Web tools for molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 767-781

  Shabbeer, Amina ^a   Ozcaglar, Cagri ^a   Yener, Bülent ^a   Bennett, Kristin P ^a  

^a RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Genomic databases; MIRU VNTR; Molecular epidemiology; MTBC classification; Spoligotype; Tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENOME; BACTERIAL MUTATION; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM EXAMINATION; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; DNA FINGERPRINTING; GENETIC DATABASE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; IMMUNOGENICITY; INFECTION CONTROL; INTERNET; INTERSPERSED REPEAT; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NONHUMAN; ONLINE ANALYSIS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SPOLIGOTYPING; TUBERCULOSIS;

DATABASES, NUCLEIC ACID; DNA FINGERPRINTING; DNA, BACTERIAL; GENOTYPE; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; INTERNET; MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS; MINISATELLITE REPEATS; MUTATION; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; PHYLOGENY; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; SOFTWARE; TUBERCULOSIS;

MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS COMPLEX;

EID: 84859917674     PISSN: 15671348     EISSN: 15677257     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.08.019     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Allix-Beguec C., Harmsen D., Weniger T., Supply P., Niemann S. Evaluation and strategy for use of miru-vntrplus, a multifunctional database for online analysis of genotyping data and phylogenetic identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2008, 46(8):2692-2699.
2. Aminian, M., Shabbeer, A., Bennett., K., 2009. Determination of major lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units. In: Proceedings IEEE Int Conf Bioinformatics Biomed, pp. 338-343.
3. Aminian M., Shabbeer A., Bennett K. A conformal bayesian network for identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lineages. BMC Bioinformatics 2010, 11(Suppl 3):S4.
4. Aminian, M., Shabbeer, A., Hadley, K., Ozcaglar, C., Vandenberg, S., Bennett, K., 2011. Knowledge-based bayesian network for the classification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex sublineages. In: Proceedings ACM Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Biomedicine.
5. Baker L., Brown T., Maiden M.C., Drobniewski F. Silent nucleotide polymorphisms and a phylogeny for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2004, 10(9):1568-1577.
6. Barnes P., Cave M. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis. New England Journal of Medicine 2003, 349(12):1149-1156.
7. Bhardwaj A., Bhartiya D., Kumar N., Scaria V. Tbrowse: an integrative genomics map of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009, 89(5):386-387.
8. Bifani P.J., Mathema B., Kurepina N.E., Kreiswirth B.N. Global dissemination of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis w-beijing family strains. Trends in Microbiology 2002, 10(1):45-52.
9. Borile C., Labarre M., Franz S., Sola C., Refrégier G. Using affinity propagation for identifying subspecies among clonal organisms: lessons from M. tuberculosis. BMC Bioinformatics 2011, 12(1):224.
10. Brosch R., Gordon S.V., Marmiesse M., Brodin P., Buchrieser C., Eiglmeier K., Garnier T., Gutierrez C., Hewinson G., Kremer K., Parsons L.M., Pym A.S., Samper S., van Soolingen D., Cole S.T. A new evolutionary scenario for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002, 99(6):3684-3689.
11. Brudey, K., Driscoll, J.R., Rigouts, L., Prodinger,W.M.,Gori, A., Al-Hajoj, S.A., Allix, C., Aristimuno, L., Arora, J., Baumanis, V., Binder, L., Cafrune, P., Cataldi, A., Cheong, S., Diel, R., Ellermeier, C., Evans, J.T., Fauville-Dufaux, M., Ferdinand, S., Garcia de Viedma, D., Garzelli, C., Gazzola, L., Gomes, H.M., Guttierez, M.C., Hawkey, P.M., van Helden, P.D., Kadival, G.V., Kreiswirth, B.N., Kremer, K., Kubin, M., Kulkarni, S.P., Liens, B., Lillebaek, T., Ly, H.M., Martin, C., Martin, C., Mokrousov, I., Narvskaia, O., Ngeow, Y.F., Naumann, L., Niemann, S., Parwati, I., Rahim, Z., Rasolofo-Razanamparany, V., Rasolonavalona, T., Rossetti, M.L., Rusch-Gerdes, S., Sajduda, A., Samper, S., Shemyakin, I.G., Singh, U.B., Somoskovi, A., Skuce, R. A., van Soolingen, D., Streicher, E.M., Suffys, P.N., Tortoli, E., Tracevska, T., Vincent, V., Victor, T.C., Warren, R.M., Yap, S.F., Zaman, K., Portaels, F., Rastogi, N., Sola, C., 2006. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genetic diversity: mining the fourth international spoligotyping database (spoldb4) for classification, population genetics and epidemiology. BMC Microbiology.
