Dysfunction of TGF-β1 signaling in Alzheimer's disease: Perspectives for neuroprotection

Cell and Tissue Research

Volumn 347, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 291-301

  Caraci, Filippo ^a   Spampinato, Simona ^a   Sortino, Maria Angela ^a   Bosco, Paolo ^b   Battaglia, Giuseppe ^c   Bruno, Valeria ^c   Drago, Filippo ^a   Nicoletti, Ferdinando ^c,d   Copani, Agata ^a,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

^b OASI RESEARCH INSTITUTE IRCCS   (Italy)

^c IRCCS NEUROMED   (Italy)

^d SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^e CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

Amyloid; Alzheimer's disease; Apoptosis; Cell cycle activation; Neuroprotection; Transforming growth factor 1

Indexed keywords

4 AMINO 2 OXABICYCLO[3.1.0]HEXANE 4,6 DICARBOXYLIC ACID; 4 AMINO 2 THIABICYCLO[3.1.0]HEXANE 4,6 DICARBOXYLIC ACID 2,2 DIOXIDE; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; ESTROGEN; FLUOXETINE; GLATIRAMER; LITHIUM; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR AGONIST; PAROXETINE; SMAD2 PROTEIN; SMAD3 PROTEIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; VENLAFAXINE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYLOID PLAQUE; CELL ACTIVATION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DEPRESSION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TOLERABILITY; GENE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC RISK; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; MEMORY DISORDER; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; PROTEIN DEFECT; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1 GENE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; HUMANS; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMAD PROTEINS; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84859444926     PISSN: 0302766X     EISSN: 14320878     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1230-6     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Aharoni R, Eilam R, Domev H, Labunskay G, Sela M, Arnon R (2005) The immunomodulator glatiramer acetate augments the expression of neurotrophic factors in brains of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:19045-19050 (Pubitemid 43049563)
2. Annes JP, Munger JS, Rifkin DB (2003) Making sense of latent TGFbeta activation. J Cell Sci 116:217-224 (Pubitemid 36163863)
3. Arendt T, Brückner MK (2007) Linking cell-cycle dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease to a failure of synaptic plasticity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1772:413-421 (Pubitemid 46400388)
4. Arnon R, Aharoni R (2004) Mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis and its potential for the development of new applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 (Suppl 2):14593-14598 (Pubitemid 39346729)
5. Arosio B, Bergamaschini L, Galimberti L, La Porta C, Zanetti M, Calabresi C, Scarpini E, Annoni G, Vergani C (2007) +10 T/C polymorphisms in the gene of transforming growth factor-beta1 are associated with neurodegeneration and its clinical evolution. Mech Ageing Dev 128:553-557 (Pubitemid 47498523)
6. Bakin AV, Tomlinson AK, Bhowmick NA, Moses HL, Arteaga CL (2000) Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase function is required for transforming growth factor b-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cell migration. J Biol Chem 275:36803-36810 (Pubitemid 32002090)
7. Ballard C, Day S, Sharp S, Wing G, Sorensen S (2008) Neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: importance and treatment considerations. Int Rev Psychiatry 20:396-404
