The insubstantial pageant: Producing an untoward land

Cultural Geographies

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 141-168

  Thrift, Nigel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Affect; Capitalist economy; Commodities; Expressive infrastructure; Innovation; Land; Natural economy; Second industrial revolution; Spontaneous synthesis

Indexed keywords

CAPITALISM; COMMODITY MARKET; INFRASTRUCTURE; INNOVATION;

EID: 84859877850     PISSN: 14744740     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1474474011427268     Document Type: Article

References (200)

1. (Within article title), William Shakespeare, The Tempest. Act 4, Scene 1.
2. Michael Taussig, What Color is the Sacred? (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009), p. 16.
3. Michel Serres, Malfeasance. Appropriation Through Pollution? (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), p. 20.
4. Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms. A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 16.
5. Andy Warhol The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (London: Penguin, 1975), p. 144.
6. Shaun French, Andrew Leyshon and Nigel Thrift, 'A Very Geographical Crisis: The Making and Breaking of the 2007-2008 Financial Crisis', Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 2(2), 2009, pp. 287-302;
7. Nigel J. Thrift, 'Halos: Finding Space in the World for New Political Forms', in Brian Braun and Sarah J. Whatmore (eds) Political Matter. Technoscience, Democracy and Public Life (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2010), pp. 139-174; Martin Wolf, Financial Times, 2010.
8. Beth Hinderliter, William Kaizen, Vered Maimon, Jaleh Mansoor and Seth McCormick (eds) Communities of Sense. Rethinking Aesthetics and Politics (Durham, MD: Duke University Press, 2009).
9. It is about the noun and verb - 'the will' and 'to will' - in several senses, as we shall see. I understand the will as the bridge between mental activity and outward conduct. Unlike James, I take the will to constitute both the power of reflex action or habit and acts that can only be attentively performed - James concentrated only on the latter category.
10. William James, 'The Will', in Robert Richardson (ed.) The Heart of William James (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 116-129.
11. Peter Sloterdijk, Neither Sun nor Death (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011).
12. The evidence for this paper comes from three main sources. First, extensive reading of academic books and papers. Second, and as importantly, reading of all manner of press articles, websites, and general business magazines. Third, discussion with numerous leaders across industry.
13. Serres, Malfeasance.
14. Ian F. McNeely and Lisa Wolverton, Reinventing Knowledge. From Alexandria to the Internet (New York: Norton, 2008).
15. For a long period of time, it was assumed that economies have to have goals. But this is only one model of how an economy has to function and, increasingly, it is being challenged.
16. Economies are starting to be seen as much looser aggregates, which only periodically act in concert, as in the case of the industrial revolution. Economies are no longer seen as necessarily going towards a state that is somehow fuller or more finished. Rather, they are seen as patchworks in both space and time, which never click entirely into place. See Clark, A Farewell to Alms.
17. Tyler Cowen, The Great Stagnation. How America Ate All the Low-Hanging Fruit of Modern History, Got Sick, and Will (Eventually) Feel Better (Boston: Dutton, 2011);
18. Philip Mirowski, Science-Mart. Privatizing American Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).
19. Emanuela Scarpellini, Material Nation. A Consumer's History of Modern Italy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
20. Serres, Malfeasance, p. 22.
21. The growing cluster of work in geography, anthropology and history that documents the afterlife of commodities is symptomatic of this tendency.
22. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. and foreword by B. Massumi (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), p. 177.
23. John Mullarkey, Post-Continental Philosophy. An Outline (London: Continuum, 2006).
24. The two practices of bookkeeping and the novel have been brought together by Elif Batuman in a recent talk suggesting that technical and affective practices have always been a feature of capitalism.
25. Sherry Turkle, Alone Together. Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other (New York: Basic Books, 2011).
26. Nigel Thrift, 'Different Atmospheres: Of Sloterdijk, China and Site', Environment and Planning D. Society and Space, 27(1), 2009, pp. 119-138;
27. Thrift, Halos; Nigel Thrift, 'Lifeworld Inc. and What to Do About It', Environment and Planning D. Society and Space, 29(1), 2011, pp. 5-26.
