메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 121, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 711-720

Time-to-kill: Measuring attack rates in a heterogenous landscape with multiple prey types

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CANID; ENCOUNTER RATE; FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE; GPS; HETEROGENEITY; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE; MOVEMENT; PREDATION; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; PREY AVAILABILITY; TERRAIN; VULNERABILITY;

EID: 84859711758     PISSN: 00301299     EISSN: 16000706     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20203.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (23)

References (74)
  • 1
    • 0025258112 scopus 로고
    • The effects of adaptive behaviour on the type-2 functional response
    • Abrams P. A. 1990. The effects of adaptive behaviour on the type-2 functional response. Ecology 71: 877-885.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 877-885
    • Abrams, P.A.1
  • 2
    • 39649102633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative patterns of predation by cougars and recolonizing wolves in Montana's Madison Range
    • Atwood T. C. and Gese E. M. 2007. Comparative patterns of predation by cougars and recolonizing wolves in Montana's Madison Range. J. Wildlife Manage. 71: 1098-1106.
    • (2007) J. Wildlife Manage. , vol.71 , pp. 1098-1106
    • Atwood, T.C.1    Gese, E.M.2
  • 3
    • 33645106971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of prey vulnerability through analysis of wolf movements and kill sites
    • Bergman E. J. et al. 2006. Assessment of prey vulnerability through analysis of wolf movements and kill sites. Ecol. Appl. 16: 273-284.
    • (2006) Ecol. Appl. , vol.16 , pp. 273-284
    • Bergman, E.J.1
  • 4
    • 69249210877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large predators and trophic cascades in the western United States
    • Beschta R. L. and Ripple W. J. 2009. Large predators and trophic cascades in the western United States. Biol. Conserv. 142: 2401-2414.
    • (2009) Biol. Conserv. , vol.142 , pp. 2401-2414
    • Beschta, R.L.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 7
    • 0033180314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of spatial grouping on the functional response of predators
    • Cosner C. et al. 1999. Effects of spatial grouping on the functional response of predators. Theor. Popul. Biol. 56: 65-76.
    • (1999) Theor. Popul. Biol. , vol.56 , pp. 65-76
    • Cosner, C.1
  • 8
    • 0036088393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator-prey dynamics and movements in fractal environments
    • Cuddington K. and Yodiz P. 2002. Predator-prey dynamics and movements in fractal environments. Am. Nat. 160: 119-134.
    • (2002) Am. Nat. , vol.160 , pp. 119-134
    • Cuddington, K.1    Yodiz, P.2
  • 9
    • 0028180910 scopus 로고
    • Functional response of wolves preying on barren-ground caribou in a multiple-prey ecosystem
    • Dale B. W. et al. 1994. Functional response of wolves preying on barren-ground caribou in a multiple-prey ecosystem. J. Anim. Ecol. 63: 644-652.
    • (1994) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.63 , pp. 644-652
    • Dale, B.W.1
  • 10
    • 0008447551 scopus 로고
    • Apparent case of surplus killing of caribou by gray wolves
    • Eide S. H. and Ballard W. B. 1982. Apparent case of surplus killing of caribou by gray wolves. Can. Field-Nat. 96: 87-88.
    • (1982) Can. Field-Nat. , vol.96 , pp. 87-88
    • Eide, S.H.1    Ballard, W.B.2
  • 11
    • 84859708728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environment Canada . National climate data and information archive for Nordegg RS, Alberta. - <>
    • Environment Canada 2009. National climate data and information archive for Nordegg RS, Alberta. - <>
    • (2009)
  • 12
    • 18444369359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves influence elk movements: behaviour shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park
    • Fortin D. et al. 2005. Wolves influence elk movements: behaviour shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 86: 1320-1330.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 1320-1330
    • Fortin, D.1
  • 13
    • 21244449546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scales of movement by elk (Cervus elaphus) in response to heterogeneity in forage resources and predation risk
    • Frair J. L. et al. 2005. Scales of movement by elk (Cervus elaphus) in response to heterogeneity in forage resources and predation risk. Landscape Ecol. 20: 273-287.
