Genetic diversity of toll-like receptors and immunity to M. leprae infection

Journal of Tropical Medicine

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Hart, Bryan E ^a   Tapping, Richard I ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD64 ANTIGEN; CD86 ANTIGEN; GAMMA INTERFERON; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 8; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR; PROTEIN KINASE C; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 1; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 9; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIOSIS; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; LEPROSY; MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RECEPTOR DOWN REGULATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 84859761982     PISSN: 16879686     EISSN: 16879694     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/415057     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Montoya D., Modlin R. L., Learning from Leprosy. Insight into the human innate immune response Advances in Immunology 2010 105 C 1 24
2. Aliprantis A. O., Yang R. B., Mark M. R., Suggett S., Devaux B., Radolf J. D., Klimpel G. R., Godowski P., Zychlinsky A., Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through Toll-like receptor-2 Science 1999 285 5428 736 739
3. Yoshimura A., Lien E., Ingalls R. R., Tuomanen E., Dziarski R., Golenbock D., Cutting edge: recognition of Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components by the innate immune system occurs via Toll-like receptor 2 Journal of Immunology 1999 163 1 1 5 (Pubitemid 29295815)
4. Takeuchi O., Sato S., Horiuchi T., Hoshino K., Takeda K., Dong Z., Modlin R. L., Akira S., Cutting edge: role of Toll-like receptor 1 in mediating immune response to microbial lipoproteins Journal of Immunology 2002 169 1 10 14 (Pubitemid 34686113)
5. Means T. K., Lien E., Yoshimura A., Wang S., Golenbock D. T., Fenton M. J., The CD14 ligands lipoarabinomannan and lipopolysaccharide differ in their requirement for toll-like receptors Journal of Immunology 1999 163 12 6748 6755
6. Means T. K., Wang S., Lien E., Yoshimura A., Golenbock D. T., Fenton M. J., Human Toll-like receptors mediate cellular activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Journal of Immunology 1999 163 7 3920 3927 (Pubitemid 29450920)
7. Schwandner R., Dziarski R., Wesche H., Rothe M., Kirschning C. J., Peptidoglycan- and lipoteichoic acid-induced cell activation is mediated by Toll-like receptor 2 Journal of Biological Chemistry 1999 274 25 17406 17409
8. Tapping R. I., Tobias P. S., Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan mediates physical interactions between TLR1 and TLR2 to induce signaling Journal of Endotoxin Research 2003 9 4 264 268 (Pubitemid 36874538)
9. Chan J., Fan X., Hunter S. W., Brennan P. J., Bloom B. R., Lipoarabinomannan, a possible virulence factor involved in persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within macrophages Infection and Immunity 1991 59 5 1755 1761
10. Kaplan G., Gandhi R. R., Weinstein D. E., Mycobacterium leprae antigen-induced suppression of T cell proliferation in vitro Journal of Immunology 1987 138 9 3028 3034 (Pubitemid 17072789)
11. Sibley L. D., Hunter S. W., Brennan P. J., Krahenbuhl J. L., Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan inhibits gamma interferon-mediated activation of macrophages Infection and Immunity 1988 56 5 1232 1236
12. Krutzik S. R., Ochoa M. T., Sieling P. A., Uematsu S., Ng Y. W., Legaspi A., Liu P. T., Cole S. T., Godowski P. J., Maeda Y., Sarno E. N., Norgard M. V., Brennan P. J., Akira S., Rea T. H., Modlin R. L., Activation and regulation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 1 in human leprosy Nature Medicine 2003 9 5 525 532 (Pubitemid 36597097)
13. Diaz-Silvestre H., Espinosa-Cueto P., Sanchez-Gonzalez A., Esparza-Ceron M. A., Pereira-Suarez A. L., Bernal-Fernandez G., Espitia C., Mancilla R., The 19-kDa antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major adhesin that binds the mannose receptor of THP-1 monocytic cells and promotes phagocytosis of mycobacteria Microbial Pathogenesis 2005 39 3 97 107 (Pubitemid 41207213)
