Local- and regional-scale impacts of the ~74 ka Toba supervolcanic eruption on hominin populations and habitats in India

Quaternary International

Volumn 258, Issue , 2012, Pages 100-118

  Jones, Sacha C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; GENETIC STRUCTURE; HABITAT; HOMINID; PALEOCLIMATE; POPULATION DECLINE; REFUGIUM; VOLCANIC ERUPTION; VOLCANOLOGY;

DECCAN; GANGETIC PLAIN; INDIA;

HOMO SAPIENS;

EID: 84859423404     PISSN: 10406182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.09.017     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. Acharyya S.K., Basu P.K. Toba ash on the Indian subcontinent and its implications for correlation of Late Pleistocene alluvium. Quaternary Research 1993, 40:10-19.
2. Ambrose S.H. Late Pleistocene human populations bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans. Journal of Human Evolution 1998, 34:623-651.
3. Ambrose S.H. Population Bottleneck. Genetics 2003, vol. 3:167-171. Macmillan, New York. R. Robinson (Ed.).
4. Ambrose S.H. Did the super-eruption of Toba cause a human population bottleneck? Reply to Gathorne-Hardy and Harcourt-Smith. Journal of Human Evolution 2003, 45(3):231-237.
5. Antos J.A., Zobel D.B. Recovery of forest understories buried by tephra from Mount St. Helens. Plant Ecology 1986, 64(2-3):103-111.
6. Armitage S.J., Jasim S.A., Marks A.E., Parker A.G., Usik V.I., Uerpmann H.-P. The southern route " Out of Africa" : evidence for an early expansion of modern humans into Arabia. Science 2011, 331:453-456.
7. Athreya S. Was Homo heidelbergensis in South Asia? A test using the Narmada fossil from central India. The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia. Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics 2007, 137-170. Springer, Dordrecht. M.D. Petraglia, B. Allchin (Eds.).
8. Badam G.L., Misra V.D., Pal J.N., Pandey J.N. A preliminary study of Pleistocene fossils from the Middle Son valley, Madhya Pradesh. Man and Environment 1989, 13:41-47.
9. Baillie M.G.L., Munro M.A.R. Irish tree rings, Santorini and volcanic dust veils. Nature 1988, 322:344-346.
10. Barboni D., Bonnefille R. Precipitation signal in pollen rain from tropical forests, South India. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2001, 114:239-258.
11. Basu P.K., Biswas S., Acharyya S.K. Late Quaternary ash beds from Son and Narmada basins, Madhya Pradesh. Indian Minerals 1987, 41(2):66-72.
12. Baxter P.J. Human impacts of volcanoes. Volcanoes and the Environment 2005, 273-303. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J. Martí, G.G.J. Ernst (Eds.).
13. Baxter P.J., Bonadonna C., Dupree R., Hards V.L., Kohn S.C., Murphy M.D., Nichols A., Nicholson R.A., Norton G., Searl A., Sparks R.S.J., Vickers B.P. Cristobalite in volcanic ash of the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, British West Indies. Science 1999, 283:1142-1145.
14. Bekki S., Pyle J.A., Zhong W., Toumi R., Haigh J.D., Pyle D.M. The role of microphysical and chemical processes in prolonging the climate forcing of the Toba eruption. Geophysical Research Letters 1996, 23:2669-2672.
15. Blong R.J. The Time of Darkness 1982, University of Washington Press, Seattle and London.
16. Blumenschine R.J., Chattopadhyaya U.C. A preliminary report on the terminal Pleistocene fauna of the Middle Son valley. Palaeoenvironments and Prehistory in the Middle Son Valley 1983, 281-284. Abinash Prakashan, Allahabad. G.R. Sharma, J.D. Clark (Eds.).
17. Blunier T., Brook E. Timing of millennial-scale climate change in Antarctica and Greenland during the last glacial period. Science 2001, 291:109-112.
18. Boyd W.E., Lentfer C.J., Parr J. Interactions between human activity, volcani eruptions and vegetation during the Holocene at Garua and Numondo, West New Britain, PNG. Quaternary Research 2005, 64:384-398.
19. Cameron D., Patnaik R., Sahni A. The phylogenetic significance of the Middle Pleistocene Narmada hominin cranium from central India. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2004, 14(6):419-447.
20. atm) and CH4 measurements over MIS5 (80-123 kyr). Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:222-234.
21. Chamyal L.S., Maurya D.M., Raj R. Fluvial systems of the drylands of western India: a synthesis of Late Quaternary environmental and tectonic changes. Quaternary International 2003, 104:69-86.