    • (2005) Landscape Ecol. , vol.20 , pp. 273-287
    • Frair, J.L.1
  • 14
    • 0027524372 scopus 로고
    • Diet choice and the functional response of beavers
    • Fryxell J. M. and Doucet C. M. 1993. Diet choice and the functional response of beavers. Ecology 74: 1297-1306.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1297-1306
    • Fryxell, J.M.1    Doucet, C.M.2
  • 15
    • 35548976759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group formation stabilizes predator-prey dynamics
    • Fryxell J. M. et al. 2007. Group formation stabilizes predator-prey dynamics. Nature 449: 1041-1044.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.449 , pp. 1041-1044
    • Fryxell, J.M.1
  • 17
    • 0034092504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kill rate by wolves on moose in the Yukon
    • Hayes R. D. et al. 2000. Kill rate by wolves on moose in the Yukon. Can. J. Zool. 78: 49-59.
    • (2000) Can. J. Zool. , vol.78 , pp. 49-59
    • Hayes, R.D.1
  • 18
    • 26444520447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial decomposition of predation risk using resource selection functions: an example in a wolf-elk predator-prey systems
    • Hebblewhite M. et al. 2005. Spatial decomposition of predation risk using resource selection functions: an example in a wolf-elk predator-prey systems. Oikos 111: 101-111.
    • (2005) Oikos , vol.111 , pp. 101-111
    • Hebblewhite, M.1
  • 19
    • 84888258034 scopus 로고
    • The components of predation as revealed by a study of small-mammal predation of the European sawfly
    • Holling C. S. 1959a. The components of predation as revealed by a study of small-mammal predation of the European sawfly. Can. Entomol. 91: 293-320.
    • (1959) Can. Entomol. , vol.91 , pp. 293-320
    • Holling, C.S.1
  • 20
    • 84880026161 scopus 로고
    • Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism
    • Holling C. S. 1959b. Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism. Can. Entomol. 91: 385-398.
    • (1959) Can. Entomol. , vol.91 , pp. 385-398
    • Holling, C.S.1
  • 21
    • 0038579281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food webs in space: on the interplay of dynamics instability and spatial processes
    • Holt R. D. 2002. Food webs in space: on the interplay of dynamics instability and spatial processes. Ecol. Res. 17: 261-273.
    • (2002) Ecol. Res. , vol.17 , pp. 261-273
    • Holt, R.D.1
  • 23
    • 0027431574 scopus 로고
    • Effect of snow depth on predation and scavenging by gray wolves
    • Huggard J. 1993. Effect of snow depth on predation and scavenging by gray wolves. J. Wildlife Manage. 57: 382-389.
    • (1993) J. Wildlife Manage. , vol.57 , pp. 382-389
    • Huggard, J.1
  • 25
    • 0033977947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of caribou and wolves in relation to linear corridors
    • James A. R. C. and Stuart-Smith A. K. 2000. Distribution of caribou and wolves in relation to linear corridors. J. Wildlife Manage. 64: 154-159.
    • (2000) J. Wildlife Manage. , vol.64 , pp. 154-159
    • James, A.R.C.1    Stuart-Smith, A.K.2
  • 26
    • 34248190717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When carnivores are 'full and lazy'
    • Jeschke J. M. 2007. When carnivores are 'full and lazy'. Oecologia 152: 357-364.
    • (2007) Oecologia , vol.152 , pp. 357-364
    • Jeschke, J.M.1
  • 27
    • 0001221023 scopus 로고
    • Winter defecation output and bedding frequency of wild, free-ranging moose
    • Joyal R. and Ricard J. G. 1986. Winter defecation output and bedding frequency of wild, free-ranging moose. J. Wildlife Manage. 50: 734-736.
    • (1986) J. Wildlife Manage. , vol.50 , pp. 734-736
    • Joyal, R.1    Ricard, J.G.2
  • 28
    • 34347270973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape heterogeneity shapes predation in a newly restored predator-prey system
    • Kauffman M. J. et al. 2007. Landscape heterogeneity shapes predation in a newly restored predator-prey system. Ecol. Lett. 10: 690-700.
    • (2007) Ecol. Lett. , vol.10 , pp. 690-700
    • Kauffman, M.J.1
  • 29
    • 77749327538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating global positioning system telemetry techniques for estimating cougar predation parameters
    • Knopff K. H. et al. 2009. Evaluating global positioning system telemetry techniques for estimating cougar predation parameters. J. Wildlife Manage. 73: 586-597.
    • (2009) J. Wildlife Manage. , vol.73 , pp. 586-597
    • Knopff, K.H.1
  • 30
    • 18244370236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A space-time permutation scan statistic for disease outbreak detection
    • Kulldorff M. et al. 2005. A space-time permutation scan statistic for disease outbreak detection. PloS Med. 2: 216-224.