14. Banaiee N., Kincaid E. Z., Buchwald U., Jacobs W. R., Ernst J. D., Potent inhibition of macrophage responses to IFN- by live virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis is independent of mature mycobacterial lipoproteins but dependent on TLR2 Journal of Immunology 2006 176 5 3019 3027
15. Drage M. G., Pecora N. D., Hise A. G., Febbraio M., Silverstein R. L., Golenbock D. T., Boom W. H., Harding C. V., TLR2 and its co-receptors determine responses of macrophages and dendritic cells to lipoproteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cellular Immunology 2009 258 1 29 37
16. Fortune S. M., Solache A., Jaeger A., Hill P. J., Belisle J. T., Bloom B. R., Rubin E. J., Ernst J. D., Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits macrophage responses to IFN- through myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent and -independent mechanisms Journal of Immunology 2004 172 10 6272 6280 (Pubitemid 38621234)
17. Gehring A. J., Rojas R. E., Canaday D. H., Lakey D. L., Harding C. V., Boom W. H., The Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kilodalton lipoprotein inhibits gamma interferon-regulated HLA-DR and Fc R1 on human macrophages through toll-like receptor 2 Infection and Immunity 2003 71 8 4487 4497 (Pubitemid 36919915)
18. Lafuse W. P., Alvarez G. R., Curry H. M., Zwilling B. S., Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium inhibit IFN- -induced gene expression by TLR2-dependent and independent pathways Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research 2006 26 8 548 561 (Pubitemid 44289897)
19. Mahon R. N., Rojas R. E., Fulton S. A., Franko J. L., Harding C. V., Boom W. H., Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall glycolipids directly inhibit CD4 + T-cell activation by interfering with proximal T-cell-receptor signaling Infection and Immunity 2009 77 10 4574 4583
20. Noss E. H., Pai R. K., Sellati T. J., Radolf J. D., Belisle J., Golenbock D. T., Boom W. H., Harding C. V., Toll-like receptor 2-dependent inhibition of macrophage class II MHC expression and antigen processing by 19-kDa lipoprotein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Journal of Immunology 2001 167 2 910 918 (Pubitemid 32660847)
21. Pai R. K., Convery M., Hamilton T. A., Henry Boom W., Harding C. V., Inhibition of IFN- -induced class II transactivator expression by a 19-kDa lipoprotein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a potential mechanism for immune evasion Journal of Immunology 2003 171 1 175 184 (Pubitemid 36745286)
22. Pennini M. E., Pai R. K., Schultz D. C., Boom W. H., Harding C. V., Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa lipoprotein inhibits IFN- -induced chromatin remodeling of MHC2TA by TLR2 and MAPK signaling Journal of Immunology 2006 176 7 4323 4330 (Pubitemid 44264411)
23. Pai R. K., Pennini M. E., Tobian A. A. R., Canaday D. H., Boom W. H., Harding C. V., Prolonged toll-like receptor signaling by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its 19-kilodalton lipoprotein inhibits gamma interferon-induced regulation of selected genes in macrophages Infection and Immunity 2004 72 11 6603 6614 (Pubitemid 39425443)
24. Harboe M., Oettinger T., Wiker H. G., Rosenkrands I., Andersen P., Evidence for occurrence of the ESAT-6 protein in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and virulent Mycobacterium bovis and for its absence in Mycobacterium bovis BCG Infection and Immunity 1996 64 1 16 22 (Pubitemid 26009335)
25. Sorensen A. L., Nagai S., Houen G., Andersen P., Andersen A. B., Purification and characterization of a low-molecular-mass T-cell antigen secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Immunity 1995 63 5 1710 1717