12. Catanho M., Mascarenhas D., Degrave W., Miranda A.B. Genomycdb: a database for comparative analysis of mycobacterial genes and genomes. Genetics and Molecular Research 2006, 5(1):115-126.
13. Cavalli-Sforza L., Edwards A. Phylogenetic analysis. Models and estimation procedures. American Journal of Human Genetics 1967, 19(3 Pt 1):233.
14. CDC, 2011. Guide to the Application of Genotyping to Tuberculosis Prevention and Control. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/programs/genotyping/manual.htm.
15. Cole S. Learning from the genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. FEBS letters 1999, 452(7):1-2.
16. Constant P., Perez E., Malaga W., Laneelle M.A., Saurel O., Daffe M., Guilhot C. Role of the pks15/1 gene in the biosynthesis of phenolglycolipids in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. evidence that all strains synthesize glycosylated p-hydroxybenzoic methyl esters and that strains devoid of phenolglycolipids harbor a frameshift mutation in the pks15/1 gene. Journal of Bioliogical Chemistry 2002, 277(41):38148-38158.
17. Cowan L.S., Mosher L., Diem L., Massey J.P., Crawford J.T. Variable-number-tandem repeat typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with low copy numbers of Is6110 by using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2002, 40(5):1592-1602.
18. de Jong B.C., Hill P.C., Aiken A., Awine T., Antonio M., Adetifa I.M., Jackson-Sillah D.J., Fox A., Deriemer K., Gagneux S., Borgdorff M.W., McAdam K.P., Corrah T., Small P.M., Adegbola R.A. Progression to active tuberculosis, but not transmission, varies by Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage in the gambia. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008, 198(7):1037-1043.
19. Ernst J.D., Trevejo-Nunez G., Banaiee N. Genomics and the evolution, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of tuberculosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2007, 117(7):1738-1745.
20. Fang Z., Morrison N., Watt B., Doig C., Forbes K.J. Is6110 transposition and evolutionary scenario of the direct repeat locus in a group of closely related Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Journal of Bacteriology 1998, 180(8):2102-2109.
21. Ferdinand S., Valetudie G., Sola C., Rastogi N. Data mining of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genotyping results using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units validates the clonal structure of spoligotyping-defined families. Research in Microbiology 2004, 155(8):647-654.
22. Filliol I., Driscoll J.R., van Soolingen D., Kreiswirth B.N., Kremer K., Valetudie G., Anh D.D., Barlow R., Banerjee D., Bifani P.J., Brudey K., Cataldi A., Cooksey R.C., Cousins D.V., Dale J.W., Dellagostin O.A., Drobniewski F., Engelmann G., Ferdinand S., Binzi D.G., Gordon M., Gutierrez M.C., Haas W.H., Heersma H., Kallenius G., Kassa-Kelembho E., Koivula T., Ly H.M., Makristathis A., Mammina C., Martin G., Mostrom P., Mokrousov I., Narbonne V., Narvskaya O., Nastasi A., Niobe-Eyangoh S.N., Pape J.W., Rasolofo-Razanamparany V., Ridell M., Rossetti M.L., Stauffer F., Suffys P.N., Takiff H., Texier-Maugein J., Vincent V., de Waard J.H., Sola C., Rastogi N. Global distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis spoligotypes. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2002, 8(11):1347-1349.