28. Michel Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics. Lectures at the Collège de France 1978-1970 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
29. J.K. Gibson-Graham, A Postcapitalist Politics (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2006).
30. But equally, that same region is one of the key nodes for the global computer-games industry and the global automotive industry (which is intent on engineering ambience through a profusion of electronics and software).
31. Robert C. Allen, The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010);
32. Joel Mokyr The Enlightened Economy. An Economic History of Britain 1700-1850 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010).
33. Mokyr, Enlightened Economy, p. 94.
34. Annemarie Mol, Ingunn Moser and Jeanette Pols (eds), Care in Practice. On Tinkering in Clinics, Homes and Farms (Bielefeld: Transcript, 2010).
35. Jan De Vries, The Industrious Revolution. Consumer Behavior and the Household Economy, 1650 to the Present (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2008), p. 23.
36. Avner Offer, The Challenge of Affluence. Self-Control and Well-Being in the United States and Britain since 1980 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
37. This interest in enhanced innovation often coincided with a move to export large manufacturing facilities to low wage locations in the now classic burn and move. What we see is an attempt to produce labour forces that are able to add value in the core (which was, of course, being busily redefined) while outsourcing all routine tasks to the periphery, howsoever defined.
38. Nigel Thrift, Knowing Capitalism (London: SAGE, 2005).
39. More recently, more and more attention has been paid to what Govindajaran and Trimble call the 'performance engine', the ongoing operations of the firm that have to implement innovation. Much neglected in the literature in the decades of innovation, the 1990s and 2000s, it has now become clear that firms that cannot marry innovation with their performance engines, cannot innovate, or can only innovate imperfectly.
40. Vijay Govindajaran and Chris Trimble, The Other Side of Innovation. Solving the Execution Challenge (Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2010).
41. Victor Fung, Competing in a Flat World. Building Enterprises in a Borderlerss World (New York: Prentice Hall, 2007).
42. For example, on this basis, it would be possible to argue that many large retailers are actually producers in all but name.
43. Thus, it often now seems as though the whole world has become subject to the rule of innovation. To not be innovative rapidly becomes unthinkable. It can even be counted as a kind of crime against the economy at large.
44. Turkle, Alone Together.
45. As Prahalad and Krishnan would have it, value is based on the unique, personalized experiences of consumers coupled with the fact that no firm is big enough in scope and size to satisfy the experiences of one consumer at a time. The focus is therefore as much on access to resources as on ownership of resources.
46. C.K. Prahalad and M.C. Krishnan, The New Age of Innovation. Driving Co-Created Value through Global Networks (New York: McGraw Hill, 2008).
47. Maurizio Lazzarato, Les Révolutions du Capitalisme (Paris: Empêcheurs du Penser du Rond, 2004).
48. Yann Moulier-Boutang, Cognitive Capitalism (Cambridge: Polity Press, forthcoming 2012).
49. Nigel Thrift, Non-Representational Theory. Space, Politics, Affect (London: Routledge, 2007).
50. William James, 'The Gospel of Relaxation', in Robert Richardson (ed.) The Heart of William James (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 130-144.
51. Lawrence R. Samuel, Freud on Madison Avenue. Motivation Research and Subliminal Advertising in America (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010).
52. A defence company like Qinetiq, for example, can suddenly redescribe itself as a consultancy.
53. Francois Dosse, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. Intersecting Lives, trans. by Deborah Glass-man (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).
54. Francois Jullien, The Great Image Has No Form or On the Nonobject Through Painting (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009).
55. Francis Ysidro Edgworth, Mathematical Psychics. An Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences (Charleston, SC: Bibliolife, 2010 [1881]).
56. The importance in this earlier literature of metering is made clear in the work of both Edgworth and Tarde. For example, Edgworth wanted to construct a hedonometer, 'a psychophysical machine, continually registering the height of pleasure experienced by an individual'. It has been renovated by modern happiness studies.