8. Battaglia G, Cannella M, Riozzi B, Orobello S, Maat-Schieman ML, Aronica E, Busceti CL, Ciarmiello A, Alberti S, Amico E, Sassone J, Sipione S, Bruno V, Frati L, Nicoletti F, Squitieri F (2011) Early defect of transforming growth factor beta-1 formation in Huntington's disease. J Cell Mol Med 15:555-571
9. Boche D, Cunningham C, Docagne F, Scott H, Perry VH (2006) TGFbeta1 regulates the inflammatory response during chronic neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 22:638-650 (Pubitemid 43832134)
10. Bonda DJ, Lee HP, Kudo W, Zhu X, Smith MA, Lee HG (2010) Pathological implications of cell cycle re-entry in Alzheimer disease. Expert Rev Mol Med 12:e19
11. Braak H, Braak E (1995) Staging of Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary changes. Neurobiol Aging 16:271-278
12. Brinton RD (2004) Impact of estrogen therapy on Alzheimer's disease: a fork in the road? CNS Drugs 18:405-422
13. Briones-Orta MA, Tecalco-Cruz AC, Sosa-Garrocho M, Caligaris C, Macías-Silva M (2011) Inhibitory Smad7: emerging roles in health and disease. Curr Mol Pharmacol 4:1-13
14. Brionne TC, Tesseur I, Masliah E, Wyss Coray T (2003) Loss of TGF-β1 leads to increased neuronal cell death and microgliosis in mouse brain. Neuron 40:1133-1145 (Pubitemid 38032790)
15. Bruno V, Battaglia G, Casabona G, Copani A, Caciagli F, Nicoletti F (1998) Neuroprotection by glial metabotropic glutamate receptors is mediated by transforming growth factor-beta. J Neurosci 18:9594-9600 (Pubitemid 28543740)
16. Butterfield DA, Reed T, Newman SF, Sultana R (2007) Roles of amyloid beta-peptide-associated oxidative stress and brain protein modifications in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Free Radic Biol Med 43:658-677 (Pubitemid 47102132)
17. Caraci F, Battaglia G, Busceti C, Biagioni F, Mastroiacovo F, Bosco P, Drago F, Nicoletti F, Sortino MA, Copani A (2008) TGF-beta 1 protects against Abeta-neurotoxicity via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway. Neurobiol Dis 30:234-242
18. Caraci F, Battaglia G, Bruno V, Bosco P, Carbonaro V, Giuffrida ML, Drago F, Sortino MA, Nicoletti F, Copani A (2009) TGF-beta1 pathway as a new target for neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 17:237-249
19. Caraci F, Molinaro G, Battaglia G, Giuffrida ML, Riozzi B, Traficante A, Bruno V, Cannella M, Merlo S, Wang X, Heinz BA, Nisenbaum ES, Britton TC, Drago F, Sortino MA, Copani A, Nicoletti F (2011) Targeting group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors for the treatment of psychosis associated with Alzheimer's disease: selective activation of mGlu2 receptors amplifies beta-amyloid toxicity in cultured neurons, whereas dual activation of mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors is neuroprotective. Mol Pharmacol 79:618-626
20. Carbonaro V, Caraci F, Giuffrida ML, Merlo S, Canonico PL, Drago F, Copani A, Sortino MA (2009) Enhanced expression of ERalpha in astrocytes modifies the response of cortical neurons to beta-amyloid toxicity. Neurobiol Dis 33:415-421
21. Caricasole A, Copani A, Caraci F, Aronica E, Rozemuller AJ, Caruso A, Storto M, Gaviraghi G, Terstappen GC, Nicoletti F (2004) Induction of Dickkopf-1, a negative modulator of the Wnt pathway, is associated with neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's brain. J Neurosci 24:6021-6027 (Pubitemid 38859398)
22. Chalmers KA, Love S (2007) Neurofibrillary tangles may interfere with Smad 2/3 signaling in neurons. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 66:158-167
23. Chen Y, McPhie DL, Hirschberg J, Neve RL (2000) The amyloid precursor protein-binding protein APP-BP1 drives the cell cycle through the S-M checkpoint and causes apoptosis in neurons. J Biol Chem 275:8929-8935 (Pubitemid 30180250)