23. Filliol I., Driscoll J.R., van Soolingen D., Kreiswirth B.N., Kremer K., Valetudie G., Dang D.A., Barlow R., Banerjee D., Bifani P.J., Brudey K., Cataldi A., Cooksey R.C., Cousins D.V., Dale J.W., Dellagostin O.A., Drobniewski F., Engelmann G., Ferdinand S., Gascoyne-Binzi D., Gordon M., Gutierrez M.C., Haas W.H., Heersma H., Kassa-Kelembho E., Ho M.L., Makristathis A., Mammina C., Martin G., Mostrom P., Mokrousov I., Narbonne V., Narvskaya O., Nastasi A., Niobe-Eyangoh S.N., Pape J.W., Rasolofo-Razanamparany V., Ridell M., Rossetti M.L., Stauffer F., Suffys P.N., Takiff H., Texier-Maugein J., Vincent V., de Waard J.H., Sola C., Rastogi N. Snapshot of moving and expanding clones of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their global distribution assessed by spoligotyping in an international study. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2003, 41(5):1963-1970.
24. Filliol I., Motiwala A.S., Cavatore M., Qi W., Hazbon M.H., Bobadilla del Valle M., Fyfe J., Garcia-Garcia L., Rastogi N., Sola C., Zozio T., Guerrero M.I., Leon C.I., Crabtree J., Angiuoli S., Eisenach K.D., Durmaz R., Joloba M.L., Rendon A., Sifuentes-Osornio J., Ponce de Leon A., Cave M.D., Fleischmann R., Whittam T.S., Alland D. Global phylogeny of Mycobacterium tuberculosis based on single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) analysis: insights into tuberculosis evolution, phylogenetic accuracy of other dna fingerprinting systems, and recommendations for a minimal standard snp set. Journal of Bacteriology 2006, 188(2):759-772.
25. Flores L., Van T., Narayanan S., DeRiemer K., Kato-Maeda M., Gagneux S. Large sequence polymorphisms classify Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with ancestral spoligotyping patterns. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2007, 45(10):3393-3395.
26. Frothingham R., Hills H.G., Wilson K.H. Extensive DNA-sequence conservation throughout the Mycobacterium-tuberculosis complex. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1994, 32(7):1639-1643.
27. Gagneux S., DeRiemer K., Van T., Kato-Maeda M., de Jong B.C., Narayanan S., Nicol M., Niemann S., Kremer K., Gutierrez M.C., Hilty M., Hopewell P.C., Small P.M. Variable host-pathogen compatibility in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States America 2006, 103(8):2869-2873.
28. Gagneux S., Small P.M. Global phylogeography of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and implications for tuberculosis product development. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2007, 7(5):328-337.
29. Getoor L., Rhee J.T., Koller D., Small P. Understanding tuberculosis epidemiology using structured statistical models. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 2004, 30(3):233-256.
30. Goldstein D., Ruiz Linares A., Cavalli-Sforza L., Feldman M. Genetic absolute dating based on microsatellites and the origin of modern humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1995, 92(15):6723.
31. Gutacker M.M., Mathema B., Soini H., Shashkina E., Kreiswirth B.N., Graviss E.A., Musser J.M. Single-nucleotide polymorphism-based population genetic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from 4 geographic sites. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2006, 193(1):121-128.
32. Gutacker M.M., Smoot J.C., Migliaccio C.A., Ricklefs S.M., Hua S., Cousins D.V., Graviss E.A., Shashkina E., Kreiswirth B.N., Musser J.M. Genome-wide analysis of synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms: resolution of genetic relationships among closely related microbial strains. Genetics 2002, 162(4):1533-1543.
33. Hershberg R., Lipatov M., Small P.M., Sheffer H., Niemann S., Homolka S., Roach J.C., Kremer K., Petrov D.A., Feldman M.W., Gagneux S. High functional diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis driven by genetic drift and human demography. PLoS Biology 2008, 6(12):e311.
34. Hirsh A.E., Tsolaki A.G., DeRiemer K., Feldman M.W., Small P.M. Stable association between strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their human host populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101(14):4871-4876.
35. Jacques P., Gervais A., Cantin M., Lucier J., et al. Mtbreglist, a database dedicated to the analysis of transcriptional regulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioinformatics 2005, 21(10):2563.
36. Johnson, B., Shneiderman, B., 1991. Tree-maps: a space-filling approach to the visualization of hierarchical information structures. In: Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Visualization'91, IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 284-291.
