The origin of tonsteins, an overview, and links with seatearths, fireclays and fragmental clay rocks

International Journal of Coal Geology

Volumn 94, Issue , 2012, Pages 22-31

  Spears, D A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Classification; Fireclays; Fragmental clay rocks; Immobile trace elements; Kaolinite; Seatearths; Tonsteins

Indexed keywords

BED FORMS; CLAYROCKS; COAL BASINS; COAL FIELDS; HIGH WATER TABLE; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; RARE METALS; REDUCING CONDITIONS; SEATEARTHS; SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY; TONSTEINS; VOLCANIC ASH; VOLCANIC ORIGIN;

ALUMINA; BENTONITE; CLASSIFICATION (OF INFORMATION); COAL DEPOSITS; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; GEOCHEMISTRY; KAOLINITE; MINERALOGY; MINERALS; NIOBIUM; ORE DEPOSITS; ROCKS; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SILICA; STRATIGRAPHY; VOLCANOES;

FIRECLAY;

COAL; GEOCHEMISTRY; KAOLINITE; MINERAL ALTERATION; TRACE ELEMENT; VOLCANIC ASH;

EID: 84859995137     PISSN: 01665162     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2011.09.008     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Admakin L.A. Accumulation and post-sedimentary diagenesis of tonsteins. Lithology and Mineral Resources 2002, 37:60-67.
2. Bachmann O., Bergantz G.W. On the origin of crystal-poor rhyolites: extracted from batholithic crystal mushes. Journal of Petrology 2004, 45:1565-1582.
3. Bischof G. Lehrbuch der Chemischen und Physikalischen Geologie, Bonn 1863-1866.
4. Bohor B.F., Triplehorn D.M. Tonstein: altered volcanic ash layers in coal-bearing sequences. Geological Society of America Special Paper 1993, 285:40.
5. Bouroz A. Correlations des tonsteins d'origine volcanique entre les basins houillers de Sarre-Lorraine et du Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Comptes Rendus Ser. D., Academie des Sciences, Paris 1967, 264:2729-2732.
6. Bouroz A., Spears D.A. Influence of water depth on the alteration processes of cinerites in the sedimentary basin-importance of pedogenesis. C. R. 10th International Carboniferous Congress, Madrid 1985, 4:172-176.
7. Bouroz A., Spears D.A., Arbey F. Essai de synthese des donnees acquises sur la genese et l'evolution des marqueurs petrographiques dans les bassins houillers. Memoire XVI, Societe Geologique du Nord 1983, 114pp.
8. Brindley G.W., Robinson K. The structure of kaolinite. Mineralogical Magazine 1946, 27:242-253.
9. Burger K., Damberger H.H. Tonsteins in the coalfields of Western Europe and North America. C.R. 9th International Carboniferous Congress, Illinois 1979, 4:443-448.
10. Burger K., Zhou Y., Tang D. Synsedimentary volcanic-ash-derived illite tonsteins in Late Permian coal-bearing formations of southwestern China. International Journal of Coal Geology 1990, 15:341-356.
11. Burger K., Zhou Y., Ren Y. Petrography and geochemistry of tonsteins from the 4th Member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in southern Sichuan Province, China. International Journal of Coal Geology 2002, 49:1-17.
12. Creech M. Tuffaceous deposition in the Newcastle Coal Measures: challenging existing concepts of peat formation in the Sydney Basin, New South Wales, Australia. International Journal of Coal Geology 2002, 51:185-214.
13. Dai S., Zhou Y., Zhang M., Wang X., Wang J., Song X., Jiang Y., Luo Y., Song Z., Yang Z., Ren D. A new type of Nb (Ta)-Zr(Hf)-REE-Ga polymetallic deposit in the late Permian coal-bearing strata, eastern Yunnan, southwestern China: possible economic significance and genetic implications. International Journal of Coal Geology 2010, 83:55-63.
14. Dai S., Wang X., Zhou Y., Hower J.C., Li D., Chen W., Zhu X. Chemical and mineralogical compositions of silicic, mafic, and alkali tonsteins in the late Permian coals from the Songzao Coalfield, Chongqing, Southwest China. Chemical Geology 2011, 282:29-44.
15. Diessel C.F.K. Tuffs and tonsteins in the Coal Measures of New South Wales, Australia. 10th Congres International de Stratigraphie et de Geologie du Carbonifere, Madrid 1985, 4:197-210.
16. Diessel C.F.K. Utility of coal petrology for sequence-stratigraphic analysis. International Journal of Coal Geology 2007, 70:3-34.
17. Fisher R.V., Schmincke H.U. Pyroclastic Rocks 1984, Springer Verlag, 472pp.
18. Flint S., Aitken J., Hampson G. Application of sequence stratigraphy to coal-bearing coastal plain successions: implications for the UK coal measures. Geological Society Special Publication, London 1995, vol. 82:1-16. M.K.G. Whately, D.A. Spears (Eds.).