22. Charman D., West S., Kelly A., Grattan J. Environmental change and tephra deposition: the Strath of Kildonan, Northern Scotland. Journal of Archaeological Science 1995, 22:799-809.
23. Chaubey G., Metspalu M., Kivisild T., Villems R. Peopling of South Asia: investigating the caste-tribe continuum in India. BioEssays 2006, 29:91-100.
24. Chesner C.A., Rose W.I. Stratigraphy of the Toba Tuffs and the evolution of the Toba Caldera complex, Sumatra, Indonesia. Bulletin of Volcanology 1991, 53:343-356.
25. Clark J.D., Williams M.A.J. Paleoenvironments and prehistory in North Central India: a preliminary report. Studies in the Archaeology of India and Pakistan 1987, 19-41. Aris and Phillips Ltd, Warminster. J. Jacobsen (Ed.).
26. Colin C., Kissel C., Blamart D., Turpin L. Magnetic properties of sediments in the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea: impact of rapid North Atlantic Ocean climatic events on the strength of the Indian monsoon. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1998, 160:623-635.
27. Cronin S.J., Hedley M.J., Neall V.E., Smith R.G. Agronomic impact of tephra fallout from the 1995 and 1996 Ruapehu volcano eruptions, New Zealand. Environmental Geology 1998, 34(1):21-30.
28. Cronin S.J., Manoharan V., Hedley M.J., Loganathan P. Flouride: a review of its fate, bioavailability, and risks of fluorosis in grazed-pasture systems in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 2000, 43:295-321.
29. Cruz F.W., Burns S.J., Karmann I., Sharp W.D., Vuille M., Cardoso A.O., Ferrari J.A., Silva Dias P.L., Viana O. Insolation-driven changes in atmospheric circulation over the past 116,000 years in subtropical Brazil. Nature 2005, 434:63-66.
30. Dale V.H., Crisafulli C.M., Swanson F.J. 25 years of ecological change at Mount St. Helens. Science 2005, 308:961-962.
31. Dale V.H., Delgado-Acevedo J., MacMahon J. Effects of modern volcanic eruptions on vegetation. Volcanoes and the Environment 2005, 227-249. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J. Martí, G.G.J. Ernst (Eds.).
32. Dansgaard W., Johnsen S.J., Clausen H.B., Dahl-Jensen D., Gundestrup N.S., Hammer C.U., Hvidberg C.S., Steffensen J.P., Sveinbjörnsdóttir A.E., Jouzel J., Bond G. Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record. Nature 1993, 364:218-220.
33. Dassarma D.C., Biswas S. Newly discovered late Quaternary vertebrates from the terraced alluvial fills of the Son valley. Indian Journal of Earth Sciences 1977, 4(2):122-136.
34. del Moral R., Grishin S.Y. Volcanic disturbances and ecosystem recovery. Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground 1999, 137-160. Elsevier, Amsterdam. L.R. Walker (Ed.).
35. Dennell R.W., Rendell H.M., Halim M., Moth E. A 45-000-year-old open-air Paleolithic site at Riwat, northern Pakistan. Journal of Field Archaeology 1992, 19(1):17-33.
36. Eastwood W.J., Tibby J., Roberts N., Birks H.J.B., Lamb H.F. The environmental impact of the Minoan eruption of Santorini (Thera): statistical analysis of palaeoecological data from Gölhisar, southwest Turkey. The Holocene 2002, 12(4):431-444.
37. Edwards J.S. Animals and volcanoes: survival and revival. Volcanoes and the Environment 2005, 250-272. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J. Martí, G.G.J. Ernst (Eds.).
38. 4 variations during the last glacial epoch: insight into global processes. Global Biogeochemical Processes 2004, 18:1-14.
39. Foley R. Another Unique Species: Patterns in Human Evolutionary Ecology 1987, Longman Group UK Limited, Harlow.
40. Gagneux P., Wills C., Gerloff U., Tautz D., Morin P.A., Boesch C., Fruth B., Hohmann G., Ryder O.A., Woodruff D.S. Mitochondrial sequences show diverse evolutionary histories of African hominoids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1999, 96:5077-5082.
41. Gamble C. The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe 1999, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
42. Gasparotto G., Spadafora E., Summa V., Tateo F. Contribution of grain size and compositional data from the Bengal Fan sediment to the understanding of Toba volcanic event. Marine Geology 2000, 162:561-572.
43. Gathorne-Hardy F., Harcourt-Smith W. The super-eruption of Toba, did it cause a human bottleneck?. Journal of Human Evolution 2003, 45(3):227-230.
