washington, D. C., (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1998).
50. Richard DeLeon, "San Francisco: The Politics of Race, Land Use, and Ideology," (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1992).
51. Richard Walker, "Another Round of Globalization in San Francisco," Urban Geography 17, no. 1 (1996): 60-94.
52. Richard DeLeon and Sandra Powell, "Growth Control and Electoral Politics: The Triumph of Urban Populism in San Francisco," The Western Political Quarterly 42, no. 2 (1989): 307-31.
53. Harvey Molotch, "The City as a Growth Machine: Toward a Political Economy of Place," The American Journal of Sociology 82, no. 2 (1976): 309-332
54. Harvey Molotch, "Strategies and Constraints of Growth Elites," in Business Elites and Urban Development, ed. Scott Cummings (Albany: State University of NewYork Press, 1988)
55. John Logan and Harvey Molotch, Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987)
56. John Logan, Rachel Whaley, and Kyle Crowder, "The Character and Consequences of Growth Regimes: An Assessment of 20 Years of Research," Urban Affairs Review 32, no. 5 (1997): 603-630.
57. Brian Godfrey, "Urban Development and Redevelopment in San Francisco," The Geographical Review 87, no. 3 (1997):309-334.
58. Tony Robinson, "Gentrification and Grassroots Resistance in San Francisco's Tenderloin," Urban Affairs Review 30, no. 4 (1995): 483-513
59. John Mollenkopf, The Contested City, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983).
60. Harvey Molotch, "The City as a Growth Machine: Toward a Political Economy of Place"
61. Harvey Molotch, "Strategies and Constraints of Growth Elites," The American Journal of Sociology 82, no. 2 (1976): 309-332
62. Clarence Stone, Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta, 1946-1988 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989), 179.
63. Clarence Stone, Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta, 1946-1988 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989), 179.
64. Clarence Stone, "Urban Regimes and the Capacity to Govern: A Political Economy Approach," Journal of Urban Affairs 15, no. 1 (1993): 1-28
65. H. Whitt Kilburn, "Explaining U.S. Urban Regimes: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis," Urban Affairs Review 39, no. 5 (2004): 633-651.
66. Richard DeLeon, Left Coast City: Progressive Politics in San Francisco, 1975-1991, (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1992).
67. Richard DeLeon, "San Francisco: The Politics of Race, Land Use, and Ideology," (Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1992).
68. In his former work, Richard DeLeon contended that San Francisco could be described as lacking an urban regime in the form of a dominant governing coalition of the type that ruled the city's urban development in the pre-1986 era, and used the term "antiregime" to describe the nonregime status. DeLeon's "antiregime" proposition was based on his observation of the city's post-1986 political contestations until the early 1990s. In his latter work, DeLeon developed his "antiregime" argument and pointed out 'an emerging new urban progressivism" largely based on his observation of the rise and fall of the progrowth Mayor Willie Brown in around 2000.
69. Stephen McGovern, The Politics of Downtown Development: Dynamic Political Cultures in San Francisco and Washington, D. C., (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1998).
70. James Simmie, "Planning Theory and Planning Practice: An Analysis of the San Francisco Downtown Plan." Cities (November 1987): 304-324.
71. James Simmie, "Planning Theory and Planning Practice: An Analysis of the San Francisco Downtown Plan." Cities (November 1987): 304-324.
72. Richard DeLeon, Only in San Francisco? The City's Political Culture in Comparative Perspective (San Francisco: SPUR, 2002).