Permission to transition: Zoning and the transition movement

Planning and Environmental Law

Volumn 64, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 3-10

  Calfee, Corinne ^a   Weissman, Eve ^b  

^a Berkeley School of Law ^*

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859714372     PISSN: 15480755     EISSN: 15568601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15480755.2012.683689     Document Type: Note

References (135)

1. Heather Wooten and Amy Ackerman, Seeding the City: Land Use Policies to Promote Urban Agriculture, Pub. Health L. & Pol'y, 4 (October 2011).
2. Heather Wooten and Amy Ackerman, Seeding the City: Land Use Policies to Promote Urban Agriculture, Pub. Health L. & Pol'y, 5 (October 2011).
3. Heather Wooten and Amy Ackerman, Seeding the City: Land Use Policies to Promote Urban Agriculture, Pub. Health L. & Pol'y, 20 (October 2011).
4. Janelle Orsi, Shareable: Cities, Policies for a Shareable City #11: Urban Agriculture, available at http://www.shareable.net/blog/policies-for-a-shareable-city-11-urban-agriculture
5. Establishing Land Use Protections for Community Gardens, Pub. Health L. & Pol'y, 10 (March 2009), available at http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch/communitygardenpolicies_303374_7.pdf.s
6. Claudia Flores, Sustainable Economies Law Center, Urban Agriculture Legal FAQ, (July 2010), available at http://www.theselc.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/FAQ-zoning.pdf.
7. Claudia Flores, Sustainable Economies Law Center, Urban Agriculture Legal FAQ, (July 2010), available at http://www.theselc.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/FAQ-zoning.pdf.
8. Mindy Goldstein, et al., Turner Environmental Law Clinic at Emory Law, Urban Agriculture: A Sixteen City Survey of Urban Agriculture Practices Across the Country, 20 (2011), available at http://www.georgiaorganics.org/Advocacy/urbanagreport.pdf
9. Dustin Brady, Councilman Introduces First Zoning Designation for Community Gardens, Plain Press, (November 2007), available at http://www.nhlink.net/plainpress/html/stories/2007-09/councilmanintroducesnewzoning.htm.
10. Cleveland Code of Ordinances, §§ 336.02-336.03 (2010).
11. Cleveland Code of Ordinances § 336.04 (2010).
12. Cleveland Code of Ordinances § 336.05 (2010).
13. Goldstein, et al., supra note 8, at 20 (2011).
14. Goldstein, et al., supra note 8, at 20 (2011).
15. Goldstein, et al., supra note 8, at (2011). Cleveland has rezoned certain parcels into the Urban Garden District zones.
16. See, e.g., Brady, supra note 7.
17. See Goldstein, et al., supra note 7, at 50.
18. San francisco Ordinance 66-11, File No. 101537 (approved by the City and County of San Francisco Board of Supervisors on April 20, 2011, effective May 20, 2011)
19. see also San Francisco Planning Code § 102.35 (2011).
20. San francisco Planning Code § 102.35 (2011).
21. San francisco Planning Code § 102.35 (2011).
22. Goldstein, et al., supra note 7, at 51.
23. Eli Zigas and Dana Peris, San Francisco Urban Agriculture Alliance, SF Passes Ordinance to Allow Urban Farms and Community Gardens to Expand Throughout the City, (Dec. 15, 2010), available at http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_22206.cfm.
24. Orsi, supra note 4.
25. Orsi, supra note.
26. Orsi, supra note.
27. Goldstein, et al., supra note 7, at 45.
28. Portland (Or.) Bureau of Planning and Sustainability, Urban Food Zoning Code Update Discussion Draft: Enhancing Portlanders' Connection to Their Food and Community, (February 2012), available at http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?c=55358&a=385008.
29. City of Portland, Or., Bureau of Planning and Sustainability, Urban Food Zoning Code Update, available at http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?c=53834.
30. Goldstein, et al., supra note 7, at, 47-48 (2011)
31. see also, Memorandum: Bureau of Planning and Sustainability, To: Urban Zoning Code Update Project Advisory Group (April 25, 2011), available at http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?a=347529&c=53995.
