Where in the world is Ulimaroa?: Or, how a pacific island became the australian continent

Journal of Pacific History

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-20

  Tent, Jan ^a   Geraghty, Paul ^b  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC   (Fiji)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859367654     PISSN: 00223344     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00223344.2011.647396     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. See L.A. Brown, The Story of Maps (New York 1979);
2. H. Yule (ed.), Cathay and the Way Thither, vol. 1 (London 1915);
3. L.C. Wroth, 'The early cartography of the Pacific', The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 38 (1944);
4. William Eisler and Bernard Smith, Terra Australis: the furthest shore (Sydney 1988).
5. For an in-depth discussion and overview of this, see Bronwen Douglas, 'Terra Australis to Oceania', Journal of Pacific History, 45: 2 (2010), 179-210.
6. New Holland remained the name for the western half. In 1825, the western boundary of the colony was extended to 129° east. In 1831, New Holland was renamed Western Australia. J.C.R. Camm and J. McQuilton (eds), Australians: a historical atlas (Broadway, NSW 1987), 252.
7. see Ronald Vere Tooley, The Mapping of Australia and Antarctica (London 1985)).
8. The name also appears in a number of literary and scholarly publications (see Charles-Athanase Walckenaer, Cosmologie, ou description générale de la terre. . . (Paris 1815);
9. Thomas K. Hervey, Australia; with other Poems (London 1825), x, 16, 30, 37;
10. Jules Verreaux and Eduard Verruex, L'Océanie en Estampes: ou description géographique et historique de. . . Notasie, Polynésie, Australie. . . (Paris 1832))
11. as well as in the title of one of the earliest general histories of New South Wales, compiled from the written accounts of members of the First Fleet (see 'Dio', Heroes of Notasia: a record of Australian exploration (Hobart 1888)).
12. The name Notasia was coined by the antiquary, geographer and pedant John Pinkerton (Modern Geography, 2 vols (London 1802), II, 433-4). Notasia is the Greek equivalent to the Latin Australasia, a label used on many maps, and means 'Southern Asia', being derived from the Greek (notos) 'south; the south wind'.
13. Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management, available online at http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/property/placenames/detail.php?id=35741 (accessed March 2010). The information provided for this name has since been modified to reflect the contents of this paper.
14. Eric Newbery, What's in a Name? Some Historical Facts of Miles and Surrounding Districts (Miles 1992), 81.
15. 'Death of Dr E.I. Watkin', Argus, 2 December 1916, 18, available online at http://newspapers.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/1630014 p3 n14 (accessed 7 January 2011).
16. R. Peterson, A Place of Sensuous Resort: buildings of St Kilda and their people (Balaclava, VIC 2005).
17. W. Lawson, Steam in the Southern Pacific: the story of merchant steam navigation in the Australasian coastal and intercolonial trades, and on the ocean lines of the Southern Pacific (Wellington 1909).
18. The Ships List. The Fleets - Huddart, Parker & Co. 1876-1961 and Associated Companies, available online at http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/ lines/huddart.htm (accessed 12 July 2010).
19. Advertiser, 3 March 1907, 7, available online at http://newspapers.nla. gov.au/ (accessed 12 July 2010).
20. Daniel Djurberg, Geografi, Sammandragen utur de Nyste och Tilförliteligaste Auctorer (Stockholm 1776), 22-3. Transl. by Matilde Nisbeth Jensen.
21. Daniel Djurberg and A. Åkerman, Atlas Juvenilis eller Geographiska Chartor (Stockholm 1815).
22. Rolf Du Rietz, 'Daniel Djurbergs namn på Australien', Ymer, h. 2 (Stockholm 1961), 84;
23. Tooley, The Mapping of Australia and Antarctica, 58.
24. Daniel Djurberg, Cosmographie Samt Beskriftning om Jorden i Allmähet (Stockholm 1801), 718. Transl. by Matilde Nisbeth Jensen.
25. See B.J. Slot, Abel Tasman en de Ontdekking van Nieuw-Zeeland (Amsterdam 1992);
26. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, The Naming of New Zealand, available online at http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new- zealand/3 (accessed 23 July 2010).
27. Carl Eduart Meinicke, Das Festland Australien: Eine Geographische Monographie nach den Quellen Dargestellt (Prenzlau 1837).
28. The Swedish-Australasian Trade Journal, 18:6 (1931), 186;
29. M. Aurousseau, 'The name "Ulimaroa"', Newsletter of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 126 (1973), 6;
30. Z. Vrbicky and J. Kabat, 'Ulimaroa', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 49 (1964), 471.
31. Jonas Love Almqvist, Parjumouf. Saga ifran Nya Holland (Stockholm 1817).
32. Joseph Banks, The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks: 1768-1771, ed. J.C. Beaglehole, 2 vols (Sydney 1962), II, 35.
