Levels, Sources, and Toxic Potential of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soil of Delhi, India

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 393-411

  Singh, D P ^a   Gadi, Ranu ^a   Mandal, T K ^b  

^a GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY   (India)

Author keywords

B a P eq.; Isomeric pair ratio; PAH profile; PAHs; urban soils; vehicular emissions

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859406321     PISSN: 10807039     EISSN: 15497860     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2012.652461     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Agarwal, T. 2009. Concentration level, pattern and toxic potential of PAHs in traffic soils of Delhi. J Hazard Mater, 171: 894-900.
2. Agarwal, T, Khillare, P S and Shridhar, V. 2006. PAHs contamination in bank sediment of the Yamuna River, Delhi, India. Environ Monit Assess, 1-3: 151-66.
3. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1995. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons". Atlanta, GA, USA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Available at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs69.html
4. Baek, S, Goldstone, MKirk, P. 1991. Phase distribution and particle size dependency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere. Chemosphere, 22: 503-20.
5. Bidleman, TF. 1988. Atmospheric processes-wet and dry deposition of organic compounds are controlled by their vapor particle partitioning. Environ Sci Technol, 22: 361-7.
6. Brändli, T C, Hartnik, T and Cornelissen, G. 2008. Sorption of native polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to black carbon and amended activated carbon in soil. Chemosphere, 73: 1805-10.
7. Chung, M K, Hu, RCheung, K C. 2007. Pollutants in Hong Kong soils: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chemosphere, 67: 464-73.
8. Connell, S YN, Hawker, D W and Kayal, S I. 1991. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air, soil and vegetation in the vicinity of an urban roadway. Sci Total Environ, 102: 229-40.
9. Cousins, I T, Beck, A J and Jones, K C. 1999. A review of the processes involved in the exchange of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) across the air-soil interface. Sci Total Environ, 228: 5-24.
10. CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi). 1995. Parivesh News Letter (2, no. 1). June: 1995
11. Crepineau, C, Rychen, GFeidt, C. 2003. Contamination of pastures by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the vicinity of a highway. J Agricul Food Chem, 51: 4841-5.
12. Dann, T. 1998. "Ambient Air Measurements of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins (PCDD) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Canada (1987-1997)". Ottawa, ON, Canada: Report No. AAQD 98-3. Environment Canada, Analysis and Air Quality Division, Environmental Technology Centre.
13. Das, K and Mukherji, A K. 2007. Crude petroleum-oil biodegradation efficiency of Bacillus subtilis and Psedumonas aeruginosa strains isolated from a petroleum-oil contaminated soil from North-East India. Bioresource Technol, 98: 1339-45.
14. Guzella, L, Roscioli, CVigano, L. 2005. Evaluation of the concentration of HCH, DDT, HCB, PCB and PAH in the sediments along the lower stretch of Hugli estuary, West Bengal, northeast India. Environ Internat, 31: 523-34.
15. Hoff, R M and Khan, K W. 1987. Measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the air along the Niagara River. Environ Sci Technol, 21: 556-61.
16. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1983. "Monograph Evaluation". 32Lyon, France: Carcinogens. Risk to Humans.
17. Jiang, Y F. 2009. "Levels, composition profiles and sources of PAHs in urban soil of Shanghai, China". Chemosphere. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.027
18. Johnsen, A R, Wick, L Y and Harms, H. 2005. Principles of microbial PAH-degradation in soil. Environ Pollution, 133: 71-84.
19. 2.5) and PAH of Urban Ambient Air". Delhi, India: DRDO, Ministry of Defence.
20. 10 at residential and industrial sites of an urban region of Kolkata, India. Atmospheric Res, 81: 36-53.
21. Keller, C D and Bidleman, T F. 1984. Collection of air borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organics with a glass fibre filter-polyurethane foam system. Atmospheric Environ, 18: 837-45.