32. Goldstein, et al., supra note 7, at 48.
33. Goldstein, et al., supra note 7.
34. Matthai Kuruvila, Oakland Allows Urban Farmers to Sell Produce, San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 6, 2011, at C5.
35. Matthai Kuruvila, Oakland Allows Urban Farmers to Sell Produce, San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 6, 2011.
36. Matthai Kuruvila, Oakland Allows Urban Farmers to Sell Produce, San Francisco Chronicle, Oct. 6, 2011.
37. More Homegrown Businesses Expected Under Oakland Ordinance, Los Angeles Ti mes, Local, Oct. 4. 2011. The omission of vacant lots and animal husbandry may have reduced public concerns about the ordinance, which was adopted after the city began enforcement proceedings against Novella Carpenter, who wrote a memoir about squatting in a vacant lot to grow produce and raise farm animals in Oakland.
38. See Novella Carpenter, Farm City: The Education of an Urban Farmer (2009). The sale of meat and dairy products in California is regulated by county, state, and federal laws.
39. Goldstein, et al., supra note 7, at 7.
40. Georgia Food Freedom Act, H.R. 12, 151st Leg. (Ga. 201132012), available at http://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/en-US/Display/20112012/HB/12.
41. Goldstein, et al., supra note 7, at 7.
42. Right to Grow Act, H.R. 853 151st Leg. (Ga. 2011-2012), available at http://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/en-US/Display/20112012/HB/853.
43. Orsi, supra note 4.
44. Orsi, supra note.
45. Orsi, supra note.
46. Orsi, supra note.
47. Goldstein, et al., supra note 7, at 28
48. Cream City Hens, The Breakdown, available at http://creamcityhens.com/2.html.
49. Mi lwaukee Zoning Code § 78-6.5 (2011), available at http://cctv25.milwaukee.gov/netit-code81/volume1_/ch78/CH78.pdf.
50. Goldstein, et al., supra note 8, at 28
51. Milwaukee, Wis. Zoning Code, § 78-6 (2011), available at http://cctv25.milwaukee.gov/netit-code81/volume1_/ch78/CH78.pdf.
52. Mi lwaukee Zoning Code, § 78-6 (2011), available at http://cctv25.milwaukee.gov/netit-code81/volume1_/ch78/CH78.pdf.
53. Orsi, supra note 4.
54. H.B. 1062, 427th Leg. (Md. 2010), available at http://mlis.state.md.us/2010rs/billfile/hb1062.htm.
55. Josh Harkinson, San Francisco's Latest Eco-Innovation: Growing Product Almost Everywhere, Mother Jones, July 9, 2009.
56. Goldstein, et al., supra note 7, at 45.
57. Goldstein, et al., supra note 7.
58. Goldstein, et al., supra note 7 at 32.
59. Goldstein, et al., supra note 7 at 11.
60. Orsi, supra note 4
61. citing Steven Hoffer, Oak Park, Michigan Resident Julie Bass Faces 93 Days In Jail For Vegetable Garden, Huffington Post, July 8, 2011, available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/08/julie-bass-jail-vegetablegarden_n_893436.html (Michigan resident charged with a misdemeanor for planting a front yard vegetable garden)
62. Chris Carlsson, Food Bad, Lawns Good? Berkeley Bureaucrats Target Transition Activist, SF.StreetsBlog.org, June 4, 2009, available at http://sf.streetsblog.org/2009/06/04/food-bad-lawns-good-berkeley-bureaucrats-target-transition-activist (California resident fined $4,500 for vegetable garden in front yard).
63. Maureen O'Hagen, Vegetable Gardens Crop up in Seattle Parking Strips, Seattle Ti mes, July 25, 2009, available at http://www.cityfarmer.info/2010/02/02/vegetable-gardens-crop-up-inseattle-parking-strips.
64. Goldstein et al., supra note 7.
65. See Richard M. Haughey, The Case for Multifamily Housing, The Urban Land Institute, 12 (2003). ("Residents of multifamily housing tend to own fewer cars and to use them less often.") Orsi, supra note 4.
66. See Richard M. Haughey, The Case for Multifamily Housing, The Urban Land Institute, 12 (2003). ("Residents of multifamily housing tend to own fewer cars and to use them less often.") Orsi, supra note 4.
67. City of Portland (Or.) Bureau of Development Services, Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs), available at http://www.portlandonline.com/bds/36676.
