Dissolved iron in the Arctic Ocean: Important role of hydrothermal sources, shelf input and scavenging removal

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 117, Issue 4, 2012, Pages

  Klunder, M B ^a   Laan, P ^a   Middag, R ^a,b   De Baar, H J W ^a,c   Bakker, K ^a  

^a ROYAL NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR SEA RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISSOLUTION; MANGANESE;

ARCTIC OCEAN; DEEP WATER; DEPTH PROFILE; DISSOLVED IRON; DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY; NORTH ATLANTIC; SHELF SEAS; WORLD OCEAN;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DEEP WATER; DISSOLVED LOAD; HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY; IRON; MANGANESE; WATER EXCHANGE;

AMUNDSEN BASIN; ARCTIC OCEAN; EURASIAN BASIN; MAKAROV BASIN; NANSEN BASIN;

EID: 84859703996     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011JC007135     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Aguilar-Islas, A. M., M. P. Hurst, K. N. Buck, B. Sohst, G. J. Smith, M. C. Lohan, and K. W. Bruland (2007), Micro-and macronutrients in the southeastern Bering Sea: Insight into iron-replete and irondepleted regimes, Prog. Oceanogr., 73, 99-126, doi:10.1016/j.pocean. 2006.12.002. (Pubitemid 46719375)
2. Aguilar-Islas, A. M., R. D. Rember, C. W. Mordy, and J. Wu (2008), Sea ice-derived dissolved iron and its potential influence on the spring algal bloom in the Bering Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L24601, doi:10.1029/2008GL035736.
3. Aksenov, Y., S. Bacon, A. C. Coward, and A. J. G. Nurser (2010), The North Atlantic inflow to the Arctic Ocean, J. Mar. Syst., 79(1-2), 1-22, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.05.003.
4. Anderson, L. G., E. P. Jones, and J. H. Swift (2003), Export production in the central Arctic Ocean evaluated from phosphate deficits, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C6), 3199, doi:10.1029/2001JC001057.
5. Ardelan, M. V., O. Holm-Hansen, C. D. Hewes, C. S. Reiss, N. S. Silva, H. Dulaiova, E. Steinnes, and E. Sakshaug (2010), Natural iron enrichment around the Antarctic Peninsula in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 7(1), 11-25, doi:10.5194/bg-7-11-2010.
6. Arrigo, K. R., G. van Dijken, and S. Pabi (2008), Impact of a shrinking Arctic ice cover on marine primary production, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19603, doi:10.1029/2008GL035028.
7. Boyd, P. W., et al. (2000), A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization, Nature, 407, 695-702, doi:10.1038/35037500.
8. Boyle, E. A., B. A. Bergquist, R. A. Kayser, and N. Mahowald (2005), Iron, manganese, and lead at Hawaii Ocean Time-Series station ALOHA: Temporal variability and an intermediate water hydrothermal plume, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69(4), 933-952, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2004.07.034. (Pubitemid 40280661)
9. Bruland, K. W., N. M. Price, and M. L. Wells (1995), Iron chemistry in seawater and its relationship to phytoplankton: A workshop report, Mar. Chem., 48(1), 157-182.
10. Bucciarelli, E., S. Blain, and P. Tréguer (2001), Iron and manganese in the wake of the Kerguelen Islands (Southern Ocean), Mar. Chem., 73(1), 21-36, doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(00)00070-0. (Pubitemid 32060772)
11. Cai, P., M. Rutgers van der Loeff, I. Stimac, E. M. Nöthig, K. Lepore, and S. B. Moran (2010), Low export flux of particulate organic carbon in the central Arctic Ocean as revealed by 234Th:238U disequilibrium, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C10037, doi:10.1029/2009JC005595.
12. Campbell, J. A., and P. A. Yeats (1982), The distribution of manganese, iron, nickel, copper and cadmium in the waters of Baffin Bay and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Oceanol. Acta, 5(2), 161-168.
13. Chever, F., E. Bucciarelli, G. Sarthou, S. Speich, M. Arhan, P. Penven, and A. Tagliabue (2010), Physical speciation of iron in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean along a transect from the subtropical domain to the Weddell Sea Gyre, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C10059, doi:10.1029/2009JC005880.
