Is Gating Always Exclusionary? A Comparative Analysis of Gated Communities in American and Chinese Cities

Urban China in Transition

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 182-202

  Huang, Youqin ^a   Low, Setha M ^b  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

Chinese cities; Chinese house; Gated communities; Private property; Privatization

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859799706     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470712870.ch8     Document Type: Chapter

References (55)

1. Beito, D. (2002) "The Private Places of St. Louis." In D. Beito, P. Gordon, and A. Tabarrok (eds.), The Voluntary City. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
2. Bejing Bureau of Civil Affairs (BBCA). (2003) Beijing shi xingzhen quhua [The Administrative Division in Beijing]. Beijing: China Society Press.
3. Belsky, R. (2000) The Urban Ecology of Late Imperial Beijing Reconsidered: The Transformation of Social Space in China's Late Imperial Capital City." Journal of Urban History 27: 54-74.
4. Bian, Y., J.R. Logan, H. Lu, Y. Pan, and Y. Guan. (1997) " 'Working Units' and the Commodification of Housing: Observations on the Transition to a Market Economy with Chinese Characteristics." Social Sciences in China 18, 4: 28-35.
5. Blakely, E.J., and M.G. Snyder. (1997) Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States. Washington DC: Brooking Institute.
6. Blandy, S., D. Lister, R. Atkinson, and J. Flint. (2003) "Gated Communities:A Systematic Review of the Research Evidence." Unpublished report presented at Gated Communities: Building Social Division or Safer Communities? University of Glasgow, September, 18-19.
7. Boyd, A. (1962) Chinese Architecture and Town Planning: 1500 BC-AD 1911. London: Alec Tiranti.
8. Bray, D. (2005) Social Space and Governance in Urban China: The Danwei System from Origins to Reform. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
9. Brodie, J. (2000) "Imagining Democratic Urban Citizenship." In E.F. Isin (ed.), Democracy, Citizenship and the Global City. London: Routledge.
10. Cai, F. (2004) "Finally There is a Constraint to the Widespread Disease of Change in Plan (Biangen jihua de liuxinbin zhongyu youle kexing)." Editorial, Beijing Youth Daily (Beijing Qinnian Bao), Sunday, July 11: A4.
11. Caldeira, T. (1996) "Fortified Enclaves: The New Urban Segregation." Public Culture 8:303-28.
12. Caldeira, T. (2000) City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. Berkeley:University of California Press.
13. Davis, M. (1990) City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. London: Verso.
14. Devine, J. (1996) Maximum Security. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15. Foldvary, F. (1994) Public Goods and Private Communities. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
16. Giroir, G. (2005a) "The Purple Jade Villas (Beijing), a Golden Ghetto in Red China", in K. Frantz, G. Glasze, and W. Webster (eds.), Private City: the Global and Local Perspective. London: Routledge.
17. Giroir, G. (2005b) "The Fountainebleau Villas (Shanghai), A Gloden Ghetto in a Chinese Garden." In F. Wu (ed.), Globalization and the Chinese City. London: Routledge.
18. Hayden, D. (2003) Building American Suburbia. New York: Pantheon.
19. He, X. (1993) "People in the Work-unit [Ren zai danwei zhong]." In Yanxiang Shao and Xianzhi Lin (eds.), People and Prose [sanwen yu ren]. Guangzhou: Huachen Press:157-66. (Translation in Dutton, M. (1999) Streetlife China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: pp. 42-53.)
20. Hu, X., and Kaplan, D.H. (2001) "The Emergence of Affluence in Beijing: Residential, Social Stratification in China's Capital City", Urban Geography 22, 1: 54-77.
21. Huang, Y. (2005) "From Work-unit Compounds to Gated Communities: Housing Inequality and Residential Segregation in Transitional Beijing." In L. Ma and F. Wu (eds.), Restructuring the Chinese Cities: Changing Society, Economy and Space. London and New York: Routledge: pp. 192-221.
22. Judd, D. (1995) "The Rise of New Walled Cities." in H. Ligget and D.C. Perry (eds.), Spatial Practices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
23. Knapp, R.G. (1990) The Chinese House: Craft, Symbol, and the Folk Tradition. Hong Kong:Oxford University Press.
24. Knapp, R.G. (2000) China's Walled Cities. New York: Oxford University Press.