44. Goldberg T.L., Ruvolo M. The geographic apportionment of mitochondrial genetic diversity in East African chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1997, 14:976-984.
45. Grattan J. Aspects of Armageddon: an exploration of the role of volcanic eruptions in human history and civilization. Quaternary International 2006, 151:10-18.
46. Grattan J., Michnowicz S., Rabartin R. The long shadow: understanding the influence of the Laki fissure eruption on human mortality in Europe. Living under the Shadow: The Cultural Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions 2007, 153-174. Left Coast Press, Inc., Walnut Creek, CA. J. Grattan, R. Torrence (Eds.).
47. Grattan J., Torrence R. Living under the Shadow: The Cultural Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions 2007, Left Coast Press, Inc., Walnut Creek, CA.
48. Grattan J., Torrence R. Beyond gloom and doom: the long-term consequences of volcanic disasters. Living under the Shadow: The Cultural Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions 2007, 1-18. Left Coast Press, Inc., Walnut Creek, CA. J. Grattan, R. Torrence (Eds.).
49. Grün R., Stringer C., McDermott F., Nathan R., Porat N., Robertson S., Taylor L., Mortimer G., Eggins S., McCulloch M. U-series and ESR analyses of bones and teeth relating to the human burials from Skhul. Journal of Human Evolution 2005, 49:316-334.
50. Gupta A., Thapliyal P.K., Pal P.K., Joshi P.C. Impact of deforestation on Indian monsoon - a GCM sensitivity study. The Journal of Indian Geophysical Union 2005, 9(2):97-104.
51. Hall V.A. Assessing the impact of Icelandic volcanism on vegetation systems in the north of Ireland in the fifth and sixth millennia BC. The Holocene 2003, 13(1):131-138.
52. Halpern C.B., Frenzen P.M., Means J.E., Franklin J.F. Plant succession in areas of scorched and blown-down forest after the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Journal of Vegetation Science 1990, 1(2):181-194.
53. Hansell A. Respiratory effects of volcanic emissions. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003, 60:529-530.
54. Hardardóttir J., Geirsdóttir A., Thórdarson T. Tephra layers in a sediment core from Lake Hestvatn, southern Iceland: implications for evaluating sedimentation processes and environmental impacts on a lacustrine system caused by tephra fall deposits in the surrounding watershed. Volcaniclastic Sedimentation in Lacustrine Settings 2001, 225-246. Blackwell Science, U.K. J.D.L. White, N.R. Riggs (Eds.).
55. Harpending H.C., Sherry S.T., Rogers A.R., Stoneking M. The genetic structure of ancient human populations. Current Anthropology 1993, 34(4):483-496.
56. Haslam M., Clarkson C., Petraglia M., Korisettar R., Janardhana B., Boivin N., Ditchfield P., Jones S., Mackay A. Indian lithic technology prior to the 74,000 bp Toba super-eruption: searching for an early modern human signature. The Upper Palaeolithic Revolution in Global Perspective: Papers in Honour of Sir Paul Mellars 2010, 73-84. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge. K.V. Boyle, C. Gamble, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.).
57. Haslam M., Clarkson C., Petraglia M., Korisettar R., Jones S., Shipton C., Ditchfield P., Ambrose S.H. The 74 ka Toba super-eruption and southern Indian hominins: archaeology, lithic technology and environments at Jwalapuram Locality 3. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010, 37:3370-3384.
58. Haslam M., Petraglia M. Comment on " Environmental impact of the 73 ka Toba super-eruption in South Asia" by M.A.J. Williams, S.H. Ambrose, S. van der Kaars, C. Ruehlemann, U. Chattopadhyaya, J. Pal and P.R. Chauhan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 296:199-203.
59. Horwell C.J. Grain-size analysis of volcanic ash for the rapid assessment of respiratory health hazard. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2007, 9:1107-1115.
60. Horwell C.J., Baxter P.J. The respiratory health hazards of volcanic ash: a review for volcanic risk mitigation. Bulletin of Volcanology 2006, 69:1-24.
61. Hotes S., Poschlod P., Takahashi H., Grootjans A.P., Adema E. Effects of tephra deposition on mire vegetation: a field experiment in Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Ecology 2004, 92:624-634.
62. Huang C.-Y., Wang C.-C., Zhao M. High-resolution carbonate stratigraphy of IMAGES core MD972151 from South China Sea. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 1999, 10(1):225-238.
63. Huang C.-Y., Zhao M., Wang C.-C., Wei G. Cooling of the South China Sea by the Toba eruption and correlation with other climate proxies ~71,000 years ago. Geophysical Research Letters 2001, 28(20):3915-3918.