24. Copani A, Condorelli F, Caruso A, Vancheri C, Sala A, Giuffrida Stella AM, Canonico PL, Nicoletti F, Sortino MA (1999) Mitotic signaling by beta-amyloid causes neuronal death. FASEB J 13:2225-2234
25. Copani A, Sortino MA, Caricasole A, Chiechio S, Chisari M, Battaglia G, Giuffrida-Stella AM, Vancheri C, Nicoletti F (2002) Erratic expression of DNA polymerases by beta-amyloid causes neuronal death. FASEB J 16:2006-2008
26. Copani A, Hoozemans JJ, Caraci F, Calafiore M, Van Haaster ES, Veerhius R, Rozemuller AJM, Aronico E, Sortino MA, Nicoletti F (2006) DNA polymerase-β is early expressed in neurons of Alzheimer's disease brain and is loaded into DNA replication forks in neurons challenged with β-amyloid. J Neurosci 26:10949-10957 (Pubitemid 44772185)
27. Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC, Small GW, Roses AD, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA (1993) Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 261:921-923 (Pubitemid 23275809)
28. Cotman CW (2005) The role of neurotrophins in brain aging: a perspective in honor of Regino Perez-Polo. Neurochem Res 30:877-881
29. Demuro A, Mina E, Kayed R, Milton SC, Parker I, Glabe CG (2005) Calcium dysregulation and membrane disruption as a ubiquitous neurotoxic mechanism of soluble amyloid oligomers. J Biol Chem 280:17294-17300 (Pubitemid 41389198)
30. Derynck R, Zhang YE (2003) Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways in TGF-beta family signalling. Nature 425:577-584 (Pubitemid 37280136)
31. Dhandapani KM, Hadman M, De Sevilla L, Wade MF, Mahesh VB, Brann DW (2003) Astrocyte protection of neurons: role of transforming growth factor-beta signaling via a c-Jun-AP-1 protective pathway. J Biol Chem 278:43329-43339 (Pubitemid 37345954)
32. D'Onofrio M, Cuomo L, Battaglia G, Ngomba RT, Storto M, Kingston AE, Orzi F, De Blasi A, Di Iorio P, Nicoletti F (2001) Bruno V (2001) Neuroprotection mediated by glial group-II metabotropic glutamate receptors requires the activation of the MAP kinase and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathways. J Neurochem 78:435-445 (Pubitemid 32729972)
33. Dubois CM, Laprise MH, Blanchette F, Gentry LE, Leduc R (1995) Processing of transforming growth factor beta 1 precursor by human furin convertase. J Biol Chem 270:10618-10624
34. Finch CE, Laping NJ, Morgan TE, Nichols NR, Pasinetti GM (1993) TGF-β1 is an organizer of response to neurodegeneration. J Cell Biochem 53:314-322
35. Fuentealba RA, Farias G, Scheu J, Bronfman M, Marzolo MP, Inestrosa NC (2004) Signal transduction during amyloid-beta-peptide neurotoxicity: role in Alzheimer disease. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 47:275-289 (Pubitemid 39574325)
36. Gaertner RF, Wyss-Coray T, Von Euw D, Lesne S, Vivien D, Lacombe P (2005) Reduced brain tissue perfusion in TGF-beta 1 transgenic mice showing Alzheimer's disease-like cerebrovascular abnormalities. Neurobiol Dis 19:38-46 (Pubitemid 40544722)
37. Giovanni A, Wirtz-Brugger F, Keramaris E, Slack R, Park DS (1999) Involvement of cell cycle elements, cyclin-dependent kinases, pRb, and E2F-DP, in β-amyloid-induced neuronal death. J Biol Chem 274:19011-19016
38. Giuffrida ML, Caraci F, Pignataro B, Cataldo S, De Bona P, Bruno V, Molinaro G, Pappalardo G, Messina A, Palmigiano A, Garozzo D, Nicoletti F, Rizzarelli E, Copani A (2009) Beta-amyloid monomers are neuroprotective. J Neurosci 29:10582-10587
39. Giuffrida ML, Caraci F, De Bona P, Pappalardo G, Nicoletti F, Rizzarelli E, Copani A (2010) The monomer state of beta-amyloid: where the Alzheimer's disease protein meets physiology. Rev Neurosci 21:83-93