25. Liu, Z. (1990) "A Brief History of Chinese Residential Architecture [zhongguo zhuzai jianzhu jianshi]." Beijing: China Architecture Industry Press [zhongguo jianzhu gongye chubanshe].
26. Low, S. (1997) "Urban Fear: Building Fortress America." City and Society Annual Review, pp. 52-72.
27. Low, S. (2003) Behind the Gates: Life, Security and the Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America. New York: Routledge.
28. Lu, H. (1999) Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
29. Ma, L.J.C. (1981) "Introduction." in L. Ma and E.W. Hanten (eds.), Urban Development in Modern China. Boulder, CO: Westview Press: pp. 1-18.
30. McKenzie, E. (1994) Privatopia. New Haven: Yale University Press.
31. McKenzie, E. (1998) "Homeowner Association and California Politics." Urban Affairs Review 34, 1: 52-75.
32. Merry, S. (1993) "Mending Walls and Building Fences: Constructing the Private Neighborhood." Journal of Legal Pluralism 33: 71-90.
33. Miao, P. (2003) "Deserted Streets in a Jammed Town: The Gated Community in Chinese Cities and Its Solution." Journal of Urban Design 8, 1: 45-66.
34. Ministry of Civil Affair (2000) A Suggestion on Promoting Nationwide Community Building, document no. 23.
35. Ministry of Construction (1994) Methods for Managing New Urban Residential Neighborhoods, document no. 33.
36. Read, B.L. (2003) "Democratizing the Neighborhood? New Private Housing and Home-Owner Self-Organization in Urban China." The China Journal 49:31-59.
37. Romig, K. (2005) "The Upper Sonoran Lifestyle: Gated Communities in Scottsdale, Arizona." City and Community 4, 1: 67-89.
38. Sit, V.F.S. (1995) Beijing: The Nature and Planning of a Chinese Capital City. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester.
39. Skinner, G.W. (1977) "Introduction: Urban Social Structure in Ch'ing China." In W.W. Skinner (ed.), The City in Late Imperial China. Sandford: Sandford University Press.
40. South, S., and K.D. Crowder. (1997) "Residential Mobility between Cities and Suburbs: Race, Suburbanization, and Back-to-the-City Moves." Demography 34, 4:525-38.
41. State Council (2003) Wuye guanli tiaoli [A Regulation on Property Management], no. 379. Beijing: Law Publishing House.
42. Su, N. (2000) "Rang Baixing You Yige Anquan De Jia [Let residents have safe homes:report on the project of creating safe neighborhoods in Shanghai]." People's Daily, June 14.
43. Tomba, L. (2005) "Residential Space and Collective Interest Formation in Beijing's Housing Disputes." The China Quarterly 184: 934-51.
44. Wang, Y.P., and A. Murie. (1999) Housing Policy and Practice in China. London/New York:Macmillan.
45. Wang, Y.P., and A. Murie. (2000) "Social and Spatial Implications of Housing Reform in China." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24: 397-417.
46. Wang X., L. Jiang, and Y, Gu. (2001) "Shihua xiaoqu zhian [Security at Shihua Residential Quarter]." Online at: http://www.sdrfz.jsol.net/ssxz/shxq.html (accessed March, 17 2007).
47. Webster, C. (2001) "Gated Cities of Tomorrow." Town Planning Review 72: pp. 149-69.
48. Webster, C., G. Glasze, and K. Frantz (2002) "The Global Spread of Gated Communities." Environment and Planning B 29: 315-20.
49. Wilson-Doenges, G. (2000) "An Exploration of Sense of Community and Fear of Crime in Gated Communities." Environment and Behavior 32, 5: 597-611.
50. Wu, F. (2005) "Rediscovering the 'Gate' under Market Transition: From Work-unit Compounds to Commodity Housing Enclaves." Housing Studies 20, 2: 235-54.
51. Wu, F. and K. Webber (2004) "The Rise of 'Foreign Gated Communities' in Beijing:Between Economic Globalization and Local Institutions." Cities, 21, 3: 203-13.
52. www.cment.net, (2002) "Wele Anquan, youguan Bumen Yaoqiu Jumin Xiaoqu Ying Fengbi [The Government Demands Residential Quarters to be Enclosed for Safety]." Online at: http://www.cment.net/docc/news-034.htm (accessed Feb. 22, 2007).
53. Zhang, X.Q. (1998) Privatization: A Study of Housing Policy in Urban China. New York:Nova Science Publishers.
54. Zhang, Y. (2002) Zhongguo chengchi shi [The history of cities in China]. Tianjin: Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House.
55. Zou, D. (2001) A History of Modern Architecture in China [zhongguo xiandai jianzhu shi]. Tianjin: Tiangjin Science and Technology Press [Tianjin kexue jishu chuban she].