Sustainability and reliability assessment of microgrids in a regional electricity market

Energy

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 192-202

  Lo Prete, Chiara ^a   Hobbs, Benjamin F ^a   Norman, Catherine S ^a,b   Cano Andrade, Sergio ^c   Fuentes, Alejandro ^c   von Spakovsky, Michael R ^c   Mili, Lamine ^c  

^a The Johns Hopkins University   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c State University   (United States)

Author keywords

Economics; Exergy; Microgrids; Multi criteria decision making; Reliability; Sustainability

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; ECONOMICS; EXERGY; RELIABILITY; RELIABILITY ANALYSIS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

BELGIUM; ELECTRICITY MARKET; GERMANY; MICRO GRID; MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING; NETHERLANDS; POWER MARKETS; POWER NETWORKS; POWER PRODUCTION; REGIONAL ELECTRICITY MARKETS; REGIONAL POWER SYSTEMS; RELIABILITY ASSESSMENTS; RELIABILITY INDEX; SUSTAINABILITY INDEX;

ELECTRIC INDUSTRY;

ASSESSMENT METHOD; CARBON EMISSION; DECISION MAKING; ELECTRICITY GENERATION; EXERGY; MARKET SYSTEM; RELIABILITY ANALYSIS; SUSTAINABILITY;

EUROPE;