40. Gong CX, Iqbal K (2008) Hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau: a promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer disease. Curr Med Chem 15:2321-2328
41. Götz J, Chen F, Dorpe J van, Nitsch RM (2001) Formation of neurofibrillary tangles in P301l tau transgenic mice induced by Abeta 42 fibrils. Science 293:1491-1495 (Pubitemid 32807681)
42. Grammas P, Ovase R (2002) Cerebrovascular transforming growth factor-beta contributes to inflammation in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Am J Pathol 160:1583-1587 (Pubitemid 34525638)
43. Hampel H, Ewers M, Bürger K, Annas P, Mörtberg A, Bogstedt A, Frölich L, Schröder J, Schönknecht P, Riepe MW, Kraft I, Gasser T, Leyhe T, Möller HJ, Kurz A, Basun H (2009) Lithium trial in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter 10-week study. J Clin Psychiatry 70:922-931
44. Han G, Li AG, Liang YY, Owens P, He W, Lu S, Yoshimatsu Y, Wang D, Ten Dijke P, Lin X, Wang XJ (2006) Smad7- induced beta-catenin degradation alters epidermal appendage development. Dev Cell 11:301-312 (Pubitemid 44283940)
45. Hardy J (2009) The amyloid hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease: a critical reappraisal. J Neurochem 110:1129-1134
46. Harris-White ME, Chu T, Balverde Z, Sigel JJ, Flanders KC, Frautschy SA (1998) Effects of transforming growth factor-beta (isoforms 1-3) on amyloid-beta deposition, inflammation, and cell targeting in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. J Neurosci 18:10366-10374 (Pubitemid 29016556)
47. Herrup K (2010) Reimagining Alzheimer's disease - an age-based hypothesis. J Neurosci 30:16755-16762
48. Herrup K, Neve R, Ackerman SL, Copani A (2004) Divide and die: cell cycle events as triggers of nerve cell death. J Neurosci 24:9232-9239 (Pubitemid 39426158)
49. Huang WC, Yen FC, Shie FS, Pan CM, Shiao YJ, Yang CN, Huang FL, Sung YJ, Tsay HJ (2010) TGF-beta1 blockade of microglial chemotaxis toward Abeta aggregates involves SMAD signaling and down-regulation of CCL5. J Neuroinflammation 7:28
50. Hynd MR, Scott HL, Dodd PR (2004) Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 45:583-595 (Pubitemid 38844879)
51. Ittner LM, Götz J (2011) Amyloid-β and tau-a toxic pas de deux in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 12:65-72
52. Jellinger KA (2006) Alzheimer 100-highlights in the history of Alzheimer research. J Neural Transm 113:1603-1623
53. Juraskova B, Andrys C, Holmerova I, Solichova D, Hrnciarikova D, Vankova H, Vasatko T, Krejsek J (2010) Transforming growth factor beta and soluble endoglin in the healthy senior and in Alzheimer's disease patients. J Nutr Health Aging 14:758-761
54. Katsuno M, Adachi H, Banno H, Suzuki K, Tanaka F, Sobue G (2011) Transforming growth factor-β signaling in motor neuron diseases. Curr Mol Med 11:48-56
55. Khurana V, Lu Y, Steinhilb ML, Oldham S, Shulman JM, Feany MB (2006) TOR-mediated cell-cycle activation causes neurodegeneration in a Drosophila tauopathy model. Curr Biol 16:230-241 (Pubitemid 43190222)
56. Klafki HW, Staufenbiel M, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J (2006) Therapeutic approaches to Alzheimer's disease. Brain 129:2840-2855 (Pubitemid 44684507)
57. Klein JA, Ackerman SL (2003) Oxidative stress, cell cycle, and neurodegeneration. J Clin Invest 111:785-793 (Pubitemid 37074950)
58. König HG, Kögel D, Rami A, Prehn JH (2005) TGF-{beta}1 activates two distinct type I receptors in neurons: implications for neuronal NF-{kappa}B signaling. J Cell Biol 168:1077-1086