37. Kamerbeek J., Schouls L., Kolk A., vanAgterveld M., vanSoolingen D., Kuijper S., Bunschoten A., Molhuizen H., Shaw R., Goyal M., vanEmbden J. Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1997, 35(4):907-914.
38. Kremer K., Arnold C., Cataldi A., Gutierrez M.C., Haas W.H., Panaiotov S., Skuce R.A., Supply P., van der Zanden A.G.M., van Soolingen D. Discriminatory power and reproducibility of novel dna typing methods for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2005, 43(11):5628-5638.
39. Kremer K., van Soolingen D., Frothingham R., Haas W.H., Hermans P.W.M., Martin C., Palittapongarnpim P., Plikaytis B.B., Riley L.W., Yakrus M.A., Musser J.M., van Embden J.D.A. Comparison of methods based on different molecular epidemiological markers for typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains: interlaboratory study of discriminatory power and reproducibility. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1999, 37(8):2607-2618.
40. Legrand, E., Filliol, I., Sola, C., Rastogi, N., 2001. Use of spoligotyping to study the evolution of the direct repeat locus by IS6110 Transposition in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39 (4), 1595-1599. http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/4/1595.
41. Luciani F., Francis A.R., Tanaka M.M. Interpreting genotype cluster sizes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates typed with is6110 and spoligotyping. Infection Genetics and Evolution 2008, 8(2):182-190.
42. Mathema B., Kurepina N.E., Bifani P.J., Kreiswirth B.N. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis: current insights. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2006, 19(4):658-685.
43. Murray M. Determinants of cluster distribution in the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002, 99(3):1538-1543.
44. Murray M., Nardell E. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis: achievements and challenges to current knowledge. Bulletin World Health Organization 2002, 80(6):477-482.
45. Musser J.M., Amin A., Ramaswamy S. Negligible genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis host immune system protein targets: evidence of limited selective pressure. Genetics 2000, 155(1):7-16.
46. Nardell E., McInnis B., Thomas B., Weidhaas S. Exogenous reinfection with tuberculosis in a shelter for the homeless. New England Journal of Medicine 1986, 315(25):1570-1575.
47. Niemann S., Koser C.U., Gagneux S., Plinke C., Homolka S., Bignell H., Carter R.J., Cheetham R.K., Cox A., Gormley N.A., Kokko-Gonzales P., Murray L.J., Rigatti R., Smith V.P., Arends F.P., Cox H.S., Smith G., Archer J.A. Genomic diversity among drug sensitive and multidrug resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with identical dna fingerprints. PLoS One 2009, 4(10):e7407.
48. Ozcaglar, C., Shabbeer, A., Vandenberg, S., Yener, B., Bennett, K., 2011. Sublineage structure analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains with multiple-biomarker tensors. BMC Genomics 12 (Suppl 2).
49. Reddy T., Riley R., Wymore F., Montgomery P., DeCaprio D., Engels R., Gellesch M., Hubble J., Jen D., Jin H., et al. Tb database: an integrated platform for tuberculosis research. Nucleic Acids Research 2009, 37(suppl 1):D499.
50. Reed M.B., Domenech P., Manca C., Su H., Barczak A.K., Kreiswirth B.N., Kaplan G., Barry C.E.r. A glycolipid of hypervirulent tuberculosis strains that inhibits the innate immune response. Nature 2004, 431(7004):84-87.
51. Reed M.B., Pichler V.K., McIntosh F., Mattia A., Fallow A., Masala S., Domenech P., Zwerling A., Thibert L., Menzies D., Schwartzman K., Behr M.A. Major Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages associate with patient country of origin. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2009, 47(4):1119-1128.
52. Reyes J.F., Francis A.R., Tanaka M.M. Models of deletion for visualizing bacterial variation: an application to tuberculosis spoligotypes. BMC Bioinformatics 2008, 9:496.
53. Sebban M., Mokrousov I., Rastogi N., Sola C. A data-mining approach to spacer oligonucleotide typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioinformatics 2002, 18(2):235-243.
54. Shabbeer, A., Cowan, L., Driscoll, J., Ozcaglar, C., Rastogi, N., Vandenberg, S., Yener, B., Bennett, K.P., 2011. TB-Lineage: an online tool for classification and analysis of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Unpublished Manuscript.
