메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 272-297

Well-being assessment: An evaluation of well-being scales for public health and population estimates of well-being among US adults

Author keywords

Population health; Psychometric analysis; US population surveys; Well being assessment

Indexed keywords


EID: 84859584585     PISSN: 17580846     EISSN: 17580854     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01035.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (190)

References (77)
  • 1
    • 0002293934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes and correlates of happiness
    • D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), New York: Russell Sage Foundation
    • Argyle, M. (1999). Causes and correlates of happiness. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 353-373). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (1999) Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology , pp. 353-373
    • Argyle, M.1
  • 2
    • 0033577326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From disease prevention to health promotion
    • Breslow, L. (1999). From disease prevention to health promotion. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281(11), 1030-1033.
    • (1999) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.281 , Issue.11 , pp. 1030-1033
    • Breslow, L.1
  • 3
    • 29944434455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health measurement in the third era of public health
    • Breslow, L. (2006). Health measurement in the third era of public health. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 17-19.
    • (2006) American Journal of Public Health , vol.96 , pp. 17-19
    • Breslow, L.1
  • 4
    • 0004213404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000). Measuring Healthy Days. Atlanta, GA.
    • (2000) Measuring Healthy Days
  • 5
    • 19544381765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public health and aging: Trends in aging-United States and worldwide
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2003). Public health and aging: Trends in aging-United States and worldwide. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 52(06), 101-106.
    • (2003) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , vol.52 , Issue.6 , pp. 101-106
  • 6
    • 84859605035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Retrieved 17 June 2009 from
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009a). Community health profiles: Health related quality of life. Retrieved 17 June 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/hrqol/community.htm.
    • (2009) Community health profiles: Health related quality of life
  • 8
    • 0034549672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "what" and "why" of goal pursuit: Human needs and self-determination of behavior
    • Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuit: Human needs and self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
    • (2000) Psychological Inquiry , vol.11 , pp. 227-268
    • Deci, E.L.1    Ryan, R.M.2
  • 9
    • 0021419897 scopus 로고
    • Subjective well-being
    • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
    • (1984) Psychological Bulletin , vol.95 , pp. 542-575
    • Diener, E.1
  • 10
    • 84975894843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subjective well-being: The science of happiness, and a proposal for a national index
    • Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness, and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34-43
    • (2000) American Psychologist , vol.55 , pp. 34-43
    • Diener, E.1
  • 15
    • 0002683619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National differences in subjective well-being
    • D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), New York: Russell Sage Foundation
    • Diener, E., & Suh, M.S. (1999). National differences in subjective well-being. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 434-450). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (1999) Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology , pp. 434-450
    • Diener, E.1    Suh, M.S.2
  • 18
    • 84993740491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How can measures of subjective well-being be used to inform public policy?
    • Dolan, P., & White, M.P. (2007). How can measures of subjective well-being be used to inform public policy? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(1), 71-85.
    • (2007) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 71-85
    • Dolan, P.1    White, M.P.2
  • 22
    • 0017573083 scopus 로고
    • A concurrent validational study of the NCHS General Well-Being Schedule
    • (DHEW Publication No. (HRA) 78-1347). Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Center for Health Statistics
    • Fazio, A.F. (1977). A concurrent validational study of the NCHS General Well-Being Schedule. Vital and Health Statistics Series 2, No. 73. (DHEW Publication No. (HRA) 78-1347). Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Center for Health Statistics.
    • (1977) Vital and Health Statistics Series , vol.2 , Issue.73
    • Fazio, A.F.1
  • 24
    • 0001122504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions
    • Fredrickson, B.L., & Levenson, R.W. (1998). Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 191-220.
    • (1998) Cognition and Emotion , vol.12 , pp. 191-220
    • Fredrickson, B.L.1    Levenson, R.W.2
  • 26
    • 0026229924 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity
    • Fujita, F., Diener, E., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 427-434.
    • (1991) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.62 , pp. 427-434
    • Fujita, F.1    Diener, E.2    Sandvik, E.3
  • 27
    • 80255130499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gallup, Inc. & Healthways, Inc., Retrieved 16 July 2009 from
    • Gallup, Inc. & Healthways, Inc. (2009). Well-being index. Retrieved 16 July 2009 from http://www.well-beingindex.com/.
    • (2009) Well-being index
