The Body Action and Posture Coding System (BAP): Development and Reliability

Journal of Nonverbal Behavior

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 97-121

  Dael, Nele ^a,b   Mortillaro, Marcello ^a   Scherer, Klaus R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Body movement; Coding; Emotion; Expression; Method

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859752325     PISSN: 01915886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10919-012-0130-0     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Arieti, S. (1959). Manic-depressive psychosis. In S. Arieti (Ed.), American handbook of psychiatry (pp. 439-454). New York: Basic Books.
2. Bakeman, R., & Gottman, J. M. (1987). Applying observational methods: A systematic view. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 818-854). New York: Wiley.
3. Bänziger, T., Mortillaro, M., & Scherer, K. R. (2011). Introducing the Geneva multimodal expression corpus of experimental research on emotion perception. Emotion. Advance online publication. doi: 10. 1037/a0025827.
4. Bänziger, T., & Scherer, K. R. (2010). Introducing the Geneva multimodal emotion portrayal (GEMEP) corpus. In K. R. Scherer, T. Bänziger, & E. B. Roesch (Eds.), Blueprint for affective computing: A sourcebook (pp. 271-294). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
5. Bente, G., Krämer, N. C., Petersen, A., & de Ruiter, J. P. (2001). Computer animated movement and person perception: Methodological advances in nonverbal behavior research. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25(3), 151-166.
6. Birdwhistell, R. L. (1970). Kinesics and context: Essays on body motion communication. Conduct and communication. Philadelphia: University of Pensylvania Press.
7. Bressem, J. (2008). Notating gestures-Proposal for a form based notation system of coverbal gestures. Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved from http://www. janabressem. de/publications. html.
8. Bull, P. (1987). Posture and gesture. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
9. Calbris, G., & Doyle, O. (1990). The semiotics of French gestures. Advances in semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
10. Cohen, J. A. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37-46.
11. Coombes, S. A., Cauraugh, J. H., & Janelle, C. M. (2007). Dissociating motivational direction and affective valence. Psychological Science, 18(11), 938-942.
12. Dael, N., Mortillaro, M., & Scherer, K. R. (2011). Emotion expression in body action and posture. Emotion. Advance online publication. doi: 10. 1037/a0025737.
13. Dael, N., & Scherer, K. R. (2011). Expression of emotion in gesture dynamics. Manuscript in preparation.
14. de Meijer, M. (1989). The contribution of general features of body movement to the attribution of emotions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 13(4), 247-268.
15. Duncan, S., McNeill, D., & McCullough, K. (1995). How to transcribe the invisible-and what we see. In D. O'Connell, S. Kowal, & R. Posner (Eds.), Zeichen für Zeit: Zur Notation und Transkription von Bewegungsabläufen (special issue of KODIKAS/CODE., pp. 18: 75-94). Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
16. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage, and coding. Semiotica, 1, 49-98.
17. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1972). Hand movements. Journal of Communication, 22(4), 353-374.
18. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1976). Measuring facial movement. Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior, 1(1), 56-75.
19. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
20. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Tomkins, S. S. (1971). Facial affect scoring technique. A first validity study. Semiotica, 3(1), 37-58.
21. Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportions. In Wiley series in probability and statistics. New York: Wiley.
22. Frey, S., & Pool, J. (1976). A new approach to the analyses of visible behavior. Bern: Forschungsberichte aus dem Psychologischen Institut, Universität Bern.
23. Frey, S., & von Cranach, M. (1973). A method for the assessment of body movement variability. In I. Vine & M. von Cranach (Eds.), Social communication and movement (pp. 389-418). London: Academic Press.
24. Glowinski, D., Dael, N., Camurri, A., Volpe, G., Mortillaro, M., & Scherer, K. R. (2011). Towards a minimal representation of affective gestures. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 2(2), 106-118.
25. Gross, M. M., Crane, E. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Methodology for assessing bodily expression of emotion. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 34, 223-248.
26. Harrigan, J. A. (2005). Proxemics, kinesics, and gaze. In J. A. Harrigan, R. Rosenthal, & K. Scherer (Eds.), The new handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research (pp. 137-198). New York: Oxford University Press.
27. Hellwig, B., van Uytvanck, D., & Hulsbosch, M. (2010). ELAN-linguistic annotator. Retrieved from http://www. lat-mpi. eu/tools/elan/.
28. Hietanen, J. K., Leppänen, J. M., & Lehtonen, U. (2004). Perception of emotions in the hand movement quality of Finnish sign language. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28(1), 53-64.