59. Lacor PN, Buniel MC, Furlow PW, Clemente AS, Velasco PT, Wood M, Viola KL, Klein WL (2007) Abeta oligomer-induced aberrations in synapse composition, shape, and density provide a molecular basis for loss of connectivity in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 27:796-807 (Pubitemid 46174498)
60. Lauterbach EC, Victoroff J, Coburn KL, Shillcutt SD, Doonan SM, Mendez MF (2010) Psychopharmacological neuroprotection in neurodegenerative disease: assessing the preclinical data. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 22:8-18
61. Lawrence DA, Pircher R, Kryceve-Martinerie C, Jullien P (1984) Normal embryo fibroblasts release transforming growth factors in a latent form. J Cell Physiol 121:184-188 (Pubitemid 14017248)
62. Lee KM, Kim YK (2006) The role of IL-12 and TGF-beta1 in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Int Immunopharmacol 6:1298-1304
63. Lee HG, Ueda M, Zhu X, Perry G, Smith MA (2006) Ectopic expression of phospho-Smad2 in Alzheimer's disease: uncoupling of the transforming growth factor-beta pathway? J Neurosci Res 84:1856-1861 (Pubitemid 44892619)
64. Lesné S, Koh MT, Kotilinek L, Kayed R, Glabe CG, Yang A, Gallagher M, Ashe KH (2006) A specific amyloid-beta protein assembly in the brain impairs memory. Nature 440:352-357
65. Li MO, Wan YY, Sanjabi S, Robertson AK, Flavell RA (2006) Transforming growth factor-β regulation of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 24:99-146
66. Lue LF, Kuo YM, Roher AE, Brachova L, Shen Y, Sue L, Beach T, Kurth JH, Rydel RE, Rogers J (1999) Soluble amyloid beta peptide concentration as a predictor of synaptic change in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol 155:853-862 (Pubitemid 29426831)
67. Luppi C, Fioravanti M, Bertolini B, InguscioM, Grugnetti A, Guerriero F, Rovelli C, Cantoni F, Guagnano P, Marazzi E, Rolfo E, Ghianda D, Levante D, Guerrini C, Bonacasa R, Solerte SB (2009) Growth factors decrease in subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD): potential correction with dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEAS). Arch Gerontol Geriatr 49:173-184
68. Luterman JD, Haroutunian V, Yemul S, Ho L, Purohit D, Aisen PS, Mohs R, Pasinetti GM (2000) Cytokine gene expression as a function of the clinical progression of Alzheimer disease dementia. Arch Neurol 57:1153-1160 (Pubitemid 30644662)
69. Makwana M, Jones LL, Cuthill D, Heuer H, Bohatschek M, Hristova M, Friedrichsen S, Ormsby I, Bueringer D, Koppius A, Bauer K, Doetschman T, Raivich G (2007) Endogenous transforming growth factor beta 1 suppresses inflammation and promotes survival in adult CNS. J Neurosci 27:11201-11213 (Pubitemid 47621324)
70. Mangialasche F, Solomon A, Winblad B, Mecocci P, Kivipelto M (2010) Alzheimer's disease: clinical trials and drug development. Lancet Neurol 9:702-716
71. Millar SE (2006) Smad7: licensed to kill beta-catenin. Dev Cell 11:274-276
72. Miyazono K (2008) Regulation of TGF-β family signaling by inhibitory smads. In: Derynck R, Miyazono K (eds) The TGF-β family. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp 363-387
73. Mocali A, Cedrola S, Della Malva N, Bontempelli M, Mitidieri VA, Bavazzano A, Comolli R, Paoletti F, La Porta CA (2004) Increased plasma levels of soluble CD40, together with the decrease of TGF beta 1, as possible differential markers of Alzheimer disease. Exp Gerontol 39:1555-1561 (Pubitemid 39410556)
74. Murer MG, Yan Q, Raisman-Vozari R (2001) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the control human brain, and in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 63:71-124