14. Cowen, J. P., G. P. Massoth, and R. A. Feely (1990), Scavenging rates of dissolved manganese in a hydrothermal vent plume, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 37(10), 1619-1637, doi:10.1016/0198-0149(90)90065-4.
15. Craig, H. (1974), A scavenging model for trace elements in the deep sea, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 23(1), 149-159, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(74) 90042-9.
16. Croot, P. L., and K. A. Hunter (1998), Trace metal distributions across the continental shelf near Otago Peninsula, New Zealand, Mar. Chem., 62(3-4), 185-201, doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00036-X. (Pubitemid 28494419)
17. D'Asaro, E. A., and J. H. Morison (1992), Internal waves and mixing in the Arctic Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 39(2), S459-S484, doi:10.1016/S0198- 0149(06)80016-6.
18. de Baar, H. J. W., and J. T. M. de Jong (2001), Distributions, sources and sinks of iron in seawater, in The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater, Ser. Anal. Phys. Chem. Environ. Syst., vol. 7, edited by D. R. Turner and K. A. Hunter, chap. 5, pp. 123-254, Wiley, Chichester, U.K.
19. de Baar, H. J. W., J. T. M. de Jong, D. C. E. Bakker, B. M. Löscher, C. Veth, U. Bathmann, and V. Smetacek (1995), Importance of iron for phytoplankton blooms and carbon dioxide drawdown in the Southern Ocean, Nature, 373, 412-415, doi:10.1038/373412a0.
20. de Baar, H. J. W., et al. (2008), Titan: A new facility for ultraclean sampling of trace elements and isotopes in the deep oceans in the international Geotraces program, Mar. Chem., 111(1-2), 4-21, doi:10.1016/j.marchem. 2007.07.009.
21. Edmonds, H. N., P. J. Michael, E. T. Baker, D. P. Connelly, J. E. Snow, C. H. Langmuir, H. J. B. Dick, R. Muhe, C. R. German, and D. W. Graham (2003), Discovery of abundant hydrothermal venting on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge in the Arctic Ocean, Nature, 421(6920), 252-256, doi:10.1038/nature01351. (Pubitemid 36139126)
22. Ekwurzel, B., P. Schlosser, R. A. Mortlock, R. G. Fairbanks, and J. H. Swift (2001), River runoff, sea ice meltwater, and Pacific water distribution and mean residence times in the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 106(C5), 9075-9092, doi:10.1029/1999JC000024.
23. Elrod, V. A., W. H. Berelson, K. H. Coale, and K. S. Johnson (2004), The flux of iron from continental shelf sediments: A missing source for global budgets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12307, doi:10.1029/2004GL020216. (Pubitemid 39384078)
24. Fahl, K., and E.-M. Nöthig (2007), Lithogenic and biogenic particle fluxes on the Lomonosov Ridge (central Arctic Ocean) and their relevance for sediment accumulation: Vertical vs. lateral transport, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 54(8), 1256-1272, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2007.04.014. (Pubitemid 47095317)
25. Field, M. P., and R. M. Sherrell (2000), Dissolved and particulate Fe in a hydrothermal plume at 9-45'N, East Pacific Rise: Slow Fe(II) oxidation kinetics in Pacific plumes, Geochim. Cosmo. Acta, 64(4), 619-628, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00333-6. (Pubitemid 30221897)
26. Gregg, W. W., M. E. Conkright, P. Ginoux, J. E. O'Reilly, and N. W. Casey (2003), Ocean primary production and climate: Global decadal changes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(15), 1809, doi:10.1029/2003GL016889.
