Spatial inequity and national territory: Remapping 1905 in Bengal and Assam

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 483-525

  Ludden, David ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK; HISTORICAL CARTOGRAPHY; MAPPING METHOD; MODERNITY; POLITICAL ECONOMY; POLITICAL HISTORY; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; TERRITORIAL DELIMITATION; TWENTIETH CENTURY; UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT;

ASSAM; BENGAL; INDIA;

EID: 84859548091     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: 14698099     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X11000357     Document Type: Review

References (234)

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4. David Ludden, 'Maps in the Mind and the Mobility of Asia', Journal of Asian Studies, 62:3, November 2003, 1057-1078.
5. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991;
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7. SeeCarlos A.Martínez-Vela, 'World Systems Theory', http://web.mit.edu/esd.83/www/notebook/WorldSystem.pdf [accessed 29 March 2011].
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12. See James C. Scott. The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
13. See David Ludden, 'Area Studies in the Age of Globalization', FRONTIERS: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, Winter 2000, 1-22;
14. 'Why Area Studies?', in Localizing Knowledge in a Globalizing World: Recasting the Area Studies Debate, Ali Mirsepassi, Amrita Basu, and Frederick Weaver (eds), Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2003, pp. 131-137.
15. A useful early contribution to the historical geography of national integration is Regions and regionalism in South Asian studies: an exploratory study, Robert I. Crane (ed.), Durham: Duke University, 1967.
16. A master work in this field is Joseph E. Schwartzberg, A Historical Atlas of South Asia, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978, reprinted Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1991. Available at: http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/ schwartzberg [accessed 29 March 2011].
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18. Peter Sahlins provided amodel with Boundaries: the making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
19. Thongchai Winichakul led the way in Asia with Siam mapped: a history of the geo-body of a nation, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994.
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26. Willem van Schendel, The Bengal borderland: beyond state and nation in South Asia, London: Anthem, 2005;
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28. See also Peter Robb, 'The Colonial State and Constructions of Indian identity: An example on the north-east frontier in the 1880s', Modern Asian Studies, 1997, 31:2, 245-283;
29. Illicit flows and criminal things: states, borders, and the other side of globalization, Willem van Schendel and Itty Abraham (eds), Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.
30. David Ludden, India and South Asia: A Short History,Oxford: Oneworld Publishers, 2004.
31. See Gary B.Magee and Andrew S. Thompson. Empire and Globalisation: Networks of People, Goods and Capital in the British World, circa 1850-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010;
32. Amiya Kumar Bagchi, Perilous Passage: Mankind and the Global Ascendancy of Capital, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005;
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35. See John D. Kelly and Martha Kaplan, Represented communities: Fiji and world decolonization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
36. In 1971, Robert Heilbroner argued that economic models based on trade among nations were unrealistic because multinationals were internationalizing the production process ('The Multinational Corporation and the Nation-State', New York Review of Books, 11 February, pp. 20-25.).
37. In 1972, a special issue of International Studies Quarterly on 'Multinational Corporations andWorld Order' (16, 14, December 1972), announced 'the globalization of the market', p. 513.
38. David Ludden, 'India's Spatial History in the Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basin', in Re-Writing the Northeast, Neeladri Bhattacharya and Joy Pachuau (eds), Delhi: Oxford University Press (forthcoming).
39. Sanjib Baruah, India against itself: Assam and the politics of nationality. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999;
40. Durable Disorder: Essays on the Politics of Northeast India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005;
41. Marcus Franke, War and Nationalism in South Asia: The Indian state and the Nagas. London: Routledge, 2009.
42. For a synopsis, see http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ ACRIndiaNE. html, where the summary statement on 26 October 2010 was this: '2009⋯can be viewed as one of relative improvement.
43. See Agricultural Production and South Asian History, David Ludden (ed.), Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005.