33. John Hawkesworth, An Account of the Voyages Undertaken by the Order of His Present Majesty for Making Discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere, and Successfully Performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Carteret, Captain Wallis, and Captain Cook, in the Dolphin, the Swallow, and the Endeavour: Drawn up from the Journals which were Kept by the Several Commanders, and from the papers of Joseph Banks Esq. 3 vols (London 1773), II, 367.
34. Banks, The Endeavour Journal, II, 446-7.
35. Hawkesworth, An Account of the Voyages, II.
36. Banks, The Endeavour Journal, I, 463.
37. John Cawte Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery. The Voyage of the 'Endeavour' 1768-1771 (Cambridge 1968), I, 245.
38. Tooley, The Mapping of Australia and Antarctica, ix, 58.
39. Johann Traugott Plant, Handbuch einer Vollständigen Erdbeschreibung und Geschichte Polynesiens, 2 vols (Leipzig 1793-1799), I, 4.
40. Daniel Djurberg, Geografiskt lexicon öwer Skandinavien eller de förenade Rikena Swerige och Norige, vol. 2 (Örebro 1818), 414. Transl. by Matilde Nisbeth Jensen.
41. However, see James A. Baldwin, 'Pre-Cookian pigs in Australia?' Journal of Cultural Geography, 4:1 (1983), 17-27, in which he presents an interesting argument that pigs were present on Cape York Peninsula long before European settlement.
42. Huddart Parker & Company, Huddart Parker Limited, 1876-1926 (Sydney 1926), 12-13.
43. Huddart Parker & Company, Huddart Parker Limited, 1876-1926, 13. Note that no source is given for this erroneous linguistic analysis.
44. A few occur in Australia, e.g. Mount High and Mighty (NSW), Clear and Muddy Lakes (WA).
45. Gösta Langenfelt, 'Ulimaroa', in Särtryck ur Festskrift Tillagnad Elias Wessén (Lund 1954), 133-7.
46. Theophil Friedrich Ehrmann (ed.), Johann Traugott Plant's Handbuch einer Vollstädigen Erdbeschreibung und Geschichte Polynesiens Fortgesezt von Th. Fr. Ehrmann und J.H.G. Heufinger (Leipzig & Gera 1799).
47. Langenfelt, 'Ulimaroa'.
48. H. Plischke, 'Ulimaroa, eine alte Erdteilbezeichnung für Australien', Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 4 (1960), 296-7.
49. Du Rietz, 'Daniel Djurbergs namn på Australien', 95-6. Transl. by Matilde Nisbeth Jensen.
50. Beaglehole, The Journals of Captain James Cook, I, 447, fn. 1.
51. Vrbicky and Kabat, 'Ulimaroa', 459-72.
52. Aurousseau, 'The name "Ulimaroa"', 5-6.
53. Anne Salmond, The Trial of the Cannibal Dog: Captain Cook in the South Seas (London 2004), 138.
54. William A.R. Richardson, Was Australia Charted before 1606? The Jave la Grande Inscriptions (Canberra 2006), 63.
55. suggests that what Cook and his men heard was the old name of the island, given by Ellis (William Ellis. Polynesian Researches, during a residence of nearly six years in the South Sea Islands, 2 vols (London 1829), II, 6) as Ioretea, and that they perceived the 'rapidly-sounded Io-' as 'u'. We find this argument unconvincing, and suggest that the perception of 'u' may have resulted from a raised or centralised allophone of /o/, perhaps before /r/, in Tahitian.
56. C. Maxwell Churchward, Tongan Grammar (Tonga 1953), 1;
57. Eric B. Shumway, Intensive Course in Tongan, with Numerous Supplementary Materials, Grammatical Notes, and Glossary (Honolulu 1971), xv.
58. Banks, The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks, II, 36. Note, rr, d and lh were also occasionally used to transcribe East Polynesian liquids, under conditions yet to be determined.
59. John Reinhold Forster, Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World, on Physical Geography, Natural History, and Ethic Philosophy. . . (London 1778), 519.
60. Anne Di Piazza and Erik Pearthree, 'A new reading of Tupaia's chart', Journal of the Polynesian Society, 116:3 (2007), 321-40, 328.
61. S. Percy Smith, 'The Polynesian sojourn in Fiji', Journal of the Polynesian Society, 3:3 (1894), 145-52, 146.
62. Henry Teuira, Mythes tahitiens (Paris 1993), 114, 117.
63. The southernmost of the small islands that constitute Caroline Island in the Line Islands of Kiribati does bear the name Rimapoto, but this appears to be very recently bestowed. Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List- of-islets-of-Caroline-Island (accessed 1 February 2010).