27. Johnson, K. S., R. M. Gordon, and K. H. Coale (1997), What controls dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean?, Mar. Chem., 57(3-4), 137-161, doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00043-1. (Pubitemid 27369724)
28. Jones, E. P., B. Rudels, and L. G. Anderson (1995), Deep waters of the Arctic Ocean: Origins and circulation, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 42(5), 737-760, doi:10.1016/0967-0637(95)00013-V. (Pubitemid 26462982)
29. Klinkhammer, G. P., C. S. Chin, R. A. Keller, A. Dåhlmann, H. Sahling, G. Sarthou, S. Petersen, F. Smith, and C. Wilson (2001), Discovery of new hydrothermal vent sites in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 193(3-4), 395-407, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00536-2. (Pubitemid 34054522)
30. Klunder, M. B., P. Laan, R. Middag, H. J. W. de Baar, and J. C. van Ooijen (2011), Dissolved iron in the Southern Ocean (Atlantic sector), Deep Sea Res., Part II, 58, 2678-2694.
31. Klunder, M. B., D. Bauch, P. Laan, H. J. W. de Baar, S. van Heuven, and S. Ober (2012), Dissolved iron in the Arctic shelf seas and surface waters of the central Arctic Ocean: Impact of Arctic river water and ice-melt, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C01027, doi:10.1029/2011JC007133.
32. Laës, A., S. Blain, P. Laan, E. P. Achterberg, G. Sarthou, and H. J. W. de Baar (2003), Deep dissolved iron profiles in the eastern North Atlantic in relation to water masses, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(17), 1902, doi:10.1029/2003GL017902.
33. Laës, A., S. Blain, P. Laan, S. J. Ussher, E. P. Achterberg, P. Tréguer, and H. J. W. de Baar (2007), Sources and transport of dissolved iron and manganese along the continental margin of the Bay of Biscay, Biogeosciences, 4(2), 181-194, doi:10.5194/bg-4-181-2007. (Pubitemid 46425716)
34. Lam, P. J., and J. K. B. Bishop (2008), The continental margin is a key source of iron to the HNLC North Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07608, doi:10.1029/2008GL033294. (Pubitemid 351858643)
35. Martin, J. H., and R. M. Gordon (1988), Northeast Pacific iron distributions in relation to phytoplankton productivity, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 35(2), 177-196, doi:10.1016/0198-0149(88)90035-0.
36. Measures, C. I. (1999), The role of entrained sediments in sea ice in the distribution of aluminium and iron in the surface waters of the Arctic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 68(1-2), 59-70, doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00065-1. (Pubitemid 30008205)
37. Middag, R. (2010), Dissolved aluminium and manganese in the polar oceans, PhD thesis, Rijksuniv. Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
38. Middag, R., H. J. W. de Baar, P. Laan, and K. Bakker (2009), Dissolved aluminium and the silicon cycle in the Arctic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 115(3-4), 176-195, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2009.08.002.
39. Middag, R., H. J. W. de Baar, P. Laan, and M. B. Klunder (2011), Fluvial and hydrothermal input of manganese into the Arctic Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 75(9), 2393-2408, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.011.
40. Moore, J. K., and O. Braucher (2008), Sedimentary and mineral dust sources of dissolved iron to the world ocean, Biogeosciences, 5(3), 631-656, doi:10.5194/bg-5-631-2008. (Pubitemid 351667785)
41. Murray, J. W. (1992), The oceans, in Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Int. Geophys. Ser., vol. 50, edited by S. S. Butcher et al., chap. 4, pp. 175-211, Academic, London, doi:10.1016/S0074-6142(08)62692-3.
42. Nakayama, Y., S. Fujita, K. Kuma, and K. Shimada (2011), Iron and humic-type fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin of the western Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C07031, doi:10.1029/2010JC006779.
43. Parekh, P., M. J. Follows, and E. Boyle (2004), Modeling the global ocean iron cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB1002, doi:10.1029/2003GB002061.
44. Parekh, P., M. J. Follows, and E. A. Boyle (2005), Decoupling of iron and phosphate in the global ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB2020, doi:10.1029/2004GB002280. (Pubitemid 41576419)
45. Roeske, T., M. Rutgers vd Loeff, R. Middag, and K. Bakker (2012), Deep water circulation and composition in the Arctic Ocean by dissolved barium, aluminium and silicate, Mar. Chem., 132-133, 56-67, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2012. 02.001.
46. Rudels, B. (2001), Arctic Basin circulation, in Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, edited by J. H. Steele, S. A. Thorpe, and K. K. Turekian, pp. 177-187, Academic, San Diego, Calif., doi:10.1006/rwos.2001.0372.
