Children of the American Prison Generation: Student and School Spillover Effects of Incarcerating Mothers

Law and Society Review

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 37-69

  Hagan, John ^a   Foster, Holly ^b  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859747166     PISSN: 00239216     EISSN: 15405893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5893.2012.00472.x     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Angrist, Joshua D., & Jorn-Steffan Pischke (2009) Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
2. Beckett, Katherine (1997) Making Crime Pay: Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
3. Bloom, Barbara, Meda Chesney-Lind, & Barbara Owen (1994) Women in California Prisons. San Francisco: Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice.
4. Bloom, Barbara, & David Steinhart (1993) Why Punish the Children? A Reappraisal of the Children of Incarcerated Mothers in America. San Francisco: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.
5. Brazzell, Diana (2008) Using Local Data to Explore the Experiences and Needs of Children with Incarcerated Parents. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
6. Carlen, Pat, & Anne Worrall (2004) Analyzing Women's Imprisonment. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing.
7. Chantala, Kim (2006) Guidelines for Analyzing Add Health Data. Chapel Hill: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
8. Chesney-Lind, Meda, & Joycelyn M. Pollock (1995) "Women's Prisons: Equality with a Vengeance, " in Merlo, Alida V., & Joycelyn M. Pollack, eds., Women, Law and Social Control. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
9. Chesney-Lind, Meda (2006) "Patriarchy, Crime, and Justice: Feminist Criminology in an Era of Backlash, " 1 Feminist Criminology 6-26.
10. Cho, Rosa Minhyo (2009a) "Impact of Maternal Imprisonment on Children's Probability of Grade Retention, " 65 J. of Urban Economics 11-23.
11. Cho, Rosa Minhyo (2009b) "The Impact of Maternal Imprisonment on Children's Educational Achievement: Results from Children in Chicago Public Schools, " 44 The J. of Human Resources 772-797.
12. Cho, Rosa Minhyo (2010) "Maternal Incarceration and Children's Adolescent Outcomes: Timing and Dosage, " 84 Social Service Rev. 257-282.
13. Cho, Rosa Minhyo (2011) "Understanding the Mechanism behind Maternal Imprisonment and Adolescent School Dropout, " 60 Family Relations 272-289.
14. Clear, Todd R. (2007) Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
15. Collins, Patricia Hill (2010) "The New Politics of Community, " 75 American Sociological Rev. 7-30.
16. Coughenour, John C. (1995) "Separate but Unequal: Women in the Federal Criminal Justice System, " 8 Federal Sentencing Reporter 142-144.
17. Dallaire, Danielle H. (2007) "Incarcerated Mothers and Fathers: A Comparison of Risks for Children and Families, " 56 Family Relations 440-453.
18. Dallaire, Danielle H., Anne Ciccone, & Laura C. Wilson (2010) "Teacher's Experiences with and Expectations of Children with Incarcerated Parents, " 31 J. of Applied Developmental Psychology 281-290.
19. Dallaire, Danielle H., & Laura C. Wilson (2010) "The Relation of Exposure to Parental Criminal Activity, Arrest, and Sentencing to Children's Maladjustment, " 19 J. of Child and Family Studies 404-418.
20. Daly, Kathleen (1987a) "Structure and Practice of Familial-Based Justice in a Criminal Court, " 21 Law & Society Rev. 267-290.
21. Daly, Kathleen (1987b) "Discrimination in the Criminal Courts: Family, Gender, and the Problem of Equal Treatment, " 66 Social Forces 152-175.
22. Daly, Kathleen (1989a) "Rethinking Judicial Paternalism: Gender, Work-Family Relations, and Sentencing, " 3 Gender & Society 9-36.
23. Daly, Kathleen (1989b) "Neither Conflict nor Labeling nor Paternalism Will Suffice: Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Family in Criminal Court Decisions, " 35 Crime & Delinquency 136-168.
