Level of Consciousness in Dying Patients. The Role of Palliative Sedation: A Longitudinal Prospective Study

American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 195-200

  Claessens, Patricia ^a   Menten, Johan ^b   Schotsmans, Paul ^a   Broeckaert, Bert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

end of life care; level of consciousness; longitudinal; palliative sedation; slow euthanasia; terminal sedation

Indexed keywords

HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT;

AGED; ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; CONSCIOUSNESS; DRUG EFFECT; EUTHANASIA; FEMALE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMAN; INFORMED CONSENT; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; METHODOLOGY; NEOPLASM; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; STATISTICAL MODEL; TERMINALLY ILL PATIENT;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CONSCIOUSNESS; EUTHANASIA; FEMALE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; INFORMED CONSENT; LOGISTIC MODELS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; NEOPLASMS; PALLIATIVE CARE; TERMINALLY ILL;

EID: 84860140095     PISSN: 10499091     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1049909111413890     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Georges J,Onwuteaka BD,van der Heide A,van der Wal G,van der Mass P.Symptoms, treatment and 'dying peacefully' in terminally ill cancer patients: a prospective study.Support Care Cancer. 2005;13 (3): 160-168.
2. Hermann C,Looney S.The effectiveness of symptom management in hospice patients during the last seven days of life.J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2001;3 (7): 88-96.
3. Vainio A,Auvinen A.Prevalence of symptoms among patients with advanced cancer: an international collaborative study.J PainSymptom Manage. 1996;12 (1): 3-10.
4. Zech DFJ,Grond S,Lynch J,Hertel D,Lehman KA.Validation of World Health Organization Guidelines for cancer pain relief: a 10-year prospective study.Pain. 1995;63 (1): 65-76.
5. Ahmedzai S.New approaches to pain control in patients with cancer.Eur J Cancer. 1997;33 (suppl 6): S8-S14.
6. Lo B,Rubenfeld G.Palliative Sedation in Dying Patients.J Am Med Assoc. 2005;294 (14): 1810-1816.
7. The ethics of palliative sedation as a therapy of last resort.Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2006;23 (6): 483-491.
8. Menten JCancer Pain: Interdisciplinary and Comprehensive Management. Doctoral Dissertation, Catholic University of Leuven. Belgium: Leuven; 2003:.
9. Coyle N,Adelhardt J,Foley KM,Portenoy RK.Character of terminal illness in the advanced cancer patient: pain and other symptoms during the last four weeks of life.J Pain Symptom Manage. 1994;5 (2): 83-93.
10. Claessens P,Menten J,Schotsmans P,Broeckaert B.Palliative sedation: a review of the literature.J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008;36 (3): 310-333.
11. Quill TE,Lo B,Brock DW.Palliative options of last resort. A comparison of voluntary stopping eating and drinking, terminal sedation, physician-assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia.J Am Med Assoc. 1997;278 (23): 2099-2104.
12. Quill TE,Byock IR.Responding to intractable terminal suffering: the role of terminal sedation and voluntary refusal of food and fluids.Ann Internal Med. 2000;132 (5): 408-414.
13. Quill TE,Lo B,Brock DW,Meisel A.Last-resort options for palliative sedation.Ann Internal Med. 2009;151 (6): 421-424.
14. de Graeff A,Dean M.Palliative sedation therapy in the last weeks of life: a literature review and recommendations for standards.J Palliat Med. 2007;10 (1): 67-85.
15. Juth N,Lindblad A,Lynöe N,Sjöstrand M,Helgesson G.European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) framework for palliative sedation: an ethical discussion.BMC Palliat Care. 2010;9:20.
16. Boyle J.Medical ethics and double effect: the case of terminal sedation.Theor Med. 2004;25 (1): 51-60.
17. Howland J.Questions about palliative sedation.Ethics Medics. 2005;30 (8): 1-2.
18. Plonk WM,Arnold RM.Terminal care: the last weeks of life.J Palliat Med. 2005;8 (5): 1042-1054.
19. Jansen LA.Disambiguating clinical intention: the ethics of palliative sedation.J Med Phil. 2010;35 (1): 19-31.
20. Hasselaar J,Reuzel R,Verhagen S,de Graeff A,Vissers K,Crul B.Improving prescription in palliative sedation.Arch Int Med. 2007;167 (11): 1166-1171.
21. Vissers KC,Hasselaar J,Verhagen SA.Sedation in palliative care.Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007;20 (2): 137-142.
22. Billings JA,Block SD.Slow euthanasia.J Palliat Care. 1996;12 (4): 21-30.
23. CooneyGA. Palliative Sedation: The Ethical Controversy. 2005. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/499472. Accessed May, 2006.
24. Craig G.Terminal sedation.Cathol Med Q. 2002;52:14-17.
25. Taylor RM.Is terminal sedation really euthanasia?.Med Ethics. 2003;10 (1): 3-8.
26. Claessens P,Menten J,Schotsmans P,Broeckaert B.Palliative sedation, not slow euthanasia: a prospective, longitudinal study of sedation in flemish palliative care units.J Pain Symptom Manag. 2011;1 (1): 14-24.
27. Teasdale G,Jennett B.Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale.Lancet. 1974;13 (7872): 81-84.
28. Braakman R,Averaat CJ,Maas AI,Roel M,Schouten HJ.Inter observer agreement in the assessment of the motor response of the Glasgow Coma Scale.Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1977;80 (2): 100-106.
29. Fielding K,Rowley G.Reliability of assessments by skilled observers using the Glasgow Coma Scale.Aust J Adv Nurs. 1990;7 (4): 13-17.
30. Rowley G,Fielding K.Reliability and accuracy of the GCS with experienced and inexperienced users.Lancet. 1991;337 (8740): 535-538.
31. Broeckaert B.Palliative sedation defined or why and when terminal sedation is not euthanasia.J Pain Symptom Manage. 2000;20 (2): S58.
32. Broeckaert B,Nuñez-Olarte JMThe Ethics of Palliative Care. European Perspectives. Ten Have HClarke D, ed. Buckingham: Open University Press; 2002:166-180.
33. Broeckaert BPalliative Care Nursing: Principles and Evidence for Practice. 2nd ed. Birkshire: Open University Press; 2008:402-421.Payne SSeymour JIngleton C, ed. Birkshire: Open University Press; 2008:402-421.
34. Broeckaert BPalliative Medicine. Walsh D, ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2008:110-115.
35. Devlin TF,Weeks BJSpline Functions for Logistic Regression Modelling. Proc Eleventh Annual SAS Users Group International. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.; 1986:646-651.
36. Rietjens JAC,van Delden JM,van der Heide A, et al.Terminal sedation and euthanasia.A comparison of clinical practices. Arch Internal Med. 2006;166 (7): 749-753.
37. Tännsjö TTerminal Sedation: Euthanasia in Disguise?. The Netherlands: Kluwer; 2004:.
38. Fainsinger RL,de Moissac D,Mancini I,Oneschuk D.Sedation for delirium and other symptoms in terminally ill patients in Edmonton.J Palliat Care. 2000;16 (2): 5-10.
39. Fainsinger RL,Waller A,Bercovici M, et al.A multicentre study of sedation for uncontrolled symptoms in terminally ill patients.Palliat Med. 2000;14 (4): 257-265.
40. Chiu TY,Hu WY,Lue BH,Cheng SY,Chen CY.Sedation for refractory symptoms of terminal cancer patients in Taiwan.J Pain Symptom Manage. 2001;21 (6): 467-472.