  • 29
    • 84973740109 scopus 로고
    • A research synthesis of gender and social class as correlates of subjective well-being
    • Haring, M.J., Stock, W.A., & Okun, M.A. (1984). A research synthesis of gender and social class as correlates of subjective well-being. Human Relations, 37, 645-657.
    • (1984) Human Relations , vol.37 , pp. 645-657
    • Haring, M.J.1    Stock, W.A.2    Okun, M.A.3
  • 30
    • 57749091072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Philosophy and the science of subjective well-being
    • M. Eid & R.J. Larsen (Eds.), New York: Guilford Press
    • Haybron, D.M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R.J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). New York: Guilford Press.
    • (2008) The science of subjective well-being , pp. 17-43
    • Haybron, D.M.1
  • 31
    • 3042812974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of person versus situation in life satisfaction: A critical examination
    • Heller, D., Watson, D., & Hies, R. (2004). The role of person versus situation in life satisfaction: A critical examination. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 574-600.
    • (2004) Psychological Bulletin , vol.130 , pp. 574-600
    • Heller, D.1    Watson, D.2    Hies, R.3
  • 34
    • 33745704725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC: National Academies Press
    • Institute of Medicine (2003). The future of the public's health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
    • (2003) The future of the public's health
  • 35
    • 80052360753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Institute of Medicine, Retrieved 10 December 2009 from
    • Institute of Medicine (2008). State of the USA health indicators. Retrieved 10 December 2009 from http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2008/State-of-the-USA-Health-Indicators-Letter-Report.aspx.
    • (2008) State of the USA health indicators
  • 36
    • 84859601864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melbourne: Australian Centre on Quality of Life, Deakin University. Retrieved 4 November 2007 from
    • International Wellbeing Group, (4th edn.)
    • International Wellbeing Group (2006). Personal wellbeing index (4th edn.). Melbourne: Australian Centre on Quality of Life, Deakin University. Retrieved 4 November 2007 from http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/acqol/instruments/wellbeing_index.htm.
    • (2006) Personal wellbeing index
  • 37
    • 0002317729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Objective happiness
    • D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwartz (Eds.), New York: Russell Sage Foundation
    • Kahneman, D. (1999). Objective happiness. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwartz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 3-25). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (1999) Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology , pp. 3-25
    • Kahneman, D.1
  • 39
    • 0002181744 scopus 로고
    • The quality of well-being scale: Rationale for a single quality of life index
    • S.R. Walker & R. Rosser (Eds.), London: MTP Press
    • Kaplan, R.M., & Anderson, J.P. (1988). The quality of well-being scale: Rationale for a single quality of life index. In S.R. Walker & R. Rosser (Eds.), Quality of life: Assessment and application (pp. 51-77). London: MTP Press.
    • (1988) Quality of life: Assessment and application , pp. 51-77
    • Kaplan, R.M.1    Anderson, J.P.2
  • 41
    • 0003854746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; US Census Bureau, series P95/01
    • Kinsella, K., & Velkoff, V. (2001). An aging world: 2001. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; US Census Bureau, series P95/01.
    • (2001) An aging world: 2001
    • Kinsella, K.1    Velkoff, V.2
  • 42
    • 33646498077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further validation and reliability testing of the Attitudes and Beliefs about Living with Epilepsy (ABLE) components of the CDC epilepsy program instrument on stigma
    • Kobau, R., Dilorio, C.A., Anderson, L.A., & Price, P.H. (2006). Further validation and reliability testing of the Attitudes and Beliefs about Living with Epilepsy (ABLE) components of the CDC epilepsy program instrument on stigma. Epilepsy and Behavior, 8(3), 552-559.
    • (2006) Epilepsy and Behavior , vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp. 552-559
    • Kobau, R.1    Dilorio, C.A.2    Anderson, L.A.3    Price, P.H.4
  • 43
    • 77952092885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attitudes about mental illness and its treatment: Validation of a generic scale for public health surveillance of mental illness associated stigma
    • doi 10.1007/s10597-009-9191-x
    • Kobau, R., Dilorio, C., Chapman, D., & Delvecchio, P. (2009). Attitudes about mental illness and its treatment: Validation of a generic scale for public health surveillance of mental illness associated stigma. Community Mental Health Journal, doi 10.1007/s10597-009-9191-x.
    • (2009) Community Mental Health Journal
    • Kobau, R.1    Dilorio, C.2    Chapman, D.3    Delvecchio, P.4
  • 44
    • 84859594863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ISQOLS Conference: Measures and goals for the progress of societies, Florence, 23-24 July. Retrieved 22 December 2009, from
    • Kobau, R., Sneizek, J., & Zack, M.M. (2009). US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's well-being initiative: An overview. ISQOLS Conference: Measures and goals for the progress of societies, Florence, 23-24 July. Retrieved 22 December 2009, from http://www.isqols2009.istitutodeglinnocenti.it/Content_en/KOBAU_CDC%20Well%20Being%20Initiative%20with%20cover%20page.pdf.
    • (2009) US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's well-being initiative: An overview
    • Kobau, R.1    Sneizek, J.2    Zack, M.M.3
  • 45
    • 77952581826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ed Diener and the science of subjective well-being