57. Peter S. Dodds and Christopher M. Danforth, 'Measuring the Happiness of Large-Scale Written Expression: Songs, Blogs, and Presidents', Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(4), 2009, pp. 441-456.
58. Edgworth, Mathematical Physics, p. 15.
59. Dodds and Danforth, 'Measuring the Happiness', p. 442.
60. Ian Ayres, Super Crunchers. How Anything Can Be Predicted (London: John Murray, 2007);
61. Thomas H. Davenport and Jeanne G. Harris, Competing on Analytics. The New Science of Winning (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2007);
62. David Easley and Jon Kleinberg, Networks, Crowds and Markets. Reasoning About a Highly Connected World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
63. Steve Garner (ed.),Writing on Drawing. Essays on Drawing Practice and Research (Bristol: Intellect, 2008).
64. Deanna Petherbridge, 'Nailing the Liminal: The Difficulties of Defining Drawing', in Steve Garner (ed.), Writing on Drawing, (Bristol: Intellect, 2008), pp. 27-42.
65. Anne Harrington, Re-enchanted Science. Holism in German Culture from Wilhelm II to Hitler (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).
66. Stephen Daniels, Mike Pearson and Heike Roms (eds), 'Fieldworks' Special Issue of Performance Research, 15(4), 2010.
67. Gerald Myers, William James: His Life and Thought (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001);
68. Robert D. Richardson, William James: In the Maelstrom of American Modernism (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2006).
69. Myers, William James, p. 381.
70. Bliss Cua Lim, Translating Time. Cinema, the Fantastic, and Temporal Critique (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009).
71. Note the heavily gendered nature of much of this expressive infrastructure, which depends on grounding what were traditionally regarded as 'feminine' skills and enthusiasms and making them general.
72. Re Caves, Creative Industries. Contracts Between Art and Commerce (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), pp. 180-181.
73. Richard Harper, Texture. Human Expression in the Age of Communications Overload (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011) p. 146.
74. Stefano Harney, 'The Real Knowledge Transfer', Social Text, 2010 http://www.socialtextjournal.org/periscope/2010/08/the-real-knowledge-transfer.php (2 August 2011).
75. The links to Whitehead's and Deleuze's transcendental empiricism are clear.
76. Kennan Ferguson, William James. Politics in the Pluriverse (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007), p. 2.
77. Isabelle Stengers, Cosmopolitics (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2010), p. 26.
78. Scott E. Page, The Difference. How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007);
79. Scott E. Page, Diversity and Complexity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011);
80. David Stark, The Sense of Dissonance. Accounts of Worth in Economic Life (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009).
81. Jacques Bughin, Michael Chui and Brad Johnson, The Next Step in Open Innovation (London: McKinsey, 2008).
82. Govindajaran and Trimble, The Other Side of Innovation.
83. John Hagel III, John Seely Brown and Lang Davison, The Power of Pull. How Small Moves, Smartly Made, Can Set Big Things in Motion (New York: Basic Books, 2010).
84. Joshua Ober, Democracy and Knowledge. Innovation and Learning in Classical Athens (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).
85. David Runciman, 'Bouncebackability', London Review of Books, 31(2), 29 January 2009, pp. 7-10.
86. The nature of the corporate shift has perhaps been best put by Hagel et al. Though their book is clearly prospective, and ideological, it seems to me to be the best account of how corporations are beginning to think about the world on the ground, so to speak. In particular the book focuses on three elements. One is the necessity of gaining leverage by mobilizing the passions and interests of other people, many of whom will be without the organization. The goal is to support and amplify the efforts of talented individuals: 'Rather than individuals serving the needs of institutions, our institutions will be recrafted to serve the needs of individuals.' So far, so predictable.