75. Myint AM, Leonard BE, Steinbusch HW, Kim YK (2005) Th1, Th2, and Th3 cytokine alterations in major depression. J Affect Disord 88:167-173 (Pubitemid 41266899)
76. Nelson RL, Guo Z, Halagappa VM, Pearson M, Gray AJ, Matsuoka Y, Brown M, Martin B, Iyun T, Maudsley S, Clark RF, Mattson MP (2007) Prophylactic treatment with paroxetine ameliorates behavioral deficits and retards the development of amyloid and tau pathologies in 3xTgAD mice. Exp Neurol 205:166-176 (Pubitemid 46617502)
77. Nordberg A (2006) Mechanisms behind the neuroprotective actions of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 20:S12-S18
78. Nunes PV, Forlenza OV, Gattaz WF (2007) Lithium and risk for Alzheimer's disease in elderly patients with bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 190:359-360 (Pubitemid 46580688)
79. Oddo S, Caccamo A, Kitazawa M, Tseng BP, LaFerla FM (2003) Amyloid deposition precedes tangle formation in a triple transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 24:1063-1070 (Pubitemid 37487883)
80. Okello A, Edison P, Archer HA, Turkheimer FE, Kennedy J, Bullock R, Walker Z, Kennedy A, Fox N, Rossor M, Brooks DJ (2009) Microglial activation and amyloid deposition in mild cognitive impairment: a PET study. Neurology 72:56-62
81. Ongali B, Nicolakakis N, Lecrux C, Aboulkassim T, Rosa-Neto P, Papadopoulos P, Tong XK, Hamel E (2010) Transgenic mice overexpressing APP and transforming growth factor-beta1 feature cognitive and vascular hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol 177:3071-3080
82. Patil ST, Zhang L, Martenyi F, Lowe SL, Jackson KA, Andreev BV, Avedisova AS, Bardenstein LM, Gurovich IY, Morozova MA, Mosolov SN, Neznanov NG, Reznik AM, Smulevich AB, Tochilov VA, Johnson BG, Monn JA, Schoepp DD (2007) Activation of mGlu2/3 receptors as a new approach to treat schizophrenia: a randomized Phase 2 clinical trial. Nat Med 13:1102-1107 (Pubitemid 47517511)
83. Prehn JH, Bindokas VP, Jordan J, Galindo MF, Ghadge GD, Roos RP, Boise LH, Thompson CB, Krajewski S, Reed JC, Miller RJ (1996) Protective effect of transforming growth factor-beta 1 on beta-amyloid neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal neurons. Mol Pharmacol 49:319-328 (Pubitemid 26066118)
84. Qian L, Wei SJ, Zhang D, Hu X, Xu Z, Wilson B, El-Benna J, Hong JS, Flood PM (2008) Potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of TGF-beta1 are mediated through the inhibition of ERK and p47phox-Ser345 phosphorylation and translocation in microglia. J Immunol 18:660-668
85. Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM (2010) Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 362:329-344
86. Reitz C, Brayne C, Mayeux R (2011) Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 7:137-152
87. Rojo LE, Fernández JA, Maccioni AA, Jimenez JM, Maccioni RB (2008) Neuroinflammation: implications for the pathogenesis and molecular diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Med Res 39:1-16 (Pubitemid 350192021)
88. Schober A, Peterziel H, Bartheld CS von, Simon H, Krieglstein K, Unsicker K (2007) GDNF applied to the MPTP-lesioned nigrostriatal system requires TGF-beta for its neuroprotective action. Neurobiol Dis 25:378-391 (Pubitemid 46124018)
89. Shankar GM, Bloodgood BL, Townsend M, Walsh DM, Selkoe DJ, Sabatini BL (2007) Natural oligomers of the Alzheimer amyloid-beta protein induce reversible synapse loss by modulating an NMDA-type glutamate receptor-dependent signaling pathway. J Neurosci 27:2866-2875 (Pubitemid 46438992)
90. Sherr CJ, Roberts JM (1999) CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression. Genes Dev 13:1501-1512 (Pubitemid 29297917)