44. For analogous trends in Latin America, see Luis Bértola, Cecilia Castelnovo, Javier Rodríguez, and Henry Willebald, 'Income distribution in the Latin American Southern Cone during the first globalization boom, circa 1870-1920', paper presented at the Midterm Conference of the International Sociological Association's Research Committee on Economy and Society, June 26-28 2008, University of Neuchâtel. http://earchivo. uc3m.es/bitstream/10016/ 2500/1/wp-08-05.pdf [accessed 29 March 2011].
45. On increasing returns, see Sanjoy Chakravorty, Fragments of Inequality: Social, Spatial, and Evolutionary Analyses of Income Distribution. New York: Routledge, 2006, pp. 167-203.
46. Bipan Chandra, The Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism in India: Economic Policies of Indian National Leadership. New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1966.
47. See Gordon Johnson, 'Agitation and Congress: Bengal 1904 to 1908', Modern Asian Studies, 1973, 7:3, 533-588.
48. For documents, see The Partition of Bengal (1905- 1911). Selected Documents, Vinod Kumar Saxena (ed.), Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House, 1987;
49. Muntasir Mamoon, Bengal Partition: 1905 and East Bengal, translated from Bangla by Rana Razzaque, Dhaka: International Centre for Bengal Studies, 2008.
50. Rosemary George, '(Extra)Ordinary Violence: National literatures, Diasporic Aesthetics, and the Politics of Gender in South Asian Partition Fiction', SIGNS: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 33:1, Autumn 2007, 135-158;
51. Bhaskar Sarkar, Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition, Durham: Duke University Press, 2009;
52. Ramachandra Guha, India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy, London: Macmillan, 2007, pp. 3-35.
53. Mamoon, Bengal Partition, p. 35, ff.
54. Meghnad Desai underlines this in India and China: An Essay in Comparative Political Economy (reprinted from a 2003 InternationalMonetary Fund conference paper) New Delhi: Critical Quest, 2008.
55. On territorial attachments, see Ludden, 'Maps in the Mind'.
56. Sankaran Krishnan, 'Cartographic Anxiety: Mapping the Body Politic in India', Challenging Boundaries: Global Flows, Territorial Identities, Michael J. Shapiro and Wayward R. Alker (eds), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. pp. 193-214.
57. Shail Mayaram, Against History, Against State: Counter Perspectives from the Margins. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
58. Goswami, Producing India;
59. Robb, 'Colonial State and Constructions of Indian identity'.
60. The only effort at river history in the region focuses on the Ganges: Radhakamal Mukerjee, The Changing Face of Bengal: A Study in Riverine Economy, with Introduction by Arun Bandopadhyay, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 2009 (first published 1938).
61. R. M. Lahiri, The Annexation of Assam. Calcutta: Firma KLM, 1954.
62. Alexander Mackenzie, History of the Relations of the Government with the Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier of Bengal, Calcutta: Government of India, 1884
63. reprinted as The Northeast Frontier of India, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1979.
64. Schwartzberg, Historical Atlas, Plate VII.A.3, p. 56, and Plate VIII.A.1 p. 63.
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66. Richard P Cronin, British policy and administration in Bengal, 1905-1912: partition and the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam. Calcutta: Firma KLM 1977.
67. Sumit Sarkar, The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal 1903-1908, Delhi: Peoples Publishing House 1973, is by far the most influential book on '1905' today.
68. See also John R. Broomfield, Elite conflict in a plural society: twentieth-century Bengal. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968;
69. V. Sankaran Nair, Swadeshi movement: the beginnings of student unrest in South India, Delhi: Mittal, 1985.
70. SeeMamoon, Bengal Partition.
71. M. K.U.Molla, The New Province of Eastern Bengal and Assam 1905-1911,Rajshahi: Institute of Bangladesh Studies, 1981;
72. Rafiuddin Ahmed, The Bengal Muslims, 1871-1906: a quest for identity. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981;
73. Sufia Ahmed, Muslim community in Bengal, 1884-1912 Oxford University Press, 1974 (Second Edition, Dhaka: University Press Limited, 2002).
74. A. K. Ramanujan, The Interior Landscape: Love Poems from a Classical Tamil Anthology, Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1966.
75. See Mamoon, Bengal Partition, pp. 22, 188, 244.
76. For later activities, reported in Dhaka newspapers, seeMamoon, Bengal Partition, pp. 28, 31, 145-146.
77. On inequality as a basic constituent of imperial order, see Karl de Schweinitz, The Rise and Fall of British India: Imperialism as Inequality, London: Methuen, 1983;
78. David Ludden, 'History and the Inequality Predicament in South Asia', 2006 Wertheim Lecture, University of Amsterdam, available online at http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~dludden/Amsterdam.htm [accessed 29 March 2011].