68. City of Portland (Or.) Bureau of Development Services, Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs), available at http://www.portlandonline.com/bds/36676.
69. City of Portland (Or.) Bureau of Development Services, Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs), available at http://www.portlandonline.com/bds/36676.
70. City of Santa Cruz (Cal.), Accessory Dwelling Unit Development Program, available at http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/index.aspx?page=1150.
71. City of Santa Cruz (Cal.), Accessory Dwelling Unit Development Program, available at http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/index.aspx?page=1150.
72. City of Santa Cruz (Cal.), Accessory Dwelling Unit Development Program, available at http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/index.aspx?page=1150.
73. City of Santa Cruz (Cal.), Accessory Dwelling Unit Development Program, available at http://www.cityofsantacruz.com/index.aspx?page=1150.
74. James A. Kushner, Affordable Housing as Infrastructure in the Time of Global Warming, 42/43 Urb. Law. 179, 197 (Fall 2010/ Winter 2011).
75. Tracey Taylor, Berkeley Developer Sees Future in Small, Smart Homes, Berkeleyside Blog (March 8, 2012), available at http://www.berkeleyside.com/2012/03/08/berkeley-developer-sees-future-in-small-smart-apartments.
76. See Janelle Orsi, Shareable: Cities, Policies for a Shareable City #5: Shareable Housing, (Oct. 13, 2011), available at http://www.shareable.net/blog/policies-for-a-shareable-city-5-shareable-housing.
77. See Janelle Orsi, Shareable: Cities, Policies for a Shareable City #5: Shareable Housing, (Oct. 13, 2011), available at http://www.shareable.net/blog/policies-for-a-shareable-city-5-shareable-housing.
78. See Janelle Orsi, Shareable: Cities, Policies for a Shareable City #5: Shareable Housing, (Oct. 13, 2011), available at http://www.shareable.net/blog/policies-for-a-shareable-city-5-shareable-housing.
79. See Janelle Orsi, Shareable: Cities, Policies for a Shareable City #5: Shareable Housing, (Oct. 13, 2011), available at http://www.shareable.net/blog/policies-for-a-shareable-city-5-shareable-housing.
80. Alan Heeks, CoHousing: Alan Heeks explores why cohousing can radically reduce your carbon footprint - and make you happy, 52 Permaculture Magazine 23, 24 (Summer 2007), available at http://gen-europe.org/uploads/media/PM52CohousingArticle.pdf.
81. Alan Heeks, CoHousing: Alan Heeks explores why cohousing can radically reduce your carbon footprint - and make you happy, 52 Permaculture Magazine 23, 25 (Summer 2007), available at http://gen-europe.org/uploads/media/PM52CohousingArticle.pdf.
82. Alan Heeks, CoHousing: Alan Heeks explores why cohousing can radically reduce your carbon footprint - and make you happy, 52 Permaculture Magazine 23, 24 (Summer 2007), available at http://gen-europe.org/uploads/media/PM52CohousingArticle.pdf.("Using and managing shared facilities really does create a sense of community among cohousing households.")
83. Alan Heeks, CoHousing: Alan Heeks explores why cohousing can radically reduce your carbon footprint - and make you happy, 52 Permaculture Magazine 23, 24 (Summer 2007), available at http://gen-europe.org/uploads/media/PM52CohousingArticle.pdf.
84. Alan Heeks, CoHousing: Alan Heeks explores why cohousing can radically reduce your carbon footprint - and make you happy, 52 Permaculture Magazine 23, 24 (Summer 2007), available at http://gen-europe.org/uploads/media/PM52CohousingArticle.pdf.
85. Mental Health Advocacy Services, Inc., Fair Housing Issues in Land Use and Zoning: Definitions of Family and Occupancy Standards, 2 (September 1998), available at http://www.housingrights.org/pdfs/def_family.pdf.
86. Mental Health Advocacy Services, Inc., Fair Housing Issues in Land Use and Zoning: Definitions of Family and Occupancy Standards, 2 (September 1998), available at http://www.housingrights.org/pdfs/def_family.pdf.