26. Pathak S. K., Basu S., Basu K. K., Banerjee A., Pathak S., Bhattacharyya A., Kaisho T., Kundu M., Basu J., Direct extracellular interaction between the early secreted antigen ESAT-6 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and TLR2 inhibits TLR signaling in macrophages Nature Immunology 2007 8 6 610 618 (Pubitemid 46785125)
27. Geluk A., Van Meijgaarden K. E., Franken K. L. M. C., Subronto Y. W., Wieles B., Arend S. M., Sampaio E. P., De Boer T., Faber W. R., Naafs B., Ottenhoff T. H. M., Identification and characterization of the ESAT-6 homologue of Mycobacterium leprae and T-cell cross-reactivity with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Immunity 2002 70 5 2544 2548 (Pubitemid 34408399)
28. Bulut Y., Michelsen K. S., Hayrapetian L., Naiki Y., Spallek R., Singh M., Arditi M., Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock proteins use diverse toll-like receptor pathways to activate pro-inflammatory signals Journal of Biological Chemistry 2005 280 22 20961 20967 (Pubitemid 40805653)
29. Cehovin A., Coates A. R. M., Hu Y., Riffo-Vasquez Y., Tormay P., Botanch C., Altare F., Henderson B., Comparison of the moonlighting actions of the two highly homologous chaperonin 60 proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Immunity 2010 78 7 3196 3206
30. Jung D., Jeong S. K., Lee C. -M., Noh K. T., Heo D. R., Shin Y. K., Yun C. -H., Koh W. -J., Akira S., Whang J., Kim H. -J., Park W. S., Shin S. J., Park Y. -M., Enhanced efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines produced by Co-treatment with mycobacterium tuberculosis heparin-binding hemagglutinin, a novel TLR4 agonist Cancer Research 2011 71 8 2858 2870
31. Bochud P. Y., Sinsimer D., Aderem A., Siddiqui M. R., Saunderson P., Britton S., Abraham I., Tadesse Argaw A., Janer M., Hawn T. R., Kaplan G., Polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are associated with protection against leprosy European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2009 28 9 1055 1065
32. Chuang T. H., Ulevitch R. J., Cloning and characterization of a sub-family of human Toll-like receptors: hTLR7, hTLR8 and hTLR9 European Cytokine Network 2000 11 3 372 378 (Pubitemid 32268894)
33. Leifer C. A., Kennedy M. N., Mazzoni A., Lee C., Kruhlak M. J., Segal D. M., TLR9 is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum prior to stimulation Journal of Immunology 2004 173 2 1179 1183 (Pubitemid 38924294)
34. Ahmad-Nejad P., Hcker H., Rutz M., Bauer S., Vabulas R. M., Wagner H., Bacterial CpG-DNA and lipopolysaccharides activate toll-like receptors at distinct cellular compartments European Journal of Immunology 2002 32 7 1958 1968 (Pubitemid 34814552)
35. Kiemer A. K., Senaratne R. H., Hoppstdter J., Diesel B., Riley L. W., Tabeta K., Bauer S., Beutler B., Zuraw B. L., Attenuated activation of macrophage TLR9 by DNA from virulent mycobacteria Journal of Innate Immunity 2008 1 1 29 45
36. Bafica A., Scanga C. A., Feng C. G., Leifer C., Cheever A., Sher A., TLR9 regulates Th1 responses and cooperates with TLR2 in mediating optimal resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Journal of Experimental Medicine 2005 202 12 1715 1724 (Pubitemid 41815877)
37. Hawn T. R., Misch E. A., Dunstan S. J., Thwaites G. E., Lan N. T. N., Quy H. T., Chau T. T. H., Rodrigues S., Nachman A., Janer M., Hien T. T., Farrar J. J., Aderem A., A common human TLR1 polymorphism regulates the innate immune response to lipopeptides European Journal of Immunology 2007 37 8 2280 2289 (Pubitemid 47250219)
38. Johnson C. M., Lyle E. A., Omueti K. O., Stepensky V. A., Yegin O., Alpsoy E., Hamann L., Schumann R. R., Tapping R. I., Cutting edge: a common polymorphism impairs cell surface trafficking and functional responses of TLR1 but protects against leprosy Journal of Immunology 2007 178 12 7520 7524 (Pubitemid 46898019)
39. Misch E. A., Macdonald M., Ranjit C., Sapkota B. R., Wells R. D., Siddiqui M. R., Kaplan G., Hawn T. R., Human TLR1 deficiency is associated with impaired mycobacterial signaling and protection from leprosy reversal reaction PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2008 2 5, article e231