64. Inbar M., Ostera H.A., Parica C.A., Remesal M.B., Salani F.M. Environmental assessment of 1991 Hudson volcano eruption ashfall effects on southern Patagonia region, Argentina. Environmental Geology 1995, 25:119-125.
65. Jago L.C.F., Boyd W.E. How a wet tropical rainforest copes with repeated volcanic destruction. Quaternary Research 2005, 64:399-406.
66. Jain M., Tandon S.K. Fluvial response to Late Quaternary climate changes, western India. Quaternary Science Reviews 2003, 22:2223-2235.
67. Jones M.T., Sparks R.S.J., Valdes P.J. The climatic impact of supervolcanic ash blankets. Climate Dynamics 2007, 29:553-564.
68. Jones S.C. The Toba supervolcanic eruption: tephra-fall deposits in India and palaeoanthropological implications. The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia 2007, 173-200. Springer/Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York. M.D. Petraglia, B. Allchin (Eds.).
69. Jones, S.C., 2007b. A human catastrophe? The impact of the ~74,000 year-old supervolcanic eruption of Toba on hominin populations in India. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
70. Jones S.C. Palaeoenvironmental response to the ~74 ka Toba ash-fall in the Jurreru and Middle Son valleys in southern and north-central India. Quaternary Research 2010, 73:336-350.
71. Jones S.C., Pal J.N. The Middle Son valley and the Toba supervolcanic eruption of 74 kyr BP: youngest Toba tuff deposits and Palaeolithic associations. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in History and Archaeology 2005, 2(1):47-62.
72. Jones S.C., Pal J.N. The Palaeolithic of the Middle Son valley, north-central India: changes in hominin lithic technology and behaviour during the Upper Pleistocene. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2009, 28:323-341.
73. Jouzel J., Stiévenard M., Johnsen S.J., Landais A., Masson-Delmotte V., Sveinbjornsdottir A., Vimeux F., von Grafenstein U., White J.W.C. The GRIP deuterium-excess record. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:1-17.
74. Juyal N., Chamyal L.S., Bhandari S., Maurya D.M., Singhvi A.K. Environmental changes during Late Pleistocene in the Orsang river basin, western India. Journal Geological Society of India 2004, 64:471-479.
75. Kataoka K.S., Manville V., Nakajo T., Urabe A. Impacts of explosive volcanism on distal alluvial sedimentation: examples from the Pliocene-Holocene volcaniclastic successions of Japan. Sedimentary Geology 2009, 220:306-317.
76. Kennedy K.A.R. Paleoanthropology of south Asia. Evolutionary Anthropology 1999, 8(5):165-185.
77. Kennedy K.A.R. Middle and late Pleistocene hominids of South Asia. Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia - Colloquia in Human Biology and Palaeoanthropology 2001, 167-174. Florence University Press, Florence. P.V. Tobias, M.A. Raath, J. Moggi-Cecchi, G.A. Doyle (Eds.).
78. Kivisild T., Shen P., Wall D.P., Do B., Sung R., Davis K., Passarino G., Underhill P.A., Scharfe C., Torroni A., Scozzari R., Modiano D., Coppa A., de Knijff P., Feldman M., Cavalli-Sforza L.L., Oefner P.J. The role of selection in the evolution of human mitochondrial genomes. Genetics 2006, 172:373-387.
79. Korisettar R. Toward developing a basin model for Paleolithic settlement of the Indian subcontinent: geodynamics, monsoon dynamics, habitat diversity and dispersal routes. The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia. Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics 2007, 69-98. Springer, Dordrecht. M.D. Petraglia, B. Allchin (Eds.).
80. Kudrass H.R., Hofmann A., Doose H., Emeis K., Erlenkeuser H. Modulation and amplification of climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere by the Indian summer monsoon during the past 80 k.y. Geology 2001, 29(1):63-66.
81. Lahr M.M., Foley R. Towards a theory of modern human origins: geography, demography, and diversity in recent human evolution. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 1998, 41:137-176.
82. atm?. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:235-246.
83. Ledbetter M., Sparks R.S.J. The duration of large-magnitude silicic eruptions deduced from graded bedding in deep-sea tephra layers. Geology 1979, 7:240-244.
84. Lee M.-Y., Wei K.-Y., Chen Y.-G. High resolution oxygen isotope stratigraphy for the last 150,000 years in the southern south China Sea: core MD972151. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 1999, 10(1):239-254.