EID: 84860149029     PISSN: 03605442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2011.08.028     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Market integration: coupling of the European electricity markets [Internet]. Available from: [accessed 24.06.11]. http://www.tennettso.de/pages/tennettso_en/Press/Information_Material/PD F/100478_TEN_Brochure_marktkoppeling.pdf.
2. CWE market integration [Internet]. Available from: [accessed 24.06.11]. http://www.apxendex.com/index.php?id=186.
3. Report of the United Nations world commission on environment and development. Our common future [Internet]. Available from: [accessed 24.06.11]. http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm.
4. Hobbs B.F., Meier P. Energy decisions and the environment: a guide to the use of multicriteria methods 2000, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
5. Lebre LaRovere E., Borghetti Soares J., Basto Oliveira L., Lauria T. Sustainable expansion of electricity sector: sustainability indicators as an instrument to support decision making. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010, 14:422-429.
6. Giannantoni C., Lazzaretto A., Macor A., Mirandola A., Stoppato A., Tonon S., et al. Multicriteria approach for the improvement of energy systems design. Energy 2005, 30(10):1989-2016.
7. Wang J., Jing Y., Zhang C., Zhao J. Review on multi-criteria decision analysis aid in sustainable energy decision making. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009, 13:2263-2278.
8. Maruyama Y., Nishikido M., Iida T. The rise of community wind power in Japan: enhanced acceptance through social innovation. Energy Policy 2007, 35(5):2761-2769.
9. Gallego Carrera D., Mack A. Sustainability assessment of energy technologies via social indicators: results of a survey among European energy experts. Energy Policy 2010, 38:1030-1039.
10. Turvey R., Anderson D. Electricity economics: essays and case studies 1977, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
11. ExternE: externalities of energy, Vol.1; 1995 [Internet]. Available from: [accessed 24.06.11]. http://www.externe.info/.
12. Ottinger R.L., Wooley D., Robinson N., Hodas D., Babb S. Environmental costs of electricity 1990, Oceana Publications, New York.
13. Hohmeyer, O., and Ottinger, R.L., editors. External environmental costs of electric power: analysis and internalization. Proceedings of a German-American Workshop; 1990, October 23-25; Ladenburg, FRG. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1991.
14. Gil H.A. Models for quantifying the economic benefits of distributed generation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2008, 23(2):327-335.
15. Tsikalakis A.G., Hatziargyriou N.D. Environmental benefits of distributed generation with and without emissions trading. Energy Policy 2007, 35(6):3395-3409.
16. Hadley, S.W., Van Dyke, J.W., Poore III, W.P., Stovall, T.K. Quantitative assessment of distributed energy resource benefits. [Internet] Available from: [accessed 24.06.11]. http://www.ornl.gov/%7ewebworks/cppr/y2001/rpt/116227.pdf.
17. U.S. Department of Energy. The potential benefits of distributed generation and rate-related issues that may impede their expansion [Internet]. Available from: [accessed 24.06.11]. http://www.ferc.gov/legal/fed-sta/exp-study.pdf.
18. Alanne K., Sari A. Distributed energy generation and sustainable development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2006, 10(6):539-558.
19. Firestone R., Marnay C., Maribu K.M. The value of distributed generation under different tariff structures 2006 May, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Berkeley (CA), Report No.: LBNL-60589. Contract No.: DEAC0205CH11231. Sponsored by the US Department of Energy.
20. Siddiqui A.S., Marnay C., Edwards J.L., Firestone R., Ghosh S., Stadler M. Effects of a carbon tax on microgrid combined heat and power adoption 2004 Oct, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Berkeley (CA), Report No.: LBNL-51771. Contract No.: DEAC0376SF00098. Sponsored by the US Department of Energy.
21. Marnay C., Lai J., Stadler M., Siddiqui A. Added value of reliability to a microgrid: simulations of three California buildings. Berkeley (CA): Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Environmental Energy Technologies Division 2009 Apr, Report No.: LBNL-1853E. Contract No.: DEAC0205H11231. Sponsored by the US Department of Energy.
22. Yi H., Hau J.L., Ukidwe N.U., Bakshi B.R. Hierarchical thermodynamic metrics for evaluating the environmental sustainability of industrial processes. Environmental Progress 2004, 23(4):302-314.
23. Frangopoulos C.A., Keramioti D.E. Multi-criteria evaluation of energy systems with sustainability considerations. Entropy 2010, 12(5):1006-1020.
24. Frangopoulos, C.A., von Spakovksy, M.R. A global environomic approach for energy systems analysis and optimization. Proceedings of the energy systems and ecology Conference; 1993 July 5-9; Cracow, Poland. p.123-144.
25. von Spakovksy M.R., Frangopoulos C.A. The environomic analysis and optimization of a gas turbine cycle with cogeneration. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) 1994, 33:15-26.
26. Rosen M. Energy and exergy-based comparison of coal-fired and nuclear steam power plants. Exergy 2001, 1(3):180-192.
27. Zvolinschi A., Kjelstrup S., Bolland O., van der Kooi H.J. Exergy sustainability indicators as a tool in industrial ecology. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2007, 11(4):85-98.
28. Billinton R., Allan R.N. Reliability evaluation of power systems: concepts and techniques 1996, Plenum Press, New York.
29. Stoll H.G. Least-cost electric utility planning 1989, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
30. Wood A.J., Wollenberg B.F. Power generation operation and control 1996, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
31. Marnay C. Microgrids and heterogenous power quality and reliability 2008 Jul, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Berkeley (CA), Report No.: LBNL-777E. Contract No.: DEAC0205CH11231. Sponsored by the US Department of Energy.
32. Chowdhury S., Chowdhury S.P., Crossley P. Microgrids and active distribution networks 2009, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London.
33. Council of European Energy Regulators. Fourth benchmarking report on quality of electricity supply 2008 [Internet]. Available from: [accessed 24.06.11]. http://www.autorita.energia.it/allegati/pubblicazioni/C08-EQS-24-04_4th_ Benchmarking_Report_EQS_10-Dec-2008_re.pdf.
34. Hobbs B.F. Models for integrated resource planning by electric utilities. European Journal of Operational Research 1995, 83(1):1-20.
35. Hobbs B.F., Rijkers F.A.M. Modeling strategic generator behavior with conjectured transmission price responses in a mixed transmission pricing system I: formulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2004, 19(2):707-717.
36. Hobbs B.F., Drayton G., Bartholomew Fisher E., Lise W. Improved transmission representations in oligopolistic market models: quadratic losses, phase shifters, and DC lines. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2008, 23(3):1018-1029.
37. Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands. COMPETES input data [Internet]. Available from: [accessed 24.06.11]. http://www.ecn.nl/fileadmin/ecn/units/bs/COMPETES/cost-functions.xls.
38. International Energy Agency Energy prices and taxes, energy end-use prices in national currencies 2010, vol. 2. International Energy Agency, Paris.
39. International Energy Agency Electricity information 2010, International Energy Agency, Paris.
40. European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity. Hourly load values for a specific country for a specific month [Internet]. Available from: [accessed 24.06.11]. https://www.entsoe.eu/index.php?id=137.
41. International Energy Agency Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Annex 42. Standard European electrical profiles 2006, [Internet]. Available from:, [accessed 24.06.11]. http://www.ecbcs.org/docs/Annex_42_European_Electrical_Standard_Profiles_Annex_42_September_2006.zip.
42. De Vries L.J. Generation adequacy: helping the market do its job. Utilities Policy 2007, 15(1):20-35.
43. Gross G., Garapic N.V., McNutt B. The mixture of normals approximation technique for equivalent load duration curves. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 1988, 3(2):368-374.
44. North American Electric Reliability Corporation. 2005-2009 Generating Availability Report [Internet]. Available from: [accessed 24.06.11]. http://www.nerc.com/page.php?cid%253D4%257C43%257C47.
45. Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. Distributed generation operational reliability and availability database. Executive summary report [Internet]. Available from: [accessed 24.06.11]. http://files.harc.edu/Sites/GulfCoastCHP/Publications/Distributed%2520Op erational%2520Reliability.pdf.
46. Hargreaves J.J., Hobbs B.F. Optimal commitment and dispatch with uncertain wind generation using stochastic dynamic programming 2010, Department of Geography & Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Manuscript.
47. AEA Technology. Environmental product declaration of electricity from torness nuclear power station - a technical report [Internet]. Available from: [accessed 28.06.11]. http://www.british-energy.com/documents/EPD_Doc_-_Final.pdf.
48. Spath P.L., Mann M.K., Kerr D.R. Life cycle assessment of coal fired power production 1999 June, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden (CO).
49. Spath P.L., Mann M.K. Life cycle assessment of a natural gas combined-cycle power generation system 2000 September, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden (CO).
50. Kaewboonsong W., Kuprianov V.I., Chovichien N. Minimizing fuel and environmental costs for a variable-load power plant (co-)firing fuel oil and natural gas. Part 1. Modeling of gaseous emissions from boiler units. Fuel Processing Technology 2006, 87:1085-1094.
51. Boudghene Stambouli A., Traversa E. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs): a review of an environmentally clean and efficient source of energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2002, 6:433-455.
52. Greenhouse Gas Technology Center - Southern Research Institute. Environmental technology verification report. Combined heat and power at a commercial supermarket - Capstone 60 kW microturbine CHP system [Internet]. Available from: [accessed 27.06.11]. http://www.capstoneturbine.com/_docs/EPA-C60testreport.pdf.
53. Pipattanasomporn, M., Willingham, M. White paper on distributed generation [Internet]. Available from: [accessed 27.06.11]. http://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/electrical_engineeri ng/Distributed%2520generation.pdf.
54. EcoSenseWeb [Internet]. Available from: http://ecosenseweb.ier.uni-stuttgart.de/.
55. NEEDS - New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability 2008, [Internet]. Available from:, [accessed 24.06.11], Report on the procedure and data to generate averaged/aggregate data, RS3a-D1.1. http://www.needs-project.org/2009/.
56. Bejan A., Tsatsaronis G., Moran M. Thermal design and optimization 1996, John Wiley and Sons, New York.