24. Daly, Kathleen (1995) "Gender and Sentencing: What We Know and What We Don't Know from Empirical Research, " 8 Federal Sentencing Reporter 163-168.
25. Daly, Kathleen, & Rebecca Bordt (1995) "Sex Effects and Sentencing: An Analysis of the Statistical Literature, " 12 Justice Q. 143-177.
26. Elder, Glen (1994) "Time, Human Agency, and Social Change, " 57 Social Psychology Q. 4-15.
27. Flavin, Jeanne (2009) Our Bodies, Our Crimes: The Policing of Women's Reproduction in America. New York: New York Univ. Press.
28. Foster, Holly, & John Hagan (2007) "Incarceration and Intergenerational Social Exclusion, " 54 Social Problems 399-433.
29. Foster, Holly, & John Hagan (2009) "The Mass Incarceration of Parents in America: Issues of Collateral Damage to Children and Prisoner Re-entry, " 623 Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 179-194.
30. Garland, David (2001a) "Introduction: The Meaning of Mass Imprisonment, " in Garland, David, ed., Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
31. Garland, David (2001b) The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
32. Geller, Amanda, etal. (2009) "Parental Incarceration and Child Well-being: Implications for Urban Families, " 90 Social Science Q. 1186-1202.
33. Glaze, Lauren E., & Laura M. Maruschak (2008) Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC. #NCJ 222984.
34. Gomez, Laura (1997) Misconceiving Mothers: Legislators, Prosecutors and the Politics of Prenatal Drug Exposure. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press.
35. Gottfredson, Denise (2001) Schools and Delinquency. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
36. Hagan, John, & Ronit Dinovitzer (1999) "Collateral Consequences of Imprisonment for Children, Communities, and Prisoners, " 26 Crime & Justice 121-162.
37. Hagan, John, & Julie Petty (2001) "Returning Captives from the War on Drugs: Issues of Community and Family Reentry, " 47 Crime & Delinquency 352-367.
38. Hagan, John (2010) Who Are the Criminals? The Politics of Crime Policy from the Age of Roosevelt to the Age of Reagan. NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
39. Harris, K. M., etal. (2009) The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health: Research Design [WWW document]. URL: (accessed 12 Apr 2010).
40. Harris, Kathleen Mullan (2009) The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), Waves I & II, 1994-1996; Wave III, 2001-2002; Wave IV, 2007-2009 [machine-readable data file and documentation]. Chapel Hill: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
41. Harrison, Paige M., & Allen J. Beck (2005) Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2004 U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC. #NCJ 208801.
42. Johnson, Elizabeth I., & Jane Waldfogel (2004) "Children of Incarcerated Parents: Multiple Risks and Children's Living Arrangements, " in Pattillo, Mary, David Weiman, & Bruce Western, eds., Imprisoning America: The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
43. Jencks, Christopher, etal. (1972) Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Inequality and Schooling in America. New York: Basic Books.
44. Kruttschnitt, Candace (2010) "The Paradox of Women's Imprisonment, " 139 Daedalus 32-42.
45. McCorkel, Jill (2003) "Embodied Surveillance and the Gendering of Punishment, " 32 J. of Contemporary Ethnography 41-76.
46. Muller, Chandra, etal. (2007) Wave III Education Data: Design and Implementation of the Adolescent Health and Academic Achievement Study. Chapel Hill: Carolina Population Center, UNC-CH.
47. Mumola, Christopher J. (2000). Incarcerated Parents and Their Children US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Washington, DC. #NCJ 182335.
48. Murakawa, Naomi (2006) "The Racial Antecedents to Federal Sentencing Guidelines: How Congress Judged the Judges from Brown to Booker, " 11 Roger Williams University Law Review: Symposium on Sentencing Rhetoric 473-494.
49. Murnane, Richard T., Rebecca A. Maynard, & James C. Ohls (1981) "Home Resources and Children's Achievement, " 63 The Rev. of Economics and Statistics 369-377.