19. Garrels R.M., Christ C.L. Solutions, Minerals and Equilibria 1965, Harper and Row, 450pp.
20. Guerra-Sommer M., Cazzulo-Klepzig M., Santos J.O.S., Hartmann L.A., Ketzer J.M., Formoso M.L.L. Radiometric age determination of tonsteins and stratigraphic constraints for the Lower Permian coal succession in southern Paraná Basin, Brazil. International Journal of Coal Geology 2008, 74:13-27.
21. Hampson G. Discrimination of regionally extensive coals in the Upper Carboniferous of the Pennine Basin, UK using high resolution sequence stratigraphic concepts. Geological Society Special Publication, London 1995, vol. 82:79-97. M.K.G. Whately, D.A. Spears (Eds.).
22. Highley D.E. Fireclay. Mineral Resources Consultative Committee, Mineral Dossier 1982, 24. HMSO, London, 71pp.
23. Huff W.D., Morgan D.J. Stratigraphy, mineralogy and tectonic setting of Silurian K-bentonites in Southern England and Wales. Sci. Geol. Mem. 1990, 88:33-42. V.C. Farmer, Y. Tardy (Eds.).
24. Huff W.D., Anderson T.B., Odin G.S., Rundle C.C. Chemostratigraphy, K-Ar ages and illitization of Silurian K-bentonites from the Central Belt of the Southern Uplands-Down-Longford Terrane, British Isles. Journal of the Geological Society of London 1991, 148:861-868.
25. Huff W.D., Bergstrom S.M., Kolata D.R., Sun H. The lower Silurian Osmundsberg K-bentonite. Part II: mineralogy, geochemistry, chemostratigraphy, and tectonomagmatic significance. Geological Magazine 1998, 135:15-26.
26. Inanli F.O., Huff W.D., Bergstrom S.M. The lower Silurian (Llandovery) Osmundsberg K-bentonite in Baltoscandia and the British Isles: chemical fingerprinting and regional correlation. GFF 2009, 131(3):1-11. Stockholm.
27. Kimpe W.F.M. Occurrence, development and distribution of Upper Carboniferous tonsteins in the paralic West German and Dutch coalfields, and their use as stratigraphical marker horizons. Mededelingen van de Geologische Stichting, Nieuwe Serie 1966, 18:3-10.
28. Leat P.T., Jackson S.E., Thorpe R.S., Stillman C.J. Geochemistry of bimodal basalt-sub-alkaline/peralkaline provinces within the Southern British Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1986, 141:259-273.
29. Loughnan F.C. Flint clays, tonsteins and the kaolinite clayrock facies. Clay Minerals 1978, 13:387-400.
30. Lyons P.C., Spears D.A., Outerbridge W.F., Congdon R.D., Evans H.T. Euramerican tonsteins: overview, magmatic origin and depositional-tectonic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1994, 106:113-134.
31. 39Ar sanidine single-crystal plateau ages. International Journal of Coal Geology 2006, 67:259-266.
32. Mackowsky M.T. Mineralogie und Petrographie als Hifsmittelfur die rohstoffliche Kohlenforschung. Bergbau-Arch 1947, 5-6:105-117.
33. Moore L.R. The microbiology, mineralogy and genesis of a tonstein. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 1964, 34:235-292.
34. O'Mara P.T., Turner B.R. Sequence stratigraphy of coastal alluvial plain Westphalian B Coal Measures in Northumberland and the southern North Sea. International Journal of Coal Geology 1999, 42:33-62.
35. Pearce J.A., Harris N.B.W., Tindle A.G. Trace-element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granites. Journal of Petrology 1984, 25:956-983.
36. Pettijohn F.J. Sedimentary Rocks 1975, Harper and Row, 628 pp. 3rd edition.
37. Pevear D.R. Illite and hydrocarbon exploration. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences 1999, 96:3440-3446.
38. Ramsbottom W.H.C. Major cycles of transgression and regression (mesothems) in the Namurian. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 1977, 41:261-291.
39. Retallack G.J. Weathering, soils and paleosols. Encylopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks 2003, 770-776. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. G.V. Middleton (Ed.).
40. Richardson G., Francis E.H. Fragmental clayrock (FCR) in coal-bearing sequences in Scotland and the North of England. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 1971, 38:229-259.
41. Rimmer S.M., Eberl D.D. Origin of an underclay as revealed by vertical variations in mineralogy and geochemistry. Clays and Clay Minerals 1982, 30:422-430.
42. Rippon J.H., Spears D.A. The sedimentology and geochemistry of the sub-Clowne cycle (Westphalian B) of northeast Derbyshire, U.K. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 1989, 47:181-198.
43. Ruffell A.H., Hesselbo S.P., Wach G.D., Simpson M.I., Wray D.S. Fuller's earth (bentonite) in the Lower Cretaceous (Upper Aptian) of Shanklin, Isle of Wight, southern England. Proceedings of the Geologists Association 2002, 113:281-290.