    • (2005) PloS Med. , vol.2 , pp. 216-224
    • Kulldorff, M.1
  • 31
    • 27644530947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter habitat use by wolves, Canis lupus in relation to forest harvesting in west-central Alberta
    • Kuzyk G. W. et al. 2004. Winter habitat use by wolves, Canis lupus in relation to forest harvesting in west-central Alberta. Can. Field Nat. 118: 368-375.
    • (2004) Can. Field Nat. , vol.118 , pp. 368-375
    • Kuzyk, G.W.1
  • 32
    • 0025252617 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus
    • Lima S. L. and Dill L. M. 1990. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Can. J. Zool. 68: 619-640.
    • (1990) Can. J. Zool. , vol.68 , pp. 619-640
    • Lima, S.L.1    Dill, L.M.2
  • 33
    • 0029089461 scopus 로고
    • Applying Cox regression to competing risks
    • Lunn M. and McNeil D. 1995. Applying Cox regression to competing risks. Biometrics 51: 524-532.
    • (1995) Biometrics , vol.51 , pp. 524-532
    • Lunn, M.1    McNeil, D.2
  • 34
    • 34347210700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A proposed ethogram of large-carnivore predatory behaviour exemplified by the wolf
    • MacNulty D. R. et al. 2007. A proposed ethogram of large-carnivore predatory behaviour exemplified by the wolf. J. Mamm. 88: 595-603.
    • (2007) J. Mamm. , vol.88 , pp. 595-603
    • MacNulty, D.R.1
  • 35
    • 63849134800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body size and predatory performance in wolves: is bigger better?
    • MacNulty D. R. et al. 2009. Body size and predatory performance in wolves: is bigger better? J. Anim. Ecol. 78: 532-539.
    • (2009) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.78 , pp. 532-539
    • MacNulty, D.R.1
  • 36
    • 53049103426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat conditions associated with lynx hunting behaviour during winter in northernWashington.- J. Wildlife Manage.
    • Maletzka B. T. et al. 2008. Habitat conditions associated with lynx hunting behaviour during winter in northernWashington.- J. Wildlife Manage. 72: 1473-1478.
    • (2008) , vol.72 , pp. 1473-1478
    • Maletzka, B.T.1
  • 37
    • 0033006226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power analysis of wolf-moose functional response
    • Marshal J. P. and Boutin S. 1999. Power analysis of wolf-moose functional response. J. Wildlife Manage. 63: 396-402.
    • (1999) J. Wildlife Manage. , vol.63 , pp. 396-402
    • Marshal, J.P.1    Boutin, S.2
  • 39
    • 58149204250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First passage time analysis of animal movement and insights into the functional response
    • McKenzie H. W. et al. 2009. First passage time analysis of animal movement and insights into the functional response. Bull. Math. Biol. 71: 107-109.
    • (2009) Bull. Math. Biol. , vol.71 , pp. 107-109
    • McKenzie, H.W.1
  • 40
    • 77649215980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator-mediated allee effects in multi-prey systems
    • McLellan B. et al. 2010. Predator-mediated allee effects in multi-prey systems. Ecology 91: 286-292.
    • (2010) Ecology , vol.91 , pp. 286-292
    • McLellan, B.1
  • 43
    • 0004237810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, USA.
    • Mech L. D. et al. 1998. The wolves of Denali. - Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, USA.
    • (1998) The wolves of Denali
    • Mech, L.D.1
  • 44
    • 0346733299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrete proportional hazards models for mismeasured outcomes
    • Meier A. S. et al. 2003. Discrete proportional hazards models for mismeasured outcomes. Biometrics 59: 947-954.
    • (2003) Biometrics , vol.59 , pp. 947-954
    • Meier, A.S.1
  • 45
    • 77955181928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Building a mechanistic understanding of predation with GPS-based movement data
    • Merrill E. et al. 2010. Building a mechanistic understanding of predation with GPS-based movement data. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365: 2279-2288.
    • (2010) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B , vol.365 , pp. 2279-2288
    • Merrill, E.1
  • 46
    • 0002451993 scopus 로고
    • On the functional and numerical responses of wolves to changing prey density
    • Carbyn L. N. (eds), Can. Circumpolar Inst., Occas. Publ. No. 35.
    • Messier F. 1995. On the functional and numerical responses of wolves to changing prey density. - In: Carbyn L. N. et al. (eds), Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Can. Circumpolar Inst., Occas. Publ. No. 35.
    • (1995) Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world
    • Messier, F.1
  • 47
    • 0013653339 scopus 로고
    • Moose-wolf dynamics and the natural regulation of moose populations
    • Messier F. and Crête C. 1985. Moose-wolf dynamics and the natural regulation of moose populations. Oecologia 65: 44-50.