85. Leuschner D.C., Sirocko F. The low-latitude monsoon climate during Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles and Heinrich Events. Quaternary Science Reviews 2000, 19:243-254.
86. Louys J. Limited effect of the Quaternary's largest super-eruption (Toba) on land mammals from Southeast Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:3108-3117.
87. Lowe J.J., Walker M.J.C. Reconstructing Quaternary Environments 1997, Longman, Harlow.
88. Macaulay V., Hill C., Achilli A., Rengo C., Clarke D., Meehan W., Blackburn J., Semino O., Scozzari R., Cruciani F., Taha A., Shaari N.K., Raja J.M., Ismail P., Zainuddin Z., Goodwin W., Bulbeck D., Bandelt H.-J., Oppenheimer S., Torroni A., Richards M. Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes. Science 2005, 308(5724):1034-1036.
89. Mack R.N. Initial effects of ashfall from Mount St Helens on vegetation in Eastern Washington and adjacent Idaho. Science 1981, 213:537-539.
90. Manville V., Segschneider B., Newton E., White J.D.L., Houghton B.F., Wilson C.J.N. Environmental impact of the 1.8 ka Taupo eruption, New Zealand: landscape responses to a large-scale explosive rhyolite eruption. Sedimentary Geology 2009, 220:318-336.
91. Martin R.S., Watt S.F.L., Pyle D.M., Mather T.A., Matthews N.E., Geord R.B., Day J.A., Fairhead T., Witt M.L.I., Quayle B.M. Environmental effects of ashfall in Argentina from the 2008 Chaitén volcanic eruption. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2009, 184:462-472.
92. Martinson D.G., Pisias N.G., Hays J.D., Imbrie J., Moore T.C., Shackleton N.J. Age dating and the orbital theory of the ice ages: development of a high resolution 0-300,000 year chronostratigraphy. Quaternary Research 1987, 27:1-29.
93. McCoy F., Heiken G. Volcanic Hazards and Disasters in Human Antiquity 2000, Geological Society of America, Boulder.
94. McGuire W.J., Griffiths D.R., Hancock P.L., Stewart I.S. The Archaeology of Geological Catastrophes 2000, Special Publication 171, The Geological Society, London.
95. Mellars P. Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2006, 103(25):9381-9386.
96. Mellars P. Going East: new genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia. Science 2006, 313:796-800.
97. Metspalu E., Kivisild T., Bandelt H.-J., Richards M., Villems R. The pioneer settlement of modern humans in Asia. Human Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo Sapiens 2006, vol. 18:181-199. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. H.-J. Bandelt, V. Macaulay, M. Richards (Eds.).
98. Newhall C.G., Punongbayan R.S. Fire and Mud 1996, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
99. Ninkovich D. Distribution, age and chemical composition of tephra layers in deep-sea sediments off western Indonesia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1979, 5:67-86.
100. Ninkovich D., Shackleton N.J., Abdel-Monem A.A., Obradovich J.D., Izett G. K-Ar age of the late Pleistocene eruption of Toba, north Sumatra. Nature 1978, 276:574-577.
101. Ninkovich D., Sparks R.S.J., Ledbetter M.T. The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: an example of the use of deep-sea tephra layers as a geological tool. Bulletin Volcanologique 1978, 41:286-298.
102. Oppenheimer C. Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba 74 kyr BP?. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:1593-1609.
103. Oppenheimer S. Out of Eden. The Peopling of the World 2003, Constable, London.
104. Oppenheimer S. The great arc of dispersal of modern humans: africa to Australia. Quaternary International 2009, 202:2-13.
105. Palanichamy M.G., Sun C., Agrawal S., Bandelt H.-J., Kong Q.-P., Khan F., Wang C.-Y., Chaudhuri T.K., Palla V., Zhang Y.-P. Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India, based on complete sequencing: implications for the peopling of South Asia. American Journal of Human Genetics 2004, 75:966-978.
106. Pandarinath K., Prasad S., Gupta S.K. A 75 ka record of palaeoclimatic changes inferred from crystallinity of illite from Nal Sarovar, western India. Journal Geological Society of India 1999, 54:515-522.
107. Pattan J.N., Pearce N.J.G., Banakar V.K., Parthiban G. Origin of ash in the Central Indian Ocean Basin and its implication for the volume estimate of the 74,000 year BP Youngest Toba eruption. Current Science 2002, 83(7):889-893.
108. Pattan J.N., Shane P. Excess aluminum in deep sea sediments of the Central Indian Basin. Marine Geology 1999, 161(2):247-255.