22. Kendell, M, Hamilton, R SWatt, J. 2001. Characterization of selected speciated organic compounds associated with particulate matter in London. Atmospheric Environ, 35: 2483-95.
23. Kim, Y J and Osako, M. 2003. Leaching characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from spiked sandy soil. Chemosphere, 51: 387-95.
24. Kipopoulou, A M, Manoli, E and Samara, C. 1999. Bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables grown in an industrial area. Environ. Pollution, 106: 369-380.
25. Kulkarni, P and Venkataraman, C. 2000. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mumbai, India. Atmospheric Environ, 34: 2785-90.
26. Malik, A, Singh, K PMohan, D. 2004. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Gomti River system, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 72: 1211-8.
27. Maliszewska-Kordybach, B. 1996. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in Poland: preliminary proposals for criteria to evaluate the level of soil contamination. Applied Geochemistry, 11: 121-7.
28. Masih, A and Taneja, A. 2006. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations and related carcinogenic potencies in soil at a semi-arid region of India. Chemosphere, 65(3): 449-56.
29. 10) in the north central part of India. Environ Monit Assess, 163: 421-31.
30. Masih, J, Masih, AKulshrestha, A. 2010b. Characterisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor atmosphere in the North Central part of India. J Hazard Mater, 177: 190-8.
31. Mastral, A M, Lopez, J MCallen, M S. 2003. Spatial and temporal PAH concentrations in Zaragoza, Spain. Sci Total Environ, 307: 111-24.
32. Meharg, A A, Wright, JDyke, H. 1998. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) dispersion and deposition to vegetation and soil following a large scale chemical fire. Environ Pollution, 99: 29-36.
33. Mielke, H W, Wang, GGonzales, C R. 2001. PAH and metal mixtures in New Orleans soils and sediments. Sci Total Environ, 281: 217-27.
34. Nadal, M, Schuhmacher, M and Domingo, J L. 2004. Levels of PAHs in soil and vegetation sample from Tarragona Country, Spain. Environ Pollution, 132: 1-11.
35. Nam, J J, Song, B HEom, K C. 2003. Distribution of PAHs in agricultural soils in South Korea. Chemosphere, 50: 1281-9.
36. Niyogi, S, Biswas, SSarker, S. 2001. Antioxidants enzymes in brackish water oyster, Saccostrea cucullata as potential biomarker of polyaromatic hydrocarbons pollution in Hugli estuary (India). Seasonality and its consequences. Sci Total Environ, 281: 237-46.
37. NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2005. "Report on Carcinogens, 11th edit". Washington DC, USA: US Department of Health and Human Services.
38. Oda, J, Nomura, SYashuhara, A. 2001. Mobile sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a roadway tunnel. Atmospheric Environ, 35: 4819-27.
39. Okuda, T, Kumata, HNaraoka, H. 2002. Origin of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chinese cities solved by compound-specific stable carbon isotopic analyses. Organic Geochemistry, 33: 1737-45.
40. Padmanabhamurthy, B and Ravichandran, C. 1991. A study on the diffusion climatology over Delhi. Energy Building, 15-16: 75-81.
41. Pandey, P K, Patel, K S and Lenicek, J. 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Need for assessment of health risks in India? Study of an urban-industrial location in India. Environ Monit Assess, 59: 287-319.
42. Papageorgopoulou, A, Manoli, ETouloumi, E. 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of Greek towns in relation to other atmospheric pollutants. Chemosphere, 39: 2183-99.
43. Pies, C, Hoffmann, BPetrowsky, J. 2008. Characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river bank soils. Chemosphere, 72: 1594-601.
44. Prajapati, S K and Tripathi, B D. 2008. Biomonitoring seasonal variation of urban air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using Ficus Benghalensis leaves. Environ Pollution, 151: 543-8.
45. Radojevíc, M and Bashkin, V N. 1999. "Practical Environmental Analysis, pp 325-9". Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry Publishers.