    • (1985) Oecologia , vol.65 , pp. 44-50
    • Messier, F.1    Crête, C.2
  • 48
    • 32344441736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator functional response and prey survival: direct and indirect interactions affecting a marked prey population
    • Miller D. A. et al. 2006. Predator functional response and prey survival: direct and indirect interactions affecting a marked prey population. J. Anim. Ecol. 75: 101-110.
    • (2006) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.75 , pp. 101-110
    • Miller, D.A.1
  • 49
    • 0442291846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central assumptions of predator-prey models fail in a semi-natural experimental system
    • Mols C. M. et al. 2004. Central assumptions of predator-prey models fail in a semi-natural experimental system. Proc. R. Soc. B 271: S85-S87.
    • (2004) Proc. R. Soc. B , vol.271
    • Mols, C.M.1
  • 50
    • 33748517205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A functional response model of a predator population foraging in a patchy habitat
    • Nachman G. 2006. A functional response model of a predator population foraging in a patchy habitat. J. Anim. Ecol. 75: 948-958.
    • (2006) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.75 , pp. 948-958
    • Nachman, G.1
  • 51
    • 66749147236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate, season, and social status modulate the functional response of an efficient stalking predator, the Eurasian lynx
    • Nilsen E. B. et al. 2009. Climate, season, and social status modulate the functional response of an efficient stalking predator, the Eurasian lynx. J. Anim. Ecol. 78: 741-751.
    • (2009) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.78 , pp. 741-751
    • Nilsen, E.B.1
  • 52
    • 28344437342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf behaviour: reproductive, social and intelligent
    • Mech L. D. and Boitani L. (eds), Univ. of Chicago Press
    • Packard J. M. 2003. Wolf behaviour: reproductive, social and intelligent. - In: Mech L. D. and Boitani L. (eds), Wolves: behavior, ecology and conservation. Univ. of Chicago Press, pp. 35-65.
    • (2003) Wolves: behavior, ecology and conservation , pp. 35-65
    • Packard, J.M.1
  • 53
    • 0024190874 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of cooperative hunting
    • Packer C. and Ruttan L. 1988. The evolution of cooperative hunting. Am. Nat. 132: 159-198.
    • (1988) Am. Nat. , vol.132 , pp. 159-198
    • Packer, C.1    Ruttan, L.2
  • 54
    • 0033949886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing killing rates of white-tailed deer by coyotes in eastern Canada
    • Patterson B. R. and Messier F. 2000. Factors influencing killing rates of white-tailed deer by coyotes in eastern Canada. J. Wildlife Manage. 64: 721-732.
    • (2000) J. Wildlife Manage. , vol.64 , pp. 721-732
    • Patterson, B.R.1    Messier, F.2
  • 55
    • 0034489680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance by large herbivores in boreal forests with special reference to moose
    • Persson I. L. et al. 2000. Disturbance by large herbivores in boreal forests with special reference to moose. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 37: 254-263.
    • (2000) Ann. Zool. Fenn. , vol.37 , pp. 254-263
    • Persson, I.L.1
  • 56
    • 0348242896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological and ethological perspectives in larval fish feeding
    • Rao T. R. 2003. Ecological and ethological perspectives in larval fish feeding. J. Appl. Aquacult. 13: 145-178.
    • (2003) J. Appl. Aquacult. , vol.13 , pp. 145-178
    • Rao, T.R.1
  • 57
    • 0000296803 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal changes in defecation rates of free-ranging white-tailed deer
    • Rogers L. L. 1987. Seasonal changes in defecation rates of free-ranging white-tailed deer. J. Wildlife Manage. 51: 330-332.
    • (1987) J. Wildlife Manage. , vol.51 , pp. 330-332
    • Rogers, L.L.1
  • 58
    • 30344441544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using GPS technology and GIS cluster analysis to estimate kill rates in wolf-ungulate ecosystems
    • Sand H. et al. 2008. Using GPS technology and GIS cluster analysis to estimate kill rates in wolf-ungulate ecosystems. Wildlife Soc. Bull. 33: 914-925.
    • (2008) Wildlife Soc. Bull. , vol.33 , pp. 914-925
    • Sand, H.1
  • 59
    • 0010880180 scopus 로고
    • Defecation rates of female white-tailed deer in Georgia
    • Sawyer T. G. et al. 1990. Defecation rates of female white-tailed deer in Georgia. Wildlife Soc. Bull. 18: 16-18.