87. Recommended revisions to the definition of "family" include: "one or more persons living together as a single house- keeping unit"; "any group of individuals living together as the functional equivalent of a family where the residents may share living expense, chores, eat meals together and are a close group with social, economic and psychological commitments to each other"; and "one or more persons, related or unrelated, living together as a single integrated household in a dwelling unit."
88. See Linda Joseph and Albert Bates, What is an "Eco- Village"?, 117 Communities Magazine (Spring 2003)
89. see also Steve Sizemore, Urban Eco-villages as an Alternative Model to Revitalizing Urban Neighborhoods: The Eco-village Approach of the Seminary Square/ Price Hill Eco-village of Cincinnati, Ohio, 6 (May 20, 2004; unpublished Master's thesis, University of Cincinnati, on file with author).
90. See Sizemore, supra note 82, at 16; Global Eco-village Network, What is an Eco-Village? available at http://gen.ecovillage.org/ecovillages/whatisanecovillage.html. ("Eco-villages are urban or rural communities of people, who strive to integrate a supportive social environment with a low-impact way of life. To achieve this, they integrate various aspects of ecological design, permaculture, ecological building, green production, alternative energy, community building practices, and much more.")
91. Jonathan Taggart, Interactive Business Network Resource Library, Inside an eco-village: born of aligned ecological values and design, eco-villages are found in over 70 countries around the world, (Nov.-Dec. 2009), available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6685/is_5_35/ai_n39169482/?tag=content;col1.
92. Julie Pennington, Zoning for Sharing, in Janelle Orsi, Sharing Law: The Legal Landscape of the New Economy (forthcoming 2012)
93. see also Robby Boyer, Dandelion Ecovillage, Urban Planning, & Bloomington, Indiana, EvolutionaryCity.BlogSpot.com (Oct. 13, 2011), available at http://evolutionarycity.blogspot.com/2011/10/dandelion-ecovillage-urban-planning.html.
94. Also known as Bloomington Cooperative Plots; see Bloomington Cooperative Plots, A Forming Intentional Community, available at http://btowncooperativeplots.dwiel.net.
95. Pennington, supra note 87 (creatively, they reinterpreted the acro- nym (PUD) in their proposal to "Permaculture Urban Demonstration").
96. Pennington, supra note 87 (creatively, they reinterpreted the acro- nym (PUD) in their proposal to "Permaculture Urban Demonstration"). (For example, they reduced the proposed number of structures from 25 to 10, refined the drainage plan, and reduced the number of square feet they planned to build on.)
97. See also Torrie Cope, Bloomington Cooperative Housing Development Approved, Indiana Public Media, October 20, 2011, available at http://indianapublicmedia.org/news/bloomington-cooperative-housing-development-approved-22116.
98. Pennington, supra note 87
99. see also Michael Hale, How Yarrow Ecovillage Got 'Ecovillage Zoning,' EcoVillages Newsletter, available at http://ecovillagenews.org/wiki/index.php/How_Yarrow_Ecovillage_Got_Ecovillage_Zoning.
100. Orsi supra note 40.
101. Orsi supra note.
102. Orsi, supra note 70.
103. Glenn Rifkin, Cash Crops Under Glass and Up on the Roof, New York Times, May 19, 2011, p.B5, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/19/business/smallbusiness/19sbiz.html?pagewanted=all.
104. Glenn Rifkin, Cash Crops Under Glass and Up on the Roof, New York Times, May 19, 2011, p.B5, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/19/business/smallbusiness/19sbiz.html?pagewanted=all.
105. Glenn Rifkin, Cash Crops Under Glass and Up on the Roof, New York Times, May 19, 2011, p.B5, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/19/business/smallbusiness/19sbiz.html?pagewanted=all.
106. Chicago Department of Environment, Chicago's Green Rooftops: A Guide to Rooftop Gardening,(n.d.), at 6, available at http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/doe/general/GreenBldsRoofsHomes/GuidetoRooftopGardening_v2.pdf.
107. Steven Peck and Monica Kuhn, Design Guidelines for Green Roofs, (n.d at 4-5, available at http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/coedar/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=70146.
108. Steven Peck and Monica Kuhn, Design Guidelines for Green Roofs, (n.d at 4-5, available at http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/coedar/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=70146.
109. Steven Peck and Monica Kuhn, Design Guidelines for Green Roofs, (n.d at 4-5, available at http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/coedar/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=70146.