64. see Darrell T. Tryon, New Hebrides Languages: an internal classification (Canberra 1976), 249). The second is Australia itself. The difficulties with this contention are: the direction of north-north-west given by the Māori for Rimaroa does not correspond to Australia's position relative to New Zealand;
65. The size and shape of Australia also do not correspond; and finally, there are no cognates of Booah/puaka in any Australian indigenous language. Even if we accept Baldwin's contention that there were pre-Cookian pigs in Cape York Peninsula, linguistic evidence does not support the case for Australia. The terms for 'pig' in the region's languages are clearly derived from English, e.g. Thaayorre pig, Thaypan, pigipigi Kunjen bigibig, Yimidhirr bigibigi and Dyirbal bigi (Baldwin, 'Pre-Cookian pigs in Australia?', 23). Moreover, none of the terms for 'pig' in the languages of south-central New Guinea are remotely related to the Polynesian cognate.
66. 'There are no accounts that enable us to validate the fairly widespread local belief that pigs pre-date the European presence. It was Cook who was the first to introduce them.' Kenneth James Hollyman, 'Les emprunts polyneésiens dans les langues de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et des Iles Loyauté', Cahiers du Lacito, 1 (Paris 1986), 80.
67. Guiart presents evidence for Tongans, Walliseans, and Samoans having migrated to different parts of New Caledonia. Jean Guiart, Structure de la chefferie en Mélaneésie du sud (Paris 1963), 205-11.
68. Beaglehole, The Journals of Captain James Cook, 537-8.
69. Anders Sparrman, A Voyage Round the World with Captain James Cook in H.M.S. Resolution (London 1953), 161-2.
70. Jacques Labillardière, An Account of a Voyage in Search of La Pérouse, vol. 2 (London 1800), 191, 256-7.
71. John Elphinstone Erskine, Journal of a Cruise among the Islands of the Western Pacific. . . (London 1853), 356.
72. Nicholas Thomas and Oliver Berghof (eds), George Forster, A Voyage Round the World, vol. 2 (Honolulu 2000), 586;
73. Salmond, The Trial of the Cannibal Dog: Captain Cook in the South Seas, 281;
74. Martyn Lyons, The Totem and the Tricolour: a short history of New Caledonia since 1774 (Kensington, NSW 1986), 3-4.
75. Patrick Vinton Kirch and D. E. Yen, Tikopia: the prehistory and ecology of a Polynesian outlier (Honolulu 1982), 353-4.
76. William Wyatt-Gill, Life in the Southern Isles (London nd [1876]), 15.
77. Patrick Vinton Kirch, 'Pigs, humans, and trophic competition on small Oceanic islands', in Atholl Anderson and Tim Murray (eds), Australian Archaeologist: collected papers in honour of Jim Allen (Canberra 2000), 427-39, 432.
78. For a more detailed discussion of causes of the absence of pigs on these islands, see: Christina M Giovas, 'No pig atoll: island biogeography and the extirpation of a Polynesian domesticate', Asian Perspectives, 45:1 (2006), 78-95.
79. Kirch, 'Pigs, humans, and trophic competition on small Oceanic islands', 432.
80. Paul Geraghty, The History of the Fijian Languages (Honolulu 1983), 191.
81. John Hawkesworth, An Account of the Voyages. . ., II, 367.
82. Simon J Greenhill, Ross Clark and Bruce Biggs, POLLEX-online, 2010, available online at http://pollex.org.nz/entry/puaka/ (accessed 1 February 2010).
83. A similar conclusion to ours was reached by Edward Tregear, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary (Wellington 1891), 344.
84. Te Rangi Hiroa/Peter Buck, The Coming of the Maori (Wellington 1950), 64;
85. Bruce Biggs, English-Maori Dictionary (Wellington 1966);
86. Hollyman, Les emprunts polyneésiens. . ., 80.
87. Biggs, English-Maori Dictionary.
88. The Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford 1989).
89. See for example Elsdon Best, Polynesian Voyagers (Wellington 1923).
90. G.M. Dening, 'The geographical knowledge of the Polynesians and the nature of inter-island contact', in Jack Golson (ed.), Polynesian Navigation: a symposium on Andrew Sharp's theory of accidental voyages (Wellington 1962), 135.
91. Paul Geraghty, 'Polynesian loans in the Solomon Islands', Rongorongo Studies, 14:2 (2004), 43-68, 60-2.
92. Paul Geraghty, 'Linguistic evidence for the Tongan Empire', in Tom Dutton and Darrell T. Tryon (eds), Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World (Berlin 1994), 235