109. Pattan J.N., Shane P., Banakar V.K. New occurrence of youngest Toba tuff in abyssal sediments of the central Indian basin. Marine Geology 1999, 155:243-248.
110. Petraglia M., Haslam M., Fuller D., Boivin N., Clarkson C. Out of Africa: new hypotheses and evidence for the dispersal of Homo sapiens along the Indian Ocean rim. Annals of Human Biology 2010, 37:288-311.
111. Petraglia M., Korisettar R., Bai M.K., Boivin N., Janardhana B., Clarkson C., Cunningham K., Ditchfield P., Fuller D., Hampson J., Haslam M., Jones S., Koshy J., Miracle P., Oppenheimer C., Roberts R., White K. Human occupation, adaptation and behavioral change in the Pleistocene and Holocene of south India: recent investigations in the Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh. Eurasian Prehistory 2009, 6(1-2):119-166.
112. Petraglia M., Korisettar R., Boivin N., Clarkson C., Ditchfield P., Jones S., Koshy J., Lahr M.M., Oppenheimer C., Pyle D., Roberts R., Schwenninger J.-L., Arnold L., White K. Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption. Science 2007, 317(5834):114-116.
113. Potts R. Environmental hypotheses of hominin evolution. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 1998, 41:93-136.
114. Prabhu C.N., Shankar R., Anupama K., Taieb M., Bonnefille R., Vidal L., Prasad S. A 200-ka pollen and oxygen-isotopic record from two sediment cores from the eastern Arabian Sea. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2004, 214:309-321.
115. Quintana-Murci L., Semino O., Bandelt H.-J., Passarino G., McElreavey K., Santachiara-Benerecetti A.S. Genetic evidence of an early exit of Homo sapiens sapiens from Africa through eastern Africa. Nature Genetics 1999, 23:437-441.
116. Rajagopalan G., Sukumar R., Ramesh R., Pant R.K., Rajagopalan G. Late Quaternary vegetational and climatic changes from tropical peats in southern India - an extended record up to 40,000 years BP. Current Science 1997, 73(1):60-63.
117. Rampino M.R., Ambrose S.H. Volcanic winter in the Garden of Eden: the Toba supereruption and the late Pleistocene human population crash. Volcanic Hazards and Disasters in Human Antiquity 2000, 71-82. Special Paper, 345, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. F.W. McCoy, G. Heiken (Eds.).
118. Rampino M.R., Self S. Volcanic winter and accelerated glaciation following the Toba super-eruption. Nature 1992, 359:50-52.
119. Rampino M.R., Self S. Climate-volcanism feedback and the Toba eruption of ~74,000 years ago. Quaternary Research 1993, 40:269-280.
120. Rampino M.R., Self S. Bottleneck in human evolution and the Toba eruption. Science 1993, 262(5142):1955.
121. Rao V., Rao C.V.N.K. Palaeontological studies of the cave fauna of Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh. Records of the Geological Survey of India 1992, 135(5):240-241.
122. Reddy K.T. Archaeology of the Eastern Ghats: an ecological overview. Man and Environment 2001, 26(2):1-16.
123. Rees J.D. Effects of the eruption of Parícutin volcano on landforms, vegetation, and human occupancy. Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology 1979, 249-292. Academic Press, New York. P. Sheets, D.K. Grayson (Eds.).
124. Riedel J.L., Pringle P.T., Schuster R.L. Deposition of Mount Mazama tephra in a landslide-dammed lake on the upper Skagit River, Washington, USA. Volcaniclastic Sedimentation in Lacustrine Settings 2001, 285-298. Blackwell Science, U.K. J.D.L. White, N.R. Riggs (Eds.).
125. Robock A., Ammann C.M., Oman L., Sindell D., Levis S., Stenchikov G. Did the Toba volcanic eruption of ~74 ka B.P. produce widespread glaciation?. Journal of Geophysical Research 2009, 114:D10107.
126. Rogers A.R., Jorde L.B. Genetic evidence on modern human origins. Human Biology 1995, 67(1):1-36.
127. Rose W.I., Chesner C.A. Dispersal of ash in the great Toba eruption, 75 ka. Geology 1987, 15:913-917.
128. Rose W.I., Riley C.M., Darteville S. Size and shapes of 10-Ma distal fall pyroclasts in the Ogallala Group, Nebraska. Journal of Geology 2003, 111:115-124.
129. Schulz H., Emeis K.-C., Erlenkeuser H., von Rad U., Rolf C. The Toba volcanic event and Interstadial/Stadial climates at the marine isotopic stage 5 to 4 transition in the northern Indian Ocean. Quaternary Research 2002, 57:22-31.