87. Hagel et al., The Power of Pull, p. 8.
88. This is the standard rhetoric of Fast Company capitalism, based on an amalgam of open innovation and actualizing American individualism, which has been in circulation since the 1990s (see Thrift, Knowing Capitalism), and before in earlier variants. Then, and less predictably, the use of edge practices at the core. And bringing up the rear, the need to think of the world not as stock but as flow.
89. Again, not perhaps too surprising in that, stimulated by the examples of service delivery found in domains like logistics, and the attempts to reengineer manufacturing processes and the like, corporations might be thought to be thinking along these lines. What is novel, however, is the synthesis of these elements into a hymn to prospecting: the idea is to act out in order to act upon. Yet, at the same time, there are still problems with such an account. It is not clear that shortage of ideas is always the problem. Many corporations have too many ideas and can stagger about in a morass of conflicting claims as to which might be the best to go with.
90. Andrew J. Mitchell, Heidegger among the Sculptors. Body, Space, and the Art of Dwelling (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010), p. 27.
91. Mitchell, Heidegger, p. 27.
92. Nigel Thrift, 'Fings Aint Wot They Used t'Be: Thinking through Material Thinking as Placing and Arrangement', in Dan Hicks and M.C. Beaudry (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Material Culture Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 634-645.
93. An average CEO is not a Nietzschean visionary!
94. Prahalad and Krishnan, The New Age of Innovation.
95. Brian Massumi, 'National Enterprise Emergency: Steps toward an Ecology of Powers', Theory Culture & Society, 26(6), 2009, pp. 153-185.
96. Massumi, 'National Enterprise Emergency', p. 170.
97. Erin Manning, Relationscapes. Movement, Art, Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009).
98. Massumi, 'National Enterprise Emergency', p. 162.
99. See Stenger, Cosmopolitics. As I have pointed out previously, this medium could not have existed without the centuries in which the world's coordinates were transcribed such that a grid now encompasses the earth.
100. But, as I have also made clear, this grid is the precondition for what is now taking place, which is the thickening of space. See Thrift, Knowing Capitalism; and Thrift, 'Halos'.
101. Alan Read, Theatre, Intimacy and Engagement. The Last Human Venue (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)
102. Thrift, 'Halos'.
103. It is important to note this understanding of 'whatever' as not being about indifference. Rather it is based on the Latin translation of 'being such that it always matters'.
104. Giorgio Agamben, The Coming Community (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), p. 21.
105. Mullarkey, Post-Continental Philosophy.
106. John Bender and Michael Marrinan, The Culture of Diagram (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010).
107. Ober, Democracy and Knowledge.
108. Jullien, The Great Image, p. 16.
109. Thrift, 'Different Atmospheres'.
110. Jullien The Great Image.
111. Jullien The Great Image, p. 15.
112. Branko Lukic and Barry M. Katz, Nonobject (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011);
113. Prasad Boradkar, Designing Things. A Critical Introduction to the Culture of Objects (Oxford: Berg, 2010)
114. Vilem Flusser, The Shape of Things. A Philosophy of Design (London: Reaktion, 1999) on 'non-things'.
115. Karl Marx, Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2005), p. 163.
116. Daniel Frampton, Filmosophy (London: Wallflower Press, 2006);
117. Mullarkey, Post-Continental Philosophy.
118. Thrift, 'Lifeworld, Inc.
119. Turkle, Alone Together.
120. Turkle, Alone Together.
121. Thrift, 'Different Atmospheres'; Thrift, 'Halos'.
122. David Toop, Ocean of Sound. Aether Talk, Ambient Sound and Imaginary Worlds (London: Serpent's Tail, 1995).
123. Toop, Ocean of Sound, p. 12.
124. Scanner, cited in Laura Battle The Sound of the Future, Financial Times, 25 February 2011, p. 1.
125. The games industry, with its need for music that conveys site unobtrusively but definitively, has been another major influence.
126. See also the remarkable radio programme, Radiolab, which makes this ambition fully visible (or rather hearable).
127. Mark Bradley, Colour and Meaning in Ancient Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009); Taussig, What Color is the Sacred?.