29. Hinson, M. M. (1977). Kinesiology. Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown.
30. Hutchinson, A. (1961). Labanotation. New York: New Directions.
31. Izard, C. E. (1979). Facial expression scoring manual (FESM). Newark, DE: University of Delaware.
32. Izard, C. E. (1983). The maximally discriminative facial movement coding system (MAX). Newark, DE: Instructional Resource Center, University of Delaware.
33. James, W. T. (1932). A study of the expression of bodily posture. Journal of General Psychology, 7, 90-94.
34. Juslin, P. N., & Scherer, K. R. (2005). Vocal expression of affect. In J. A. Harrigan, R. Rosenthal, & K. R. Scherer (Eds.), The new handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research (pp. 65-135). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
35. Kipp, M. (2001). Anvil-A generic annotation tool for multimodal dialogue. In Proceedings of the 7th European conference on speech communication and technology (Eurospeech) (pp. 1367-1370).
36. Kipp, M. (2003). Anvil 4. 0 annotation of video and spoken language. Retrieved from http://www. dfki. de/~kipp/anvil.
37. Kipp, M. (2007). Anvil: Annotation of video and spoken language (version 4. 0). Retrieved from http://www. anvil-software. de/.
38. Kipp, M., Neff, M., & Albrecht, I. (2007). An annotation scheme for conversational gestures: How to economically capture timing and form. Journal on Language Resources and Evaluation: Special Issue on Multimodal Corpora, 41, 325-339.
39. Kita, S., van Gijn, I., & van der Hulst, H. (1998). Movement phases in signs and co-speech gestures, and their transcription by human coders. In I. Wachsmuth & M. Fröhlich (Eds.), Gesture and sign language in human-computer interaction (pp. 23-35). Berlin: Springer.
40. Laban, R. (1956). Principles of dance and movement notation. London: MacDonald & Evans.
41. Laban, R. (1975). Principles of dance and movement notation (Vol. 2). London: MacDonald & Evans.
42. McNeill, D. (2005). Gesture and thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
43. Mehrabian, A. (1972). Nonverbal communication. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
44. Mehrabian, A., & Friar, J. T. (1969). Encoding of attitude by a seated communicator via posture and position cues. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 330-336.
45. Neumann, D. A. (2002). Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: Foundations for physical rehabilitation. Philadelphia: Mosby.
46. Omlor, L., & Giese, M. A. (2006). Unsupervised learning of spatio-temporal primitives of emotional gait. Perception and Interactive Technologies, Proceedings, 4021, 188-192.
47. Oster, H. (2008). Baby FACS: Facial Action Coding System for infants and young children. New York: New York University.
48. Pollick, F. E., Paterson, H. M., Bruderlin, A., & Sanford, A. J. (2001). Perceiving affect from arm movement. Cognition, 82(2), B51-B61.
49. Prillwitz, S. (1989). HamNoSys. Version 2. 0; Hamburg notation system for sign languages. An introductory guide. In International studies on sign language and communication of the deaf (Vol. 5, p. 46). Hamburg: Signum.
50. Reilly, J. S., McIntire, M. L., & Seago, H. (1992). Affective prosody in American sign language. Sign Language Studies, 75, 113-128.
51. Rosenfeld, H. M. (1982). Measurement of body motion and orientation. In K. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research (pp. 199-286). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52. Sayette, M. A., Cohn, J. F., Wertz, J. M., Perrott, M. A., & Parrot, D. J. (2001). A psychometric evaluation of the facial action coding system for assessing spontaneous expression. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25(3), 167-185.
53. Scherer, K. R. (1979). Nonlinguistic vocal indicators of emotion and psychopathology. In C. E. Izard (Ed.), Emotions in personality and psychopathology (pp. 493-529). New York: Plenum.
54. Scherer, K. R. (1982). Methods of research on vocal communication. Paradigms and parameters. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research (pp. 136-198). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55. Scherer, K. R., Banse, R., Wallbott, H. G., & Goldbeck, T. (1991). Vocal cues in emotion encoding and decoding. Motivation and Emotion, 15(2), 123-148.
56. Scherer, K. R., & Ellgring, H. (2007). Multimodal expression of emotion: Affect programs or componential appraisal patterns? Emotion, 7(1), 158-171.
57. Scherer, K. R., & Wallbott, H. G. (1985). Analysis of nonverbal behavior. In T. A. van Dijk (Ed.), Handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 199-230). London: Academic Press.
58. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2007). The prototypical pride expression: Development of a nonverbal behavior coding system. Emotion, 7(4), 789-801.
59. Vick, S. J., Waller, B. M., Parr, L. A., Smith Pasqualini, M. C., & Bard, K. A. (2007). A cross species comparison of facial morphology and movement in humans and chimpanzees using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 31(1), 1-20.
60. Wallbott, H. G. (1998). Bodily expression of emotion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28(6), 879-896.
61. Wolff, C. (1951). The hand in psychological diagnosis. London: Methuen.