55. Shriver M.D., Jin L., Boerwinkle E., Deka R., Ferrell R.E., Chakraborty R. A novel measure of genetic-distance for highly polymorphic tandem repeat loci. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1995, 12(5):914-920.
56. Sola C., Filliol I., Gutierrez M.C., Mokrousov I., Vincent V., Rastogi N. Spoligotype database of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: biogeographic distribution of shared types and epidemiologic and phylogenetic perspectives. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2001, 7(3):390-396.
57. Sreevatsan S., Pan X., Stockbauer K.E., Connell N.D., Kreiswirth B.N., Whittam T.S., Musser J.M. Restricted structural gene polymorphism in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex indicates evolutionarily recent global dissemination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1997, 94(18):9869-9874.
58. Streicher E.M., Victor T.C., van der Spuy G.D., Sola C., Rastogi N., van Helden P.D., Warren R.M. Spoligotype signatures in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2007, 45(1):237-240.
59. Sun Y.J., Bellamy R., Lee A.S., Ng S.T., Ravindran S., Wong S.Y., Locht C., Supply P., Paton N.I. Use of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeat typing to examine genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in singapore. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2004, 42(5):1986-1993.
60. Supply P., Allix C., Lesjean S., Cardoso-Oelemann M., Rusch-Gerdes S., Willery E., Savine E., de Haas P., van Deutekom H., Roring S., Bifani P., Kurepina N., Kreiswirth B., Sola C., Rastogi N., Vatin V., Gutierrez M.C., Fauville M., Niemann S., Skuce R., Kremer K., Locht C., van Soolingen D. Proposal for standardization of optimized mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeat typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2006, 44(12):4498-4510.
61. Supply P., Lesjean S., Savine E., Kremer K., van Soolingen D., Locht C. Automated high-throughput genotyping for study of global epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis based on mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2001, 39(10):3563-3571.
62. Tanaka M.M., Francis A.R. Methods of quantifying and visualising outbreaks of tuberculosis using genotypic information. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2005, 5(1):35-43.
63. Tanaka M.M., Francis A.R. Detecting emerging strains of tuberculosis by using spoligotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006, 103(41):15266-15271.
64. Terwilliger T.C., Park M.S., Waldo G.S., Berendzen J., Hung L., Kim C., Smith C., Sacchettini J., Bellinzoni M., Bossi R., et al. The tb structural genomics consortium: a resource for Mycobacterium tuberculosis biology. Tuberculosis 2003, 83(4):223-249.
65. van der Spuy G.D., Kremer K., Ndabambi S.L., Beyers N., Dunbar R., Marais B.J., van Helden P.D., Warren R.M. Changing Mycobacterium tuberculosis population highlights clade-specific pathogenic characteristics. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009, 89(2):120-125.
66. van Embden J.D., Cave M.D., Crawford J.T., Dale J.W., Eisenach K.D., Gicquel B., Hermans P., Martin C., McAdam R., Shinnick T.M., et al. Strain identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by dna fingerprinting: recommendations for a standardized methodology. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1993, 31(2):406-409.
67. Van Soolingen D. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections: main methodologies and achievements. Journal of internal medicine 2001, 249(1):1-26.
68. Vishnoi A., Srivastava A., Roy R., Bhattacharya A. Mgdd: Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome divergence database. BMC Genomics 2008, 9:373.
69. Vitol I., Driscoll J., Kreiswirth B., Kurepina N., Bennett K.P. Identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strain families using spoligotypes. Infection Genetics and Evolution 2006, 6(6):491-504.
70. Warren R.M., Streicher E.M., Sampson S.L., van der Spuy G.D., Richardson M., Nguyen D., Behr A.A., Victor T.C., van Helden P.D. Microevolution of the direct repeat region of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Implications for interpretation of spoligotyping data. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2002, 40(12):4457-4465.
71. Zhu X., Chang S., Fang K., Cui S., Liu J., Wu Z., Yu X., Gao G.F., Yang H., Zhu B., Wang J. Mybase: a database for genome polymorphism and gene function studies of mycobacterium. BMC Microbiology 2009, 9:40.