40. Ma X., Liu Y., Gowen B. B., Graviss E. A., Clark A. G., Musser J. M., Full-exon resequencing reveals toll-like receptor variants contribute to human susceptibility to tuberculosis disease PLoS ONE 2007 2 12
41. Wong S. H., Gochhait S., Malhotra D., Pettersson F. H., Teo Y. Y., Khor C. C., Rautanen A., Chapman S. J., Mills T. C., Srivastava A., Rudko A., Freidin M. B., Puzyrev V. P., Ali S., Aggarwal S., Chopra R., Reddy B. S. N., Garg V. K., Roy S., Meisner S., Hazra S. K., Saha B., Floyd S., Keating B. J., Kim C., Fairfax B. P., Knight J. C., Hill P. C., Adegbola R. A., Hakonarson H., Fine P. E. M., Pitchappan R. M., Bamezai R. N. K., Hill A. V. S., Vannberg F. O., Leprosy and the adaptation of human toll-like receptor 1 PLoS Pathogens 2010 6 7 1 9
42. Schilling R. P., Hamann L., Faber W. R., Pahanffi D., Richardus J. H., Schumann R. R., Oskam L., Polymorphism N248S in the human Toll-like receptor 1 gene is related to leprosy and leprosy reactions Journal of Infectious Diseases 2009 199 12 1816 1819
43. Nischalke H.-D., Coenen M., Berger C., Aldenhoff K., Mller T., Berg T., Krmer B., Krner C., Odenthal M., Schulze F., Grnhage F., Nattermann J., Sauerbruch T., Spengler U., The toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-196 to-174 del/ins polymorphism affects viral loads and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C International Journal of Cancer 2011 130 6 1470 1475
44. Noguchi E., Nishimura F., Fukai H., Kim J., Ichikawa K., Shibasaki M., Arinami T., An association study of asthma and total serum immunoglobin E levels for Toll-like receptor polymorphisms in a Japanese population Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2004 34 2 177 183 (Pubitemid 38315251)
45. Velez D. R., Wejse C., Stryjewski M. E., Abbate E., Hulme W. F., Myers J. L., Estevan R., Patillo S. G., Olesen R., Tacconelli A., Sirugo G., Gilbert J. R., Hamilton C. D., Scott W. K., Variants in toll-like receptors 2 and 9 influence susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in Caucasians, African-Americans, and West Africans Human Genetics 2010 127 1 65 73
46. Bochud P. Y., Hawn T. R., Siddiqui M. R., Saunderson P., Britton S., Abraham I., Argaw A. T., Janer M., Zhao L. P., Kaplan G., Aderem A., Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) polymorphisms are associated with reversal reaction in leprosy Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008 197 2 253 261 (Pubitemid 351263444)
47. Yim J.-J., Ding L., Schffer A. A., Park G. Y., Shim Y.-S., Holland S. M., A microsatellite polymorphism in intron 2 of human Toll-like receptor 2 gene: functional implications and racial differences FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 2004 40 2 163 169 (Pubitemid 38249541)
48. Thuong N. T. T., Hawn T. R., Thwaites G. E., Chau T. T. H., Lan N. T. N., Quy H. T., Hieu N. T., Aderem A., Hien T. T., Farrar J. J., Dunstan S. J., A polymorphism in human TLR2 is associated with increased susceptibility to tuberculous meningitis Genes and Immunity 2007 8 5 422 428 (Pubitemid 47163105)
49. Lorenz E., Mira J. P., Cornish K. L., Arbour N. C., Schwartz D. A., A novel polymorphism in the toll-like receptor 2 gene and its potential association with staphylococcal infection Infection and Immunity 2000 68 11 6398 6401
50. Schrder N. W.J., Diterich I., Zinke A., Eckert J., Draing C., Baehr V. V., Hassler D., Priem S., Hahn K., Michelsen K. S., Hartung T., Burmester G. R., Gbel U. B., Hermann C., Schumann R. R., Heterozygous Arg753Gln polymorphism of human TLR-2 impairs immune activation by Borrelia burgdorferi and protects from late stage lyme disease Journal of Immunology 2005 175 4 2534 2540 (Pubitemid 41113865)
51. Ogus A. C., Yoldas B., Ozdemir T., Uguz A., Olcen S., Kaser I., Coskun M., Cilli A., Yegin O., The Arg753Gln polymorphism of the human Toll-like receptor 2 gene in tuberculosis disease European Respiratory Journal 2004 23 2 219 223 (Pubitemid 38195506)