    • (1990) Wildlife Soc. Bull. , vol.18 , pp. 16-18
    • Sawyer, T.G.1
  • 60
    • 0026049013 scopus 로고
    • Group hunting behaviour of lions: a search for cooperation
    • Scheel D. and Packer C. 1991. Group hunting behaviour of lions: a search for cooperation. Anim. Behav. 41: 697-709.
    • (1991) Anim. Behav. , vol.41 , pp. 697-709
    • Scheel, D.1    Packer, C.2
  • 61
    • 0002414656 scopus 로고
    • The natural control of animal populations
    • Solomon M. E. 1949. The natural control of animal populations. J. Anim. Ecol. 18: 1-35.
    • (1949) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.18 , pp. 1-35
    • Solomon, M.E.1
  • 62
    • 0036395309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common ravens, Corvus cora, preferentially associate with grey wolves, Canis lupus, as a foraging strategy in winter
    • Stahler D. et al. 2002. Common ravens, Corvus cora, preferentially associate with grey wolves, Canis lupus, as a foraging strategy in winter. Anim. Behav. 64: 283-290.
    • (2002) Anim. Behav. , vol.64 , pp. 283-290
    • Stahler, D.1
  • 63
    • 0028177130 scopus 로고
    • Effect of prey size on components of the functional response by Notonecta undulata. - Oecologia
    • Streams F. A. 1994. Effect of prey size on components of the functional response by Notonecta undulata. - Oecologia 98: 57-63.
    • (1994) , vol.98 , pp. 57-63
    • Streams, F.A.1
  • 65
    • 25444480556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial processes can determine the relationship between prey encounter rate and prey density
    • Travis J. M. J. and Palmer S. C. F. 2005. Spatial processes can determine the relationship between prey encounter rate and prey density. Biol. Lett. 1: 136-138.
    • (2005) Biol. Lett. , vol.1 , pp. 136-138
    • Travis, J.M.J.1    Palmer, S.C.F.2
  • 66
    • 33745931931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satiation effects in piscivore prey size selection
    • Turesson H. et al. 2006. Satiation effects in piscivore prey size selection. Ecol. Freshwater Fish 15: 78-85.
    • (2006) Ecol. Freshwater Fish , vol.15 , pp. 78-85
    • Turesson, H.1
  • 67
    • 0346078948 scopus 로고
    • The behaviour and social organization of the New Forest ponies
    • Tyler S. J. 1972. The behaviour and social organization of the New Forest ponies. Anim. Behav. Monogr. 5: 85-196.
    • (1972) Anim. Behav. Monogr. , vol.5 , pp. 85-196
    • Tyler, S.J.1
  • 68
    • 33745081450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GPS measurement error and resource selection functions in fragmented landscape
    • Visscher D. R. 2006. GPS measurement error and resource selection functions in fragmented landscape. Ecography 29: 458-464.
    • (2006) Ecography , vol.29 , pp. 458-464
    • Visscher, D.R.1
  • 69
    • 0038138025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of prey and predator densities on wolf predation
    • Vucetich J. A. et al. 2002. The effect of prey and predator densities on wolf predation. Ecology 11: 3003-3013.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 3003-3013
    • Vucetich, J.A.1
  • 71
    • 42149132686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical methods for identifying wolf kill sites using GPS locations
    • Webb N. F. et al. 2008. Statistical methods for identifying wolf kill sites using GPS locations. J. Wildlife Manage. 72: 798-807.
    • (2008) J. Wildlife Manage. , vol.72 , pp. 798-807
    • Webb, N.F.1
  • 72
    • 15944405396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial responses of wolves to roads and trails in mountain valleys
    • Whittington J. et al. 2005. Spatial responses of wolves to roads and trails in mountain valleys. Ecol. Appl. 15: 543-553.
    • (2005) Ecol. Appl. , vol.15 , pp. 543-553
    • Whittington, J.1
  • 73
    • 80055068564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caribou encounters with wolves increase near roads and trails: a time-to-event approach
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02043.x
    • Whittington J. et al. 2011. Caribou encounters with wolves increase near roads and trails: a time-to-event approach. J. Appl. Ecol. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02043.x
    • (2011) J. Appl. Ecol.
    • Whittington, J.1
  • 74
    • 42149096877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf movement patterns: a key estimation of kill rate?
    • Zimmerman B. et al. 2007. Wolf movement patterns: a key estimation of kill rate? J. Wildlife Manage. 71: 1177-1182.
    • (2007) J. Wildlife Manage. , vol.71 , pp. 1177-1182
    • Zimmerman, B.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.