44. Schuller A. Zur Nomencklature und genese der Tonsteine. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatsheft 1951, 5:97-109.
45. Schuller A., Hoehne K. Petrographie, Chemisus und Facies der Tonsteine des Saargebietes. Geologie 1956, 5:695-755. Teil 1.
46. Schultz L.G. Non-montmorillonite composition of some bentonite beds. Clays and Clay Minerals, 11th Conference 1962, 169-177. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
47. Sezgin, H. I., 1982 The occurrence and formation of kaolinite and other minerals in Coal Measures rocks from the East Pennine Coalfield. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Sheffield.
48. Spears D.A. A Westphalian tonstein from South Staffordshire. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 1966, 35:523-548.
49. Spears D.A. A kaolinite mudstone (tonstein) in the British Coal Measures. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1970, 40:386-394.
50. Spears D.A. Clay mineralogy of onshore UK Carboniferous mudrocks. Clay Minerals 2006, 41:395-416.
51. Spears D.A., Duff P.McL.D. Report on cinerites and tonstein symposium. C.R. 10th International Carboniferous Congress, Madrid 1985, 4:171-173.
52. Spears D.A., Kanaris-Sotiriou R. Titanium in some Carboniferous sediments from Great Britain. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta 1975, 40:345-351.
53. Spears D.A., Kanaris-Sotiriou R. A geochemical and mineralogical investigation of some British and other European tonsteins. Sedimentology 1979, 26:407-425.
54. Spears D.A., Lyons P.C. An update on British tonsteins. Geological Society Special Publication, London 1995, vol. 82:137-146. M.K.G. Whately, D.A. Spears (Eds.).
55. Spears D.A., Rice C.M. An Upper Carboniferous tonstein of volcanic origin. Sedimentology 1973, 20:281-294.
56. Spears D.A., Sezgin H.I. Mineralogy and geochemistry of the G. subcrenatum Marine Band and associated sediments, Langsett, South Yorkshire. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1985, 55:570-578.
57. Spears D.A., Kanaris-Sotiriou R., Riley N., Krause P. Namurian bentonites in the Pennine Basin, U.K.-origin and magmatic affinities. Sedimentology 1999, 46:385-401.
58. Stach E. Vulkanische Aschenregen uber dem Steinkohlenmoor. Gluckauf 1950, 86:41-50.
59. Strauss P.G. Kaolin-rich rocks in the East Midlands Coalfields of England. Proceedings 6th International Congress on Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology 1971, 4:1519-1533.
60. Teichmuller M., Meyer R., Werner H. Der erste Tonsteinfund im Aachener-Revier und die Frage nach der Entseehung der graupen und Kristal-tonsteine. Geologisches Jahrbuch 1952, 66:723-736.
61. Termier P. Note sur trois roches eruptive interstratifies dans le terrain houiller du Gard. Bulletin Societe Geologique France 1888, 16:617. (3e ser.).
62. Termier P. Contributions a la connaissance des tonstein du houille de la Sarre. Bulletin Societe Geologique France 1923, 233:45-50. (4e ser.).
63. Timofeev P.P., Admakin L.A. Overview of studies and the modern knowledge of Tonsteins (on the occasion of the 150th anniversary since the beginning of their investigations). Lithology and Mineral Resources 2002, 37:228-238.
64. Weaver C.E. Interpretative value of heavy minerals from bentonites. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1963, 33:343-349.
65. Weaver C.E. Clays, muds and shales. Developments in Sedimentolgy 1989, 44. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 819pp.
66. Wilson M.J. The origin and geological significance of the South Wales underclays. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1965, 35:91-99.
67. Winchester J.A., Floyd P.A. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology 1977, 20:325-343.
68. Zhao L., Ward C.R., French D., Graham I.T. Mineralogy of the volcanic-influenced Great Northern coal seam in the Sydney Basin, Australia. International Journal of Coal Geology 2011, 10.1016/j.coal.2011.09.010.
69. Zhou Y., Ren Y., Bohor B.F. Origin and distribution of tonsteins in late Permian coal seams of southwestern China. International Journal of Coal Geology 1982, 2:49-77.
70. Zhou Y., Ren Y., Tang D., Bohor B. Characteristics of zircons from volcanic ash derived tonsteins in Late Permian coal fields of eastern Yunnan, China. International Journal of Coal Geology 1994, 25:243-264.
71. Zhou Y., Bohor B.F., Ren Y. Trace element geochemistry of altered volcanic ash layers (tonsteins) in Late Permian coal-bearing formations of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Province, China. International Journal of Coal Geology 2000, 44:305-324.