52. Dalgic N., Tekin D., Kayaalti Z., Soylemezoglu T., Cakir E., Kilic B., Kutlubay B., Sancar M., Odabasi M., Arg753Gln polymorphism of the human Toll-like receptor 2 gene from infection to disease in pediatric tuberculosis Human Immunology 2011 72 5 440 445
53. Agnese D. M., Calvano J. E., Hahm S. J., Coyle S. M., Corbett S. A., Calvano S. E., Lowry S. F., Human toll-like receptor 4 mutations but not CD14 polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of gram-negative infections Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002 186 10 1522 1525 (Pubitemid 35286126)
54. Hawn T. R., Verbon A., Janer M., Zhao L. P., Beutler B., Aderem A., Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms are associated with resistance to Legionnaires' disease Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005 102 7 2487 2489 (Pubitemid 40279403)
55. Lorenz E., Mira J. P., Frees K. L., Schwartz D. A., Relevance of mutations in the TLR4 receptor in patients with gram-negative septic shock Archives of Internal Medicine 2002 162 9 1028 1032 (Pubitemid 34492532)
56. Fagers Bttcher M., Hmani-Aifa M., Lindstrm A., Jenmalm M. C., Mai X.-M., Nilsson L., Zdolsek H. A., Bjrkstén B., Sderkvist P., Vaarala O., A TLR 4 polymorphism is associated with asthma and reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-12(p70) responses in Swedish children Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2004 114 3 561 567 (Pubitemid 39194929)
57. Schmitt C., Humeny A., Becker C. M., Brune K., Pahl A., Polymorphisms of TLR4: rapid genotyping and reduced response to lipopolysaccharide of TLR4 mutant alleles Clinical Chemistry 2002 48 10 1661 1667
58. Schwartz D. A., The role of TLR4 in endotoxin responsiveness in humans Journal of Endotoxin Research 2001 7 5 389 393 (Pubitemid 34048541)
59. Douville R. N., Lissitsyn Y., Hirschfeld A. F., Becker A. B., Kozyrskyj A. L., Liem J., Bastien N., Li Y., Victor R. E., Sekhon M., Turvey S. E., Hayglass K. T., TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399ile polymorphisms: no impact on human immune responsiveness to LPS or respiratory syncytial virus PLoS ONE 2010 5 8
60. Erridge C., Stewart J., Poxton I. R., Monocytes heterozygous for the Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile mutations in the toll-like receptor 4 gene show no deficit in lipopolysaccharide signalling Journal of Experimental Medicine 2003 197 12 1787 1791 (Pubitemid 36745353)
61. Van Der Graaf C., Kullberg B. J., Joosten L., Verver-Jansen T., Jacobs L., Van Der Meer J. W. M., Netea M. G., Functional consequences of the Asp299Gly Toll-like receptor-4 polymorphism Cytokine 2005 30 5 264 268 (Pubitemid 40775845)
62. Najmi N., Kaur G., Sharma S. K., Mehra N. K., Human Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile influence susceptibility and severity of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Asian Indian population Tissue Antigens 2010 76 2 102 109
63. Ferwerda B., Kibiki G. S., Netea M. G., Dolmans W. M. V., Van Der Ven A. J., The toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly variant and tuberculosis susceptibility in HIV-infected patients in Tanzania AIDS 2007 21 10 1375 1377 (Pubitemid 46883498)
64. Fitness J., Floyd S., Warndorff D. K., Sichali L., Mwaungulu L., Crampin A. C., Fine P. E. M., Hill A. V. S., Large-scale candidate gene study of leprosy susceptibility in the Karonga district of northern Malawi American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2004 71 3 330 340 (Pubitemid 39223511)
65. Cooper A. M., Dalton D. K., Stewart T. A., Griffin J. P., Russell D. G., Orme I. M., Disseminated tuberculosis in interferon gene-disrupted mice Journal of Experimental Medicine 1993 178 6 2243 2247 (Pubitemid 23344885)
66. Cunningham J. A., Kellner J. D., Bridge P. J., Trevenen C. L., McLeod D. R., Davies H. D., Disseminated bacille Calmette-Guerin infection in an infant with a novel deletion in the interferon-gamma receptor gene International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2000 4 8 791 794 (Pubitemid 30650039)