79. On the distinction between classificatory, social, and personal identities, see Ludden, India and South Asia, pp. 235-272.
80. See Reece Jones, 'Whose Homeland? Territoriality and Religious Nationalism in Pre-Partition Bengal', South Asia Research, 2006, 26:2, 115-131.
81. Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper. Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007.
82. Puspa Niyogi, Brahman Settlements in Different Subdivisions of Ancient Bengal, Calcutta: RK Maitra, 1967, p. 42
83. quoted in Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, p. 258.
84. See David Ludden, 'The First Boundary of Bangladesh on Sylhet's Northern Frontiers', Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 48:1, June 2003, 1-54;
85. 'Investing in nature around Sylhet: An Excursion into Geographical History', in ContestedGrounds:Essays on Nature,Culture and Power,Amita Baviskar (ed.). Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 77-105.
86. Henry Walters, 'Census of the city of Dacca', Asiatic Researches, 1832, 535-538.
87. Ludden, 'First Boundary'.
88. Sir Robert Reid, History of the frontier areas bordering on Assam: from 1883-1941, Delhi: Eastern Publishing House, 1983;
89. Amalendu Guha, Medieval and Early Colonial Assam: Society, Policy, Economy, Calcutta: KP Bagchi, 1991;
90. Planter Raj to Swaraj: Freedom Movement and Electoral Politics in Assam, 1826-1947, New Delhi: KP Bagchi, 1977.
91. Schwartzberg, Historical Atlas, pp. 65-66, 76-89.
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93. Burton Stein, ThomasMunro: The Origins of the Colonial State and His Vision of Empire, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989.
94. A. K. Bagchi, Perilous Passage;
95. P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism, 1688-2000, New York: Longman, 2002.
96. See Mike Davis, Late-Victorian Holocausts: El Nino famines and the making of the Third World, London: Verso, 2001.
97. See Report of the Royal Commission upon decentralization in India. London: H.M.Stationery Office, 1908-1909;
98. David A. Washbrook, The Emergence of Provincial Politics: The Madras Presidency, 1870-1920, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976;
99. Dharma Kumar, 'The Fiscal System', in The Cambridge EconomicHistory of India, Volume 2: circa 1750-circa 1970, Dharma Kumar with Meghnad Desai (eds), New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 905-944.
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102. See David Ludden, 'India's Development Regime', in Colonialism and Culture, Nicholas Dirks, Ann Arbor (eds): University of Michigan Press, 1992, pp. 247-287.
103. On related social statistics, see David Ludden, 'Orientalist Empiricism and Transformations of Colonial Knowledge', in Orientalism and The Post-Colonial Predicament, C. A. Breckenridge and Peter Van der Veer (eds), University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993, pp. 250-278.
104. Histories of railway projects, Simla: Government Press, 1899-1906. (British Library IOR/V/25/722).
105. B. Chandra, Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism.
106. Willem van Schendel, 'Economy of Working Classes', in History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971, Sirajul Islam (ed.), Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1997, Volume Two, pp. 520-525.
107. See also Sugata Bose, Agrarian Bengal: Economy, social structure, and politics, 1919-1947, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
108. William H. Moreland, Notes on the Agricultural Conditions and Problems of the United Provinces, Revised up to 1911, Allahabad: Government Press, 1913.
109. Zaidi, A Tryst With Destiny.
110. See Schwartzberg, Historical Atlas p. 66.
111. Sunil Kumar Munshi, 'Transportation and Communication', in History of Bangladesh, II, p. 509.
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114. See Ludden, 'First Boundary'. Report on the Trade Carried by Rail and River in the Province of Assam During the Year 1903, Shillong: Assam Government Press, 1904.
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116. A Survey of the Industries and Resources of Eastern Bengal and Assam for 1907-1908, Shillong: Eastern Bengal and Assam Secretariat Press 1908, pp. 85-88.
117. See newspaper accounts in Mamoon, Bengal Partition, pp. 139-326.
118. For relevant spatial economics, see Masahisa Fujita, Paul Krugman, and Anthony Venables, The Spatial Economy: cities, regions, and international trade, Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Press, 1999, especially the introduction available online at http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/fkvintro. html [accessed 29 March 2011].
119. Also Chakravorty, Fragments of Inequality.
120. Sugata Bose, Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital: Rural Bengal Since 1770,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
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127. Relevant statistics are available for downloading at http://dsal. uchicago.edu/statistics/1903-excel/index.html.
128. Originally accessed at: http://dsal.chicago.edu/statistics/1903-excel/ 1903.005.XLS.
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