    • R.J. Larsen & M. Eid (Eds.), New York: Guilford Press
    • Larsen, R.J., & Eid, M. (2008). Ed Diener and the science of subjective well-being. In R.J. Larsen & M. Eid (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 1-12). New York: Guilford Press.
    • (2008) The science of subjective well-being , pp. 1-12
    • Larsen, R.J.1    Eid, M.2
  • 46
    • 29644438373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
    • Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855.
    • (2005) Psychological Bulletin , vol.131 , pp. 803-855
    • Lyubomirsky, S.1    King, L.2    Diener, E.3
  • 47
    • 0027703696 scopus 로고
    • Extraversion and neuroticism as predictors of objective life events: A longitudinal analysis
    • Magnus, K., Diener, E., Fujita, F., & Pavot, W. (1993). Extraversion and neuroticism as predictors of objective life events: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1046-1053.
    • (1993) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.65 , pp. 1046-1053
    • Magnus, K.1    Diener, E.2    Fujita, F.3    Pavot, W.4
  • 49
    • 4043171570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's healthy days measures-population tracking of perceived physical and mental health over time
    • Moriarty, D.G., Zack, M.M., & Kobau, R. (2003). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's healthy days measures-population tracking of perceived physical and mental health over time. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1(37), 1-8.
    • (2003) Health and Quality of Life Outcomes , vol.1 , Issue.37 , pp. 1-8
    • Moriarty, D.G.1    Zack, M.M.2    Kobau, R.3
  • 50
    • 0038571307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mood system
    • D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), New York: Russell Sage Foundation
    • Morris, W.N. (1999). The mood system. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 169-189). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (1999) Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology , pp. 169-189
    • Morris, W.N.1
  • 51
    • 73649102557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Economics Foundation, Retrieved 17 June 2009 from
    • New Economics Foundation (2009). National accounts of well-being. Retrieved 17 June 2009 from http://www.nationalaccountsofwellbeing.org/.
    • (2009) National accounts of well-being
  • 54
    • 0035094373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between emotional well-being and incidence of stroke in older adults
    • Ostir, G.V., Markides, K.S., Peek, M.K., & Goodwin, J.S. (2001). The association between emotional well-being and incidence of stroke in older adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 210-215.
    • (2001) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.63 , pp. 210-215
    • Ostir, G.V.1    Markides, K.S.2    Peek, M.K.3    Goodwin, J.S.4
  • 55
    • 65449139751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The assessment of subjective well-being: Successes and shortfalls
    • M. Eid & R.J. Larsen (Eds.), New York: Guilford Press
    • Pavot, W. (2008). The assessment of subjective well-being: Successes and shortfalls. In M. Eid & R.J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 124-140). New York: Guilford Press.
    • (2008) The science of subjective well-being , pp. 124-140
    • Pavot, W.1
  • 56
    • 79955746878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale
    • E. Diener (Ed.), Dordrecht: Springer
    • Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2009). Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. In E. Diener (Ed.), Assessing well-being (pp. 101-117). Dordrecht: Springer.
    • (2009) Assessing well-being , pp. 101-117
    • Pavot, W.1    Diener, E.2
  • 57
    • 0026211607 scopus 로고
    • Further validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of wellbeing measures
    • Pavot, W., Diener, E., Colvin, C.R., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Further validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of wellbeing measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 149-161.
    • (1991) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.57 , pp. 149-161
    • Pavot, W.1    Diener, E.2    Colvin, C.R.3    Sandvik, E.4
  • 58
    • 0242479280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of consumer panel survey data for public health communication planning: An evaluation of survey results
    • Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association
    • Pollard, W.E. (2002). Use of consumer panel survey data for public health communication planning: An evaluation of survey results. Proceedings of the Section on Health Policy Statistics, 2002, 2720-2724. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
    • (2002) Proceedings of the Section on Health Policy Statistics 2002 2720-2724.
    • Pollard, W.E.1
  • 59
    • 29644434367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does positive affect influence health?
    • Pressman, S.D., & Cohen, S. (2005). Does positive affect influence health? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 925-971.
    • (2005) Psychological Bulletin , vol.131 , pp. 925-971
    • Pressman, S.D.1    Cohen, S.2
  • 60
    • 34247385541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related quality of life item banks
    • Reeve, B.B., Hays, R.D., Bjorner, J.B., Cook, K.F., Crane, P.K., Teresi, J.A. et al. (2007). Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related quality of life item banks. Medical Care, 45, S22-S31.
    • (2007) Medical Care , vol.45
    • Reeve, B.B.1    Hays, R.D.2    Bjorner, J.B.3    Cook, K.F.4    Crane, P.K.5    Teresi, J.A.6
  • 61
    • 0032385042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contours of positive human health
    • Ryff, C.D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 1-28.
    • (1998) Psychological Inquiry , vol.9 , pp. 1-28
    • Ryff, C.D.1    Singer, B.2
  • 63
    • 65449164078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of subjective well-being