67. Kumar P., Agarwal R., Siddiqui I., Vora H., Das G., Sharma P., ESAT6 differentially inhibits IFN- -inducible class II transactivator isoforms in both a TLR2-dependent and -independent manner. Immunology and Cell Biology. In press
68. Pennini M. E., Liu Y., Yang J., Croniger C. M., Henry Boom W., Harding C. V., CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein and binding to CIITA promoters is associated with the inhibition of CIITA expression in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa lipoprotein Journal of Immunology 2007 179 10 6910 6918
69. Pulido I., Leal M., Genebat M., Pacheco Y. M., Sez M. E., Soriano-Sarabia N., The TLR4 ASP299GLY polymorphism is a risk factor for active tuberculosis in caucasian HIV-infected patients Current HIV Research 2010 8 3 253 258
70. Das P., Lahiri A., Lahiri A., Chakravortty D., Modulation of the arginase pathway in the context of microbial pathogenesis: a metabolic enzyme moonlighting as an immune modulator PLoS Pathogens 2010 6 6, article e1000899
71. Talaue M. T., Venketaraman V., Hazbn M. H., Peteroy-Kelly M., Seth A., Colangeli R., Alland D., Connell N. D., Arginine homeostasis in J774.1 macrophages in the context of Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection Journal of Bacteriology 2006 188 13 4830 4840 (Pubitemid 43956081)
72. El Kasmi K. C., Qualls J. E., Pesce J. T., Smith A. M., Thompson R. W., Henao-Tamayo M., Basaraba R. J., Knig T., Schleicher U., Koo M. S., Kaplan G., Fitzgerald K. A., Tuomanen E. I., Orme I. M., Kanneganti T. D., Bogdan C., Wynn T. A., Murray P. J., Toll-like receptor-induced arginase 1 in macrophages thwarts effective immunity against intracellular pathogens Nature Immunology 2008 9 12 1399 1406
73. Qualls J. E., Neale G., Smith A. M., Koo M. S., DeFreitas A. A., Zhang H., Kaplan G., Watowich S. S., Murray P. J., Arginine usage in mycobacteria-infected macrophages depends on autocrine-paracrine cytokine signaling Science Signaling 2010 3 135 ra62
74. Spierings E., De Boer T., Wieles B., Adams L. B., Marani E., Ottenhoff T. H. M., Mycobacterium leprae-specific, HLA class II-restricted killing of human Schwann cells by CD4 + Th1 cells: a novel immunopathogenic mechanism of nerve damage in leprosy Journal of Immunology 2001 166 10 5883 5888 (Pubitemid 32440711)
75. Oliveira R. B., Ochoa M. T., Sieling P. A., Rea T. H., Rambukkana A., Sarno E. N., Modlin R. L., Expression of toll-like receptor 2 on human schwann cells: a mechanism of nerve damage in leprosy Infection and Immunity 2003 71 3 1427 1433 (Pubitemid 36254329)
76. Goethals S., Ydens E., Timmerman V., Janssens S., Toll-like receptor expression in the peripheral nerve GLIA 2010 58 14 1701 1709
77. Lpez M., Sly L. M., Luu Y., Young D., Cooper H., Reiner N. E., The 19-kDa Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein induces macrophage apoptosis through toll-like receptor-2 Journal of Immunology 2003 170 5 2409 2416 (Pubitemid 36245628)
78. Robbins G., Mushrif Tripathy V., Misra V. N., Mohanty R. K., Shinde V. S., Gray K. M., Schug M. D., Ancient skeletal evidence for leprosy in India (2000 B.C.) PLoS ONE 2009 4 5
79. Hershkovitz I., Donoghue H. D., Minnikin D. E., Besra G. S., Lee O. Y. C., Gernaey A. M., Galili E., Eshed V., Greenblatt C. L., Lemma E., Bar-Gal G. K., Spigelman M., Detection and molecular characterization of 9000-year-old Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a neolithic settlement in the Eastern mediterranean PLoS ONE 2008 3 10
80. Barreiro L. B., Ben-Ali M., Quach H., Laval G., Patin E., Pickrell J. K., Bouchier C., Tichit M., Neyrolles O., Gicquel B., Kidd J. R., Kidd K. K., Alcas A., Ragimbeau J., Pellegrini S., Abel L., Casanova J. L., Quintana-Murci L., Evolutionary dynamics of human toll-like receptors and their different contributions to host defense PLoS Genetics 2009 5 7
81. Enard D., Depaulis F., Crollius H. R., Human and non-human primate genomes share hotspots of positive selection PLoS Genetics 2010 6 2