47. Rudels, B., R. D. Muench, J. Gunn, U. Schauer, and H. J. Friedrich (2000), Evolution of the Arctic Ocean boundary current north of the Siberian shelves, J. Mar. Syst., 25(1), 77-99, doi:10.1016/S0924-7963(00)00009-9. (Pubitemid 30342972)
48. Rudels, B., G. Björk, J. Nilsson, P. Winsor, I. Lake, and C. Nohr (2005), The interaction between waters from the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas north of Fram Strait and along the East Greenland Current: Results from the Arctic Ocean-02 Oden expedition, J. Mar. Syst., 55(1-2), 1-30, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.06.008. (Pubitemid 40359228)
49. Sarthou, G., A. R. Baker, J. Kramer, P. Laan, A. Laës, S. Ussher, E. P. Achterberg, H. J. W. de Baar, K. R. Timmermans, and S. Blain (2007), Influence of atmospheric inputs on the iron distribution in the subtropical north-east Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 104(3-4), 186-202, doi:10.1016/j.marchem. 2006.11.004. (Pubitemid 46505190)
50. Schauer, U., R. D. Muench, B. Rudels, and L. Timokhov (1997), Impact of eastern Arctic shelf waters on the Nansen Basin intermediate layers, J. Geophys. Res., 102(C2), 3371-3382, doi:10.1029/96JC03366.
51. Schauer, U., H. Loeng, B. Rudels, V. K. Ozhigin, and W. Dieck (2002), Atlantic water flow through the Barents and Kara Seas, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 49, 2281-2298, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00125-5. (Pubitemid 36178200)
52. Schlitzer, R. (2002), Ocean Data View, http://odv.awi.de/, Alfred Wegener Inst. for Polar and Mar. Res., Bremerhaven, Germany.
53. Sunda, W. G., and S. A. Huntsman (1995), Iron uptake and growth limitation in oceanic and coastal phytoplankton, Mar. Chem., 50(1-4), 189-206, doi:10.1016/0304-4203(95)00035-P. (Pubitemid 26463204)
54. Tagliabue, A., et al. (2010), Hydrothermal contribution to the oceanic dissolved iron inventory, Nat. Geosci., 3(4), 252-256, doi:10.1038/ngeo818.
55. Tanhua, T., K. A. Olsson, and E. Jeansson (2005), Formation of Denmark Strait overflow water and its hydro-chemical composition, J. Mar. Syst., 57(3-4), 264-288, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.05.003. (Pubitemid 41315915)
56. Thuróczy, C.-E., L. J. A. Gerringa, M. Klunder, P. Laan, and H. J. W. de Baar (2011), Distinct trends in the speciation of iron between the shallow shelf seas and the deep basins of the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C10009, doi:10.1029/2010JC006835.
57. Turner, D. R., and K. A. Hunter (Eds.) (2001), The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater, Ser. Anal. Phys. Chem. Environ. Syst., vol. 7, Wiley, Chichester, U.K.
58. Weiss, R. F. (1977), Hydrothermal manganese in the deep sea: Scavenging residence time and Mn/3He relationships, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 37(2), 257-262, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(77)90171-6.
59. Wu, J., and G. W. Luther (1995), Complexation of Fe(III) by natural organic ligands in the northwest Atlantic Ocean by a competitive ligand equilibration method and a kinetic approach, Mar. Chem., 50(1-4), 159-177, doi:10.1016/0304-4203(95)00033-N.
60. Wu, J., E. Boyle, W. Sunda, and L.-S. Wen (2001), Soluble and colloidal iron in the oligotrophic North Atlantic and North Pacific, Science, 293(5531), 847-849, doi:10.1126/science.1059251. (Pubitemid 32743971)
61. Wu, J., M. L. Wells, and R. Rember (2011), Dissolved iron anomaly in the deep tropical-subtropical Pacific: Evidence for long-range transport of hydrothermal iron, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 75(2), 460-468, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.10.024.
62. Yang, J. (2009), Seasonal and interannual variability of downwelling in the Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C00A14, doi:10.1029/2008JC005084.