46. Raiyani, C V and Shah, J A. 1993. Levels of PAHs in ambient air environment of Ahmedabad city. Indian J Environ Protection, 13(3): 206-15.
47. Ravindra, K, Mittal, A K and Grieken, R V. 2001. Health risk suspended particulate matter with special reference to PAHs: A review. Review of Environ Health, 16(3): 169-89.
48. Ray, S, Khillare, P SAgarwal, T. 2008. Assessment of PAHs in soil around the International Airport in Delhi, India. J Hazard Mater, 156: 9-16.
49. Rogge, W F, Hildemann, L MMazurek, M A. 1993. Sources of the fine organic aerosol 2. Road dust, tire debris, organometallic brake lining dust: Roads as sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol, 27: 636-51.
50. Sahu, S K, Pandit, G G and Sharma, S. 2001. "Levels of PAHs in ambient air of Mumbai". In Proceedings of 10th National symposium on Environment, 279-81. BAD, BARC, Mumbai, June 4-6.
51. Sharma, D N, Sawant, A AUma, R. 2003. Preliminary chemical characterization of particle-phase organic compounds in New Delhi, India. Atmospheric Environ, 37: 4317-23.
52. Skrbic, B, Cvejanov, J and Mladenovic, M D. 2005. PAHs in surface soils of Novi Sad and Bank sediment of the Danube River. J Environ Sci Health, 40A: 29-42.
53. Smith, D JT and Harrison, R M. 1996. Concentrations, trends and vehicle source profile of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the U.K. atmosphere. Atmospheric Environ, 30: 2513-25.
54. Tang, L, Tang, X YZhu, Y G. 2005. Contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils in Beijing, China. Environ Internat, 31: 822-8.
55. Tebaay, R H, Welp, G and Brummer, G W. 1993. Gehalt an polycyclischem aromatischen kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) und deren verteilungsmuster in unterschiedlivh belasteten Boden. Z Pflanzernernaehr Bodenkd, 156: 1-10.
56. Trapido, M. 1999. PAHs in Estonian soil: Contamination and profiles. Environ Pollution, 105: 67-74.
57. Tremolada, P, Burnutt, VCalamari, D. 1996. Spatial distribution of PAHs in the UK atmosphere using pine needles. Environ Sci Technol, 30: 3570-7.
58. Tsai, P J, Shih, T SChen, H L. 2004. Assessing and predicting the exposure of PAHs and their carcinogenic potencies from vehicle engine exhausts to highway toll station workers. Atmospheric Environ, 38: 333-43.
59. Tuhackova, J, Cajthaml, TNovak, K. 2001. Hydrocarbon deposition and soil microflora as affected by highway traffic. Environ Pollution, 113: 255-62.
60. USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). 1993. "Provisional Guidance for Quantitative Risk Assessment of PAHs. EPA/600/R-93/089". Washington, DC, USA
61. Wagrowski, D M and Hites, R A. 1997. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon accumulation in urban, suburban, and rural vegetation. Environ Sci Technol,31(1):279-82.
62. Wang, Z, Chen, J W and Qiao, X L. 2007. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from urban to rural soils: A case study in Dalian, China. Chemosphere, 68: 965-71.
63. Weiss, P, Riss, AGschmeidler, E. 1994. Investigation of heavy metals, PAH, PCB patterns and PCDD/F profiles of soil samples from an industrial urban area (Linz, Upper Austria) with multivariate statistical methods. Chemosphere, 29: 2223-36.
64. Wilcke, W. 2000. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil-a review. J Plant Nutrit Soil Sci, 163: 229-48.
65. Wilcke, W and Muller, S. 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in hydromorphic soils of the tropical metropolis Bangkok. Geoderma, 91: 297-309.
66. Wild, S R and Jones, K C. 1995. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the UK environment: A preliminary source inventory and budget. Environ Pollution, 88: 91-108.
67. Yang, C Y, Chiu, H FTsai, S S. 2002. Increased risk of preterm delivery in areas with cancer mortality problem from petrochemicals complexes. Environ Res, 89: 195-200.
68. Yang, S YN, Connell, D W and Hawker, D W. 1991. PAHs in air, soil, and vegetation in the vicinity of an urban roadway. Sci Total Environ, 66: 127-36.
69. Yunker, M B, Macdonald, R WVingarzan, R. 2002. PAHs in the Fraser River basin: A critical appraisal of PAH sources and composition. Organic Geochemistry, 33: 489-515.
70. Zhang, H B, Luo, Y MWong, M H. 2006. Distribution and concentrations of PAHs in Hong Kong soils. Environ Pollution, 141: 107-14.