91. Sometani A, Kataoka H, Nitta A, Fukumitsu H, Nomoto H, Furukawa S (2001) Transforming growth factor-beta1 enhances expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor, TrkB, in neurons cultured from rat cerebral cortex. J Neurosci Res 66:369-376 (Pubitemid 33027403)
92. Sortino MA, Chisari M, Merlo S, Vancheri C, Caruso M, Nicoletti F, Canonico PL, Copani A (2004) Glia mediates the neuroprotective action of estradiol on beta-amyloid-induced neuronal death. Endocrinology 145:5080-5086 (Pubitemid 39551128)
93. Ständer M, Naumann U, Wick W, Weller M (1999) Transforming growth factor-beta and p-21: multiple molecular targets of decorin-mediated suppression of neoplastic growth. Cell Tissue Res 296:221-227 (Pubitemid 29219174)
94. Sutcigil L, Oktenli C, Musabak U, Bozkurt A, Cansever A, Uzun O, Sanisoglu SY, Yesilova Z, Ozmenler N, Ozsahin A, Sengul A (2007) Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in major depression: effect of sertraline therapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2007:76396
95. Taipale J, Saharinen J, Keski-Oja J (1998) Extracellular matrix-associated transforming growth factor-beta: role in cancer cell growth and invasion. Adv Cancer Res 75:87-134 (Pubitemid 28429034)
96. Ten Dijke P, Hill CS (2004) New insights into TGF-beta-Smad signalling. Trends Biochem Sci 29:265-273
97. Tesseur I, Zou K, Esposito L, Bard F, Berber E, Can JV, Lin AH, Crews L, Tremblay P, Mathews P, Mucke L, Masliah E, Wyss-Coray T (2006) Deficiency in neuronal TGF-beta signaling promotes neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's pathology. J Clin Invest 116:3060-3069 (Pubitemid 44684491)
98. Tesseur I, Zhang H, Brecht W, Corn J, Gong JS, Yanagisawa K, Michikawa M, Weisgraber K, Huang Y, Wyss-Coray T (2009) Bioactive TGF-beta can associate with lipoproteins and is enriched in those containing apolipoprotein E3. J Neurochem 110:1254-1262
99. Town T, Laouar Y, Pittenger C, Mori T, Szekely CA, Tan J, Duman RS, Flavell RA (2008) Blocking TGF-beta-Smad2/3 innate immune signaling mitigates Alzheimer-like pathology. Nat Med 14:681-687 (Pubitemid 351809551)
100. Ueberham U, Arendt T (2005) The expression of cell cycle proteins in neurons and its relevance for Alzheimer's disease. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 4:293-306 (Pubitemid 40754164)
101. Ueberham U, Ueberham E, Gruschka H, Arendt T (2006) Altered subcellular location of phosphorylated Smads in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 24:2327-2334 (Pubitemid 44622353)
102. Unsicker K, Krieglstein K (2000) Co-activation of TGF-β and cytokine signaling pathways are required for neurotropic functions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 11:97-102 (Pubitemid 30169730)
103. Unsicker K, Krieglstein K (2002) TGF-betas and their roles in the regulation of neuron survival. Adv Exp Med Biol 513:353-374 (Pubitemid 36332414)
104. Varvel NH, Bhaskar K, Patil AR, Pimplikar SW, Herrup K, Lamb BT (2008) Abeta oligomers induce neuronal cell cycle events in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 28:10786-10793
105. Varvel NH, Bhaskar K, Kounnas MZ, Wagner SL, Yang Y, Lamb BT, Herrup K (2009) NSAIDs prevent, but do not reverse, neuronal cell cycle reentry in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Clin Invest 119:3692-3702
106. Vellas B, Andrieu S, Sampaio C, Wilcock G, European Task Force group (2007) Disease-modifying trials in Alzheimer's disease: a European task force consensus. Lancet Neurol 6:56-62 (Pubitemid 44880273)
107. Vincent I, Rosado M, Davies P (1996) Mitotic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease? J Cell Biol 132:413-425 (Pubitemid 26053445)