128. Recent research suggests that this distinction may have been based on a misunderstanding, see Bradley, Colour and Meaning.
129. Thrift, 'Different Atmospheres'.
130. Taussig, What Color is the Sacred?
131. Gilles Deleuze, Cinema 2: The Time Image (London: Continuum, 2005)
132. John Mullarkey, Philosophy and the Moving Image. Refractions of Reality (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
133. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus. Capitalism and Schizophrenia (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1987).
134. Peter Sloterdijk, Sphären, Volumes I, II and III (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1998, 1999, 2004).
135. Richard Grusin, Premediation. Affect and Mediality After 9/11 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010);
136. Rosalind E. Krauss, Perpetual Inventory (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010); Frampton, Filmosophy.
137. W.G. Sebald, After Nature (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2003).
138. Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species. By Means of Natural Selection (New York: Dover).
139. Adam Roberts, New Model Army (London: Gollancz, 2010).
140. Francois Jullien, The Silent Transformations (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2011); Thrift, 'Different Atmospheres'.
141. Massumi, 'National Enterprise Emergency', p. 165.
142. Massumi, 'National Enterprise Emergency', p. 167.
143. Moulier Boutang, Cognitive Capitalism, forthcoming.
144. Originally, syndication arose in print, radio, television and the web so that content creators could reach a wider audience. In the case of radio, the United States Federal government proposed a syndicate in 1924 so that the nation's politicians could quickly and efficiently reach the entire population. In the case of television, it has often been said that 'Syndication is where the real money is.' So far as commercial web syndication is concerned, it can be categorized in three ways: by business models; by types of content; and, by methods for selecting distribution partners. Commercial web syndication involves partnerships between content producers and distribution outlets. Note
145. There are different structures of partnership agreements. One such structure is licensing content, in which distribution partners pay a fee to the content creators for the right to publish the content. Another structure is ad-supported content, in which publishers share revenues derived from advertising on syndicated content with that content's producer. Note
146. A third structure is free, or barter syndication, in which no currency changes hands between publishers and content producers. This requires the content producers to generate revenue from another source, such as embedded advertising or subscriptions. Alternatively, they can distribute content without remuneration. Typically, those who create and distribute content for free are promotional entities, vanity publishers or government entities. Note
147. Not combinations, since these assume sorting of a finite set. Land's site does not work through permutation since the outcomes of its events are often unknown.
148. In particular, land is measured out by its connections and its time line. Giving visual form to chronological as well as spatial information becomes crucial. What we see is the recasting of the old historical timeline but working with much more varied periods and paces of time. Note
149. Daniel Rosenberg and Anthony Grafton, Cartographies of Time (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press, 2010).
150. Jonathan Harris and Sep Kamvar, We Feel Fine. An Almanac of Human Emotion (New York: Scribner, 2009).
151. In the academic realm, MacKerron and Mourato have produced the 'mappiness' project, intent on mapping the UK's happiness through space and time via an iPhone app. The app asks how 'happy', how 'relaxed', and how 'awake' people feel using sliding scales. It also asks for brief contextual information, on activity, companionship and location, while users who are outdoors can optionally contribute a photograph. Ambient noise levels are measured using the iPhone's microphone. More generally, all kinds of work is trying to link feeling to location via maps. See www.mappiness.org.uk. Note
152. Brad Weiss, The Making and Unmaking of the Haya Lived World. Consumption, Commoditization, and Everyday Practice (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996).
153. Serres, Malfeasance.
154. Massumi, 'National Enterprise Emergency'.
155. Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics, p. 231.
156. As a result, the neoliberal individual is no longer a sovereign subject. Rather, it is a heterogeneous subject of interest, simultaneously flattened and hyper-connected.