130. Schulz H., von Rad U., Erlenkeuser H. Correlation between Arabian Sea and Greenland climate oscillations of the past 110,000 years. Nature 1998, 393:54-57.
131. Shane P., Westgate J., Williams M., Korisettar R. New geochemical evidence for the youngest Toba tuff in India. Quaternary Research 1995, 44:200-204.
132. Sharma G.R., Clark J.D. Palaeo-environments and prehistory in the Middle Son valley, northern Madhya Pradesh. Man and Environment 1982, 6:56-62.
133. Sharma G.R., Clark J.D. Palaeoenvironments and Prehistory in the Middle Son Valley 1983, Abinash Prakashan, Allahabad.
134. Sheets P. Archeological Studies of Disaster: Their Range and Value 1980, Working Paper 38, Hazards Center: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder.
135. Sheets P. People and volcanoes in the Zapotitan valley, El Salvador. Living under the Shadow: Cultural Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions 2007, 67-89. Left Coast Press, Ltd., Walnut Creek, CA. J. Grattan, R. Torrence (Eds.).
136. Sheets P., Grayson D.K. Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology 1979, Academic Press, New York.
137. Singh I.B., Sharma S., Sharma M., Srivastava P., Rajagopalan G. Evidence of human occupation and humid climate of 30 ka in the alluvium of southern Ganga Plain. Current Science 1999, 76(7):1022-1026.
138. Sonakia A., Biswas S. Antiquity of the Narmada Homo erectus, the early man of India. Current Science 1998, 75(4):391-392.
139. Song S.-R., Chen C.-H., Lee M.-Y., Yang T.F., Iizuka Y., Wei K.-Y. Newly discovered eastern dispersal of the youngest Toba Tuff. Marine Geology 2000, 167:303-312.
140. Spate O.H.K., Learmonth A.T.A. India and Pakistan: A General and Regional Geography 1967, Methuen, London.
141. Srivastava P., Singh I.B., Sharma M., Singhvi A.K. Luminescence chronometry and late Quaternary geomorphic history of the Ganga plain, India. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2003, 197:15-41.
142. Stone A.C., Griffiths R.C., Zegura S.L., Hammer M.F. High levels of Y-chromosome nucleotide diversity in the genus Pan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2002, 99(1):43-48.
143. Stringer C. Modern human origins: progress and prospects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B 2002, 357:563-579.
144. Telford R.J., Barker P., Metcalfe S., Newton A. Lacustrine responses to tephra deposition: examples from Mexico. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23(23-24):2337-2353.
145. Tewari R., Pant P.C., Singh I.B., Sharma S., Sharma M., Srivastava P., Singhvi A.K., Mishra P.K., Tobschall H.J. Middle Palaeolithic human activity and palaeoclimate at Kalpi in Yamuna valley, Ganga plain. Man and Environment 2002, 27:1-13.
146. Thangaraj K., Chaubey G., Kivisild T., Reddy A.G., Singh V.K., Rasalkar A.A., Singh L. Reconstructing the Origin of Andaman Islanders. Science 2005, 308(5724):996.
147. Thorarinsson S. On the damage caused by volcanic eruptions with special reference to tephra and gases. Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology 1979, 125-159. Academic Press, New York. P. Sheets, D.K. Grayson (Eds.).
148. Timmreck C., Graf H.-F., Lorenz S.J., Niemeier U., Zanchettin D., Matei D., Jungclaus J.H., Crowley T.J. Aerosol size confines climate response to volcanic super-eruptions. Geophysical Research Letters 2010, 37:L24705.
149. Torrence R. What makes a disaster? A long-term view of volcanic eruptions and human responses in Papua New Guinea. Natural Disasters and Cultural Change 2002, 292-312. Routledge, London and New York. R. Torrence, J. Grattan (Eds.).
150. Torrence R., Grattan J. Natural Disasters and Cultural Change 2002, Routledge, London and New York.
151. Torrence R., Grattan J. The archaeology of disasters: past and future trends. Natural Disasters and Cultural Change 2002, 1-18. Routledge, London and New York. R. Torrence, J. Grattan (Eds.).
152. Torrence R., Pavlides C., Jackson P., Webb J. Volcanic disasters and cultural discontinuities in Holocene time, in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea. The Archaeology of Geological Catastrophes 2000, 225-244. Geological Society, London. W.J. McGuire, R.C. Griffiths, P.L. Hancock, I.S. Stewart (Eds.).
153. van Campo E., Duplessy J.C., Rossignol-Strick M. Climatic conditions deduced from a 150-kyr oxygen isotope-pollen record from the Arabian Sea. Nature 1982, 296:56-59.