108. Vivien D, Ali C (2006) Transforming growth factor-β signalling in brain disorder. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 17:121-128 (Pubitemid 43117521)
109. Vollmar P, Haghikia A, Dermietzel R, Faustmann PM (2008) Venlafaxine exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect in an inflammatory co-culture model. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 11:111-117
110. Wada A, Yokoo H, Yanagita T, Kobayashi H (2005) Lithium: potential therapeutics against acute brain injuries and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. J Pharmacol Sci 99:307-321 (Pubitemid 41813422)
111. Walsh DM, Selkoe DJ (2007) A beta oligomers - a decade of discovery. J Neurochem 101:1172-1184
112. Walsh DM, Klyubin I, Fadeeva JV, Cullen WK, Anwyl R, Wolfe MS, Rowan MJ, Selkoe DJ (2002) Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid beta protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Nature 416:535-539 (Pubitemid 34288854)
113. Wang H, Liu J, Zong Y, Xu Y, Deng W, Zhu H, Liu Y, Ma C, Huang L, Zhang L, Qin C (2010) miR-106b aberrantly expressed in a double transgenic mouse model for Alzheimer's disease targets TGF-β type II receptor. Brain Res 1357:166-174
114. Wu HM, Tzeng NS, Qian L, Wei SJ, Hu X, Chen SH, Rawls SM, Flood P, Hong JS, Lu RB (2009) Novel neuroprotective mechanisms of memantine: increase in neurotrophic factor release from astroglia and anti-inflammation by preventing microglial activation. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:2344-2357
115. Wyss-Coray T (2006) Tgf-beta pathway as a potential target in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's. Curr Alzheimer Res 3:191-195
116. Wyss-Coray T, Masliah E, Mallory M, McConlogue L, Johnson-Wood K, Lin C, Mucke L (1997) Amyloidogenic role of cytokine TGF-β1 in transgenic mice and Alzheimer's disease. Nature 389:603-606 (Pubitemid 27446177)
117. Wyss-Coray T, Lin C, Yan F, Yu GQ, Rohde M, McConlogue L, Masliah E, Mucke L (2001) TGF-beta1 promotes microglial amyloid-beta clearance and reduces plaque burden in transgenicmice. Nat Med 7:612-618 (Pubitemid 32448330)
118. Yang Y, Geldmacher DS, Herrup K (2001) DNA replication precedes neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 21:2661-2668 (Pubitemid 32298208)
119. Yeh HL, Tsai SJ (2008) Lithium may be useful in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease in individuals at risk of presenile familial Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses 71:948-951
120. Zhang H, Zou K, Tesseur I, Wyss-Coray T (2005) Small molecule Tgf-beta mimetics as potential neuroprotective factors. Curr Alzheimer Res 2:183-186 (Pubitemid 40862879)
121. Zhu Y, Ahlemeyer B, Bauerbach E, Krieglstein J (2001) TGF-beta1 inhibits caspase-3 activation and neuronal apoptosis in rat hippocampal cultures. Neurochem Int 38:227-235
122. Zhu Y, Yang G-Y, Ahlemeyer B, Pang L, Che XM, Culmsee C, Klumpp S, Krieglstein J (2002) Transforming growth factor-b1 increases Bad phosphorylation and protects neurons against damage. J Neurosci 22:3898-3909 (Pubitemid 37465698)
123. Zhu Y, Culmsee C, Klumpp S, Krieglstein J (2004) Neuroprotection by transforming growth factor-beta1 involves activation of nuclear factor-kappaB through phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinaseextracellular-signal regulated kinase1,2 signaling pathways. Neuroscience 123:897-906 (Pubitemid 38130100)
124. Zotova E, Holmes C, Johnston D, Neal JW, Nicoll JA, Boche D (2010) Microglial alterations in human Alzheimer's disease following Aβ42 immunization. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 37:513-524