110. Chicago Department of Environment, Chicago's Green Rooftops: A Guide to Rooftop Gardening, (n.d.), at 4., available at http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/doe/general/GreenBldsRoofsHomes/GuidetoRooftopGardening_v2.pdf.
111. Chicago Department of Environment, Chicago's Green Rooftops: A Guide to Rooftop Gardening, (n.d.), at 5., available at http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/doe/general/GreenBldsRoofsHomes/GuidetoRooftopGardening_v2.pdf.
112. Steven Peck and Monica Kuhn, Design Guidelines for Green Roofs, (n.d.), at 9, available at http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/coedar/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=70146.
113. See., e.g., Seattle City Council News Release, August 16, 2010, available at http://www.seattle.gov/council/newsdetail.asp?ID=10996&Dept=28.
114. See, e.g., City of Portland Environmental Services, Cost Benefit Evaluation of Ecoroofs, 2008 at 1, available at http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?a=261053&c=50818.101.
115. Steven Peck and Monica Kuhn, Design Guidelines for Green Roofs, (n.d.), at 3, available at http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/coedar/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=70146.
116. See, e.g., Santa Fe (N.M.) Municipal Code Section 2.4.1.
117. Mark Rawson, California Energy Commission, Distributed Generation Costs and Benefits Issue Paper, July 2004, at 5-7, available at http://www.energy.ca.gov/papers/2004-08-30_RAWSON.PDF.
118. U.S. Department of Energy, Solar Powering Your Community: A Guide for Local Governments, January 2011, Section 3.1.
119. U.S. Department of Energy, Solar Powering Your Community: A Guide for Local Governments, January 2011, Section 3.3.
120. U.S. Department of Energy, Solar Powering Your Community: A Guide for Local Governments, January 2011, at Section 3.4.
121. Carbon Trust, Small Scale Wind Energy: Policy Insights and Practical Guidance, 2008, at 10, available at http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/PublicationsLibrary/CTC738.pdf.
122. Susan A. Shaheen et al., Carsharing Parking Policy: A Review of North American Practices and San Francisco Bay Area Case Study, 2010 Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, March 15, 2010 at 2, available at http://www.carsharing.net/library/TRB10-2921final.pdf.
123. California Insurance Code section 11580.24.
124. Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Reforming Parking Policies to Support Smart Growth, June 2007, at 27, available at http://www.mtc.ca.gov/planning/smart_growth/parking/parking_seminar/Toolbox-Handbook.pdf. See also Berkeley Municipal Code section 23E.28.140.
125. Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Reforming Parking Policies to Support Smart Growth, June 2007, at 28, available at http://www.mtc.ca.gov/planning/smart_growth/parking/parking_seminar/Toolbox-Handbook.pdf. See also Berkeley Municipal Code section 23E.28.140.
126. Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Reforming Parking Policies to Support Smart Growth, June 2007, at 31, available at http://www.mtc.ca.gov/planning/smart_growth/parking/parking_seminar/Toolbox-Handbook.pdf. See also Berkeley Municipal Code section 23E.28.140.
127. Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Reforming Parking Policies to Support Smart Growth, June 2007, at 33, available at http://www.mtc.ca.gov/planning/smart_growth/parking/parking_seminar/Toolbox-Handbook.pdf. See also Berkeley Municipal Code section 23E.28.140.
128. San Francisco Planning Code section 166(d)(1).
129. San Francisco Planning Code section at section 166(d)(3)(b).
130. San Francisco Planning Code section. at section 151.1(g)(1)(C)(i).
131. San Francisco Planning Code section. at section 151.1(e)(2); 151.1(g)(2).
132. San Francisco Planning Code section. at section 163.
133. San Francisco Metropolitan Transportation Authority, San Francisco Begins On-Street Car Sharing Pilot: 11 On-Street Spaces to be Tested During Six-Month Pilot Starting Today, Oct. 3, 2011, available at http://www.sfmta.com/cms/apress/SanFranciscoBeginsOn-streetCarSharingPilot11on-streetspacestobetestedduringsix-monthpil.htm.
134. Shaheen, supra note 108 at 12, available at http://www.carsharing.net/library/TRB10-2921final.pdf.
135. San Francisco Planning Code section 163.