154. von Rad U., Burgath K.-P., Pervaz M., Schulz H. Discovery of the Toba ash (c. 70 ka) in a high-resolution core recovering millennial monsoonal variability off Pakistan. The Tectonic and Climatic Evolution of the Arabian Sea Region 2002, 445-461. The Geological Society, London. P.D. Clift, D. Kroon, C. Gaedicke, J. Craig (Eds.).
155. Voorhies M. Ashfall: Life and Death at a Nebraska Waterhole Ten Million Years Ago 1992, University of Nebraska State Museum, Museum Notes Number 81.
156. Voorhies M., Thomasson J.R. Fossil grass anthoecia within Miocene rhinoceros skeletons: diet in an extinct species. Science 1979, 206(4416):331-333.
157. Webster P.J. The elementary monsoon. Monsoons 1987, 3-32. John Wiley and Sons, New York. J.S. Fein, P.L. Stephens (Eds.).
158. Westgate J.A., P.A.R.S., Pearce N.J.G., Perkins W.T., Korisettar R., Chesner C.A., Williams M.A.J., Acharyya S.K. All Toba tephra occurrences across Peninsular India belong to the 75,000 yr B.P. eruption. Quaternary Research 1998, 50:107-112.
159. Williams M., Ambrose S.H., van der Kaars S., Ruehlemann C., Chattopadhyaya U.C., Pal J.N., Chauhan P. Environmental impact of the 73 ka Toba super-eruption in south Asia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2009, 284:295-314.
160. Williams M.A.J., Ambrose S.H., van der Kaars S., Ruehlemann C., Chattopadhyaya U.C., Pal J.N., Chauhan P. Reply to the comment on 'Environmental impact of the 73 ka Toba super-eruption in South Asia' by M. A. J. Williams, S. H. Ambrose, S. van der Kaars, C. Ruehlemann, U. Chattopadhyaya, J. Pal, P. R. Chauhan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 296(1-2):204-211.
161. Williams M.A.J., Clarke M.F. Late Quaternary environments in north-central India. Nature 1984, 308:633-635.
162. Williams M.A.J., Clarke M.F. Quaternary geology and prehistoric environments in the Son and Belan valleys, north central India. Quaternary Environments and Geoarchaeology of India 1995, 282-308. Geological Society of India, Bangalore. S. Wadia, R. Korisettar, V.S. Kale (Eds.).
163. Williams M.A.J., Pal J.N., Jaiswal M., Singhvi A.K. River response to Quaternary climatic fluctuations: evidence from the Son and Belan valleys, north-central India. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:2619-2631.
164. Williams M.A.J., Royce K. Quaternary geology of the Middle Son valley, North Central India: implications for prehistoric archaeology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1982, 38:139-162.
165. Williams M.A.J., Royce K. Alluvial history of the Middle Son Valley, North Central India. Palaeoenvironments and Prehistory in the Middle Son Valley 1983, 9-22. Abinash Prakashan, Allahabad. G.R. Sharma, J.D. Clark (Eds.).
166. Wilmhurst J.M., McGlone M.S. Forest disturbance in the central North Island, New Zealand, following the 1850 BP Taupo eruption. The Holocene 1996, 6:399-411.
167. Wilson T.M., Cole J.W., Stewart C., Cronin S.J., Johnston D.M. Ash storms: impacts of wind-remobilised volcanic ash on rural communities and agriculture following the 1991 Hudson eruption, southern Patagonia, Chile. Bulletin of Volcanology 2011, 73:223-239.
168. Witham C.S., Oppenheimer C., Horwell C.J. Volcanic ash-leachates: a review and recommendations for sampling methods. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2005, 141:299-326.
169. Yadav R.R. Dendroindications of recent volcanic eruptions in Kamchatka, Russia. Quaternary Research 1992, 28:260-264.
170. Zielinski G.A., Mayewski P.A., Meeker L.D., Whitlow S., Twickler M. A 110,000-year record of explosive volcanism from the GISP2 (Greenland) ice core. Quaternary Research 1996, 45:109-118.
171. Zielinski G.A., Mayewski P.A., Meeker L.D., Whitlow S., Twickler M., Taylor K. Potential atmospheric impact of the Toba mega-eruption ~71,000 years ago. Geophysical Research Letters 1996, 23:837-840.
172. Zobel D.B., Antos J.A. A decade of recovery of understory vegetation buried by volcanic tephra from Mount St. Helens. Ecological Monographs 1997, 67(3):317-344.