    • M. Eid & R.J. Larsen (Eds.), New York: Guilford Press
    • Schimmack, U. (2008). The structure of subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R.J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 97-123). New York: Guilford Press.
    • (2008) The science of subjective well-being , pp. 97-123
    • Schimmack, U.1
  • 64
    • 0002516638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reports of subjective well-being: Judgmental processes and their methodological implications
    • D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), New York: Russell Sage Foundation
    • Schwarz, N., & Strack, F. (1999). Reports of subjective well-being: Judgmental processes and their methodological implications. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 61-84). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (1999) Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology , pp. 61-84
    • Schwarz, N.1    Strack, F.2
  • 65
    • 31544455036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life
    • Steger, M.F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93.
    • (2006) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.53 , Issue.1 , pp. 80-93
    • Steger, M.F.1    Frazier, P.2    Oishi, S.3    Kaler, M.4
  • 66
    • 59649111269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood
    • Steger, M.F., Oishi, S., & Kashdan, T.B. (2009). Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 43-52.
    • (2009) Journal of Positive Psychology , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-52
    • Steger, M.F.1    Oishi, S.2    Kashdan, T.B.3
  • 67
    • 38649136348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health-related quality of life and health behaviors by social and emotional support: Their relevance to psychiatry and medicine
    • Strine, T.W., Chapman, D.P., Balluz, L.S., & Mokdad, A.H. (2008a). Health-related quality of life and health behaviors by social and emotional support: Their relevance to psychiatry and medicine. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(2), 151-159.
    • (2008) Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 151-159
    • Strine, T.W.1    Chapman, D.P.2    Balluz, L.S.3    Mokdad, A.H.4
  • 68
    • 37249050429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The associations between life satisfaction and health-related quality of life, chronic illness, and health behaviors among US community-dwelling adults
    • Strine, T.W., Chapman, D.P., Balluz, L.S., Moriarty, D.G., & Mokdad, A.H. (2008b). The associations between life satisfaction and health-related quality of life, chronic illness, and health behaviors among US community-dwelling adults. Journal of Community Health, 33(1), 40-50.
    • (2008) Journal of Community Health , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 40-50
    • Strine, T.W.1    Chapman, D.P.2    Balluz, L.S.3    Moriarty, D.G.4    Mokdad, A.H.5
  • 70
    • 45349086978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The well-being of nations: Linking together trust, cooperation, and democracy
    • B.A. Sullivan, M. Snyder, & J.L.Sullivan (Eds.), Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing
    • Tov, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The well-being of nations: Linking together trust, cooperation, and democracy. In B.A. Sullivan, M. Snyder, & J.L.Sullivan (Eds.), Cooperation: The psychology of effective human interaction (pp. 323-342). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
    • (2008) Cooperation: The psychology of effective human interaction , pp. 323-342
    • Tov, W.1    Diener, E.2
  • 71
    • 9344250524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health
    • Tugade, M.M., Fredrickson, B.L., & Barrett, L.F. (2004). Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1161-1190.
    • (2004) Journal of Personality , vol.72 , Issue.6 , pp. 1161-1190
    • Tugade, M.M.1    Fredrickson, B.L.2    Barrett, L.F.3
  • 73
    • 0002242513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Well-being and the workplace
    • D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), New York: Russell Sage Foundation
    • Warr, P. (1999). Well-being and the workplace. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 392-412). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (1999) Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology , pp. 392-412
    • Warr, P.1
  • 74
    • 0024023344 scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of brief measure of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales
    • Watson, D., Clark, L.A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measure of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
    • (1988) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.54 , Issue.6 , pp. 1063-1070
    • Watson, D.1    Clark, L.A.2    Tellegen, A.3
  • 75
    • 0343177252 scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization, Retrieved 12 February 2008 from
    • World Health Organization (1949). WHO Constitution. Retrieved 12 February 2008 from http://www.who.int/about/en/.
    • (1949) WHO Constitution
  • 76
    • 23944479847 scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Quality of Life Group, WHO. Geneva. Retrieved 19 September 2008 from
    • World Health Organization Quality of Life Group (1995). Division of Mental Health. WHO. Geneva. Retrieved 19 September 2008 from www.who.int/mental_health/who_qol_field_trial_1995.pdf.
    • (1995) Division of Mental Health
  • 77
    • 0003830430 scopus 로고
    • World Values Study Group,Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) version (computer file). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
    • World Values Study Group (1994). World values survey, 1981-1984 and 1990-1993. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) version (computer file). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
    • (1994) World values survey, 1981-1984 and 1990-1993


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.