157. Massumi, 'National Enterprise Emergency', p. 159.
158. Jullien, The Silent Transformations.
159. Massumi, 'National Enterprise Emergency'.
160. Harper, Texture.
161. Hence, the rise of a security-entertainment complex that can both keep the population secure and make entertainment from the mechanics of doing so. See Thrift, 'Lifeworld Inc'. Note
162. Exteriority has always been a part of human embodiment but now we exist more and more outside ourselves. Human identity is stretched, mapped and remapped and even inverted. Note
163. Massumi, 'National Enterprise Emergency', p. 164.
164. Steven Johnson, Where Good Ideas Come From. The Natural History of Innovation (London: Allen Lane, 2010), p. 10.
165. Eden Davies, Beyond Dance. Laban's Legacy of Movement Analysis (London: Routledge, 2006).
166. Arthur C. Danto, Andy Warhol (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009);
167. Gary Indiana, Andy Warhol and The Can That Sold the World (New York: Basic Books, 2010).
168. Scarpellini, Material Nation, pp. 218-19.
169. Marc Levinson, The Box. How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).
170. Samuel, Freud on Madison Avenue.
171. Anna McCarthy, The Citizen Machine. Governing by Television in 1950s America (New York: Free Press, 2010).
172. Donna J. Peuquet, Representations of Space and Time (New York: Guilford Press, 2003).
173. Indiana, Andy Warhol, p. 149.
174. Tiziana Terranova, 'Another Life: The Nature of Political Economy in Foucault's Genealogy of Biopoli-tics', Theory, Culture & Society, 26, 2009, p. 242.
175. Michael Batty, 'When All the World's a City', Environment and Planning A, 43, 2011, pp. 765-772.
176. Thrift, 'Lifeworld Inc'.
177. Warhol's life might be seen as an early version of Facebook or Twitter in his insistence on being continuously in the public eye. See Caves, Creative Industries.
178. See http://coryarcangel.com/.
179. Significantly, Arcangel's website includes not only a blog but a twitter feed that updates the site every time anyone tweets the phrase 'follow my other Twitter', thus producing an electronic version of blabbermouth.(Notes)
180. Andrea Scott, 'Futurism', The New Yorker, 30 May 2011, pp. 30-34.
181. Easley and Kleinberg, Networks, Crowds and Markets.
182. Valentin Groebner, Who Are You? Identification, Deception, and Surveillance in Early Modern Europe (New York: Zone, 2007).
183. Harney, 'The Real Knowledge Transfer'.
184. R. Ling, New Tech. New Ties. How Mobile Communication is Reshaping Social Cohesion (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008).
185. Claire Colebrook, E. Alliez, C. Colebrook, P. Hallward, N. Thoburn and J. Gilbert,;Deleuzian Politics? A Roundtable Discussion', New Formations, 68, 2010, p. 145.
186. Leo Bersani, Is the Rectum a Grave? And Other Essays (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 2010), p. 184.
187. Louise Crewe, 'Wear-Where? The Convergent Geographies of Architecture and Fashion', Environment and Planning A, 42, 2010, pp. 2093-2108
188. Harper, Texture.
189. Tony Bennett, Mike Savage, Elizabeth Silva, Modesto Gevo-Cal, Alan Warde and David Wright, Culture, Class, Distinction (London: Routledge, 2009).
190. Caillois, Cited in Peter Forbes, Dazzled and Deceived. Mimicry and Camouflage (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009).
191. Ian McDonald, The Dervish House (London: Gollancz, 2010), pp. 86-87.
192. Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics, p. 18.
193. See Frampton, Filmosophy
194. Mullarkey, Post-Continental Philosophy
195. Steven Shaviro, Post Cinematic Affect (London: Zero Books, 2010).
196. Mark Shepard, Sentient City. Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011).
197. Lauren Berlant, The Female Complaint. The Unfinished Business of Sentimentality in America (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008).
198. Etienne Benson, Wired Wilderness. Technologies of Tracking and the Making of Modern Wildlife (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010).
199. Page M, Diversity and Complexity.
200. Ash Amin and Nigel Thrift, Political Openings. Recovering Left Political Will (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, Forthcoming 2012).