50. Murray, Joseph, & David P. Farrington (2008) "The Effects of Parental Imprisonment on Children, " 37 Crime & Justice 133-206.
51. Pattillo, Mary, David Weiman, & Bruce Western (2004) Imprisoning America: The Social Effects of Mass Incarceration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
52. Poehlmann, Julie (2005) "Representations of Attachment Relationships in Children of Incarcerated Mothers, " 76 Child Development 679-696.
53. Poehlmann, Julie, etal. (2010) "Children's Contact with Their Incarcerated Parents: Research Findings and Recommendations, " 65 American Psychologist 575-598.
54. Raudenbush, Stephen W., & Anthony S. Bryk (2002) Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods, Second ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
55. Riegle-Crumb, C., Muller, C., Frank, K., & K. Schiller (2005) "National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health: Wave III Education Data." Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
56. Rose, Dina, & Todd Clear (1998) "Incarceration, Social Capital, and Crime: Implications for Social Disorganization Theory, " 36 Criminology 441-480.
57. Rosenbaum, Jill, & Meda Chesney-Lind (1994) "Appearance and Delinquency: A Research Note, " 40 Crime and Delinquency 250-261.
58. Rothman, Barbara Katz (2000) Recreating Motherhood: Ideology and Technology in Patriarchal Society. New York: Norton.
59. Rothman, Barbara Katz (2005) Weaving a Family: Untangling Race and Adoption. Boston: Beacon.
60. Sabol, William J., Heather C. West, & Matthew Cooper (2009) Prisoners in 2008 U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC. #NCJ 228417.
61. Sampson, Robert, & Charles Loeffler (2010) "Punishment's Place: The Local Concentration of Incarceration, " 139 Daedalus 20-31.
62. Sampson, Robert J., & William Julius Wilson (1995) "Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality" in Hagan, John, and Ruth, Peterson, eds., Crime and Inequality. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
63. Savelsberg, Joachim (1992) "Law That Does Not Fit Society: Sentencing Guidelines as a Neoclassical Reaction to the Dilemmas of Substantivized Law, " 97 American J. of Sociology 1346-1381.
64. Sharkey, Patrick (2008) "The Intergenerational Transmission of Context, " 113 American J. of Sociology 931-969.
65. Sharkey, Patrick (2010) "The Acute Effect of Local Homicides on Children's Cognitive Performance, " 107 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11733-11738.
66. Simon, Rita J., & Heather Ahn-Redding (2005) The Crimes Women Commit, The Punishments They Receive. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
67. Smith, Philip (2008) Punishment and Culture. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
68. Snell, Tracy L. (1994) Women in Prison: Survey of State Prison Inmates, 1991 Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
69. Stanton, Ann M. (1980) When Mothers Go to Jail. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
70. Steffensmeier, Darrel, John Kramer, & Cathy Streifel (1993) "Gender and Imprisonment Decisions, " 31 Criminology 411-446.
71. Steffensmeier, Darrel, etal. (2006) "Gender Gap Trends for Violent Crimes, 1980 to 2003, " 1 Feminist Criminology 72-98.
72. Stith, Kate, & Steve Koh (1993) "The Politics of Sentencing Reform: The Legislative History of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, " 28 Wake Forest Law Rev. 223-290.
73. Trice, Ashton D., & JoAnne Brewster (2004) "The Effects of Maternal Incarceration on Adolescent Children, " 19 J. of Police and Criminal Psychology 27-35.
74. Wacquant, Loic (2009) Prisons of Poverty. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press.
75. Wakefield, Sara, & Christopher Uggen (2010) "Incarceration and Stratification, " 36 Annual Rev. of Sociology 387-406.
76. Western, Bruce (2006) Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
77. Wildeman, Christopher (2009) "Parental Incarceration, the Prison Boom, and the Concentration of Childhood Disadvantage, " 46 Demography 265-280.
78. Wilson, William Julius (1996) When Work Disappears: The New World of the Urban Poor. New York: Knopf Press.