-
1
-
-
84904832822
-
A new DNA test can ID a suspect's race, but police won't touch it
-
Dec. 20, [hereinafter Newsome I]
-
Melba Newsome, A New DNA Test Can ID a Suspect's Race, But Police Won't Touch It, WIRED, Dec. 20, 2007, http://www.wired.com/print/politics/law/ magazine/16-01/ps-dna [hereinafter Newsome I]
-
(2007)
Wired
-
-
Newsome, M.1
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2
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77957277021
-
The inconvenient science of racial DNA Profiling
-
Oct. 5 [hereinafter Newsome II]. Frudakis said that because certain markers are found predominantly in people of African, Indo-European, Native American, or South Asian roots, he could analyze their frequencies
-
Melba Newsome, The Inconvenient Science of Racial DNA Profiling, WIRED, Oct. 5, 2007, http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/10/dnaprint [hereinafter Newsome II]. Frudakis said that because certain markers are found predominantly in people of African, Indo-European, Native American, or South Asian roots, he could analyze their frequencies
-
(2007)
Wired
-
-
Newsome, M.1
-
3
-
-
84859312552
-
DNA and a new kind of racial profiling
-
June 10. DNAPrint Genomics reportedly closed sometime in February 2009 for want of financial resources to continue its work.
-
Jessica Snyder Sachs, DNA and a New Kind of Racial Profiling, POPULAR SCIENCE (June 10, 2004), http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2004-06/dna-and- new-kind-racial-profiling.
-
(2004)
Popular Science
-
-
Sachs, J.S.1
-
4
-
-
84859334062
-
DNA print genomics goes bust
-
DNAPrint Genomics reportedly closed sometime in February 2009 for want of financial resources to continue its work.
-
DNAPrint Genomics reportedly closed sometime in February 2009 for want of financial resources to continue its work. DNAPrint Genomics Goes Bust, GENOMEWEB DAILY NEWS (Mar. 3, 2009), http://www.genomeweb.com/dnaprint-genomics- goes-bust.
-
(2011)
Genomeweb Daily News
, vol.2009
-
-
-
5
-
-
84859303683
-
-
As of March 1, 2011, the DNAPrint Web site could still be found at, but the website was unavailable as of August 26
-
As of March 1, 2011, the DNAPrint Web site could still be found at http://www.dnaprint.com, but the website was unavailable as of August 26, 2011.
-
(2011)
-
-
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7
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84859334075
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Hunting a killer
-
May 30, available at
-
Suzanne Smalley et al., Hunting a Killer, NEWSWEEK, May 30, 2003, available at https://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2003/05/30/hunting-a-killer. html.
-
(2003)
Newsweek
-
-
Smalley, S.1
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8
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-
84859312564
-
-
State v. Lee, (La. Ct. App.
-
State v. Lee, 964 So. 2d 967 (La. Ct. App. 2007)
-
(2007)
So. 2d
, vol.964
, pp. 967
-
-
-
9
-
-
84859312563
-
Execution date pending for baton rouge serial killer derrick todd lee
-
June 29
-
Lorrie Metzler, Execution Date Pending for Baton Rouge Serial Killer Derrick Todd Lee, BAYOU BUZZ LOUISIANA DAILY NEWS (June 29, 2009), http://www.bayoubuzz.com/News/Louisiana/Medical-and-Healthcare/ Execution-Date-Pending-For-Baton-Rouge-Serial-Killer-Derrick-Todd-Lee-9100.asp.
-
(2009)
Bayou Buzz Louisiana Daily News
-
-
Metzler, L.1
-
11
-
-
6344273976
-
Race discrimination in the administration of the death penalty: An overview of the empirical evidence with special emphasis on the post-1990 research
-
(examining recent race disparities of defendants sentenced to capital punishment)
-
David C. Baldus & George Woodworth, Race Discrimination in the Administration of the Death Penalty: An Overview of the Empirical Evidence with Special Emphasis on the Post-1990 Research, 41 CRIM. L. BULL. 6 (2003) (examining recent race disparities of defendants sentenced to capital punishment)
-
(2003)
Crim. L. Bull.
, vol.41
, Issue.6
-
-
Baldus, D.C.1
Woodworth, G.2
-
12
-
-
12344336437
-
Race and genetics: Controversies in biomedical, behavioral, and forensic sciences
-
(discussing racial profiling and offering data to show that minority racial groups are overrepresented in arrest and incarceration statistics).
-
Pilar Ossorio & Troy Duster, Race and Genetics: Controversies in Biomedical, Behavioral, and Forensic Sciences, 60 AM. PSYCHOLOGIST 115, 122-24 (2005) (discussing racial profiling and offering data to show that minority racial groups are overrepresented in arrest and incarceration statistics).
-
(2005)
Am. Psychologist
, vol.60
, Issue.115
, pp. 122-124
-
-
Ossorio, P.1
Duster, T.2
-
13
-
-
84859324952
-
-
People v. Wilson
-
People v. Wilson, 136 P.3d 864, 869-72 (Cal. 2006) (discussing the admissibility of random-match probabilities calculated using separate databases for Caucasian, Hispanic, and African American populations, and holding that "[i]f the race is not known or if the population is of racially mixed ancestry, the calculations can be made with each of the appropriate databases and these presented to the court")
-
(2006)
P.3d
, vol.136
, Issue.864
, pp. 869-872
-
-
-
14
-
-
84859328468
-
Science fictions and racial fables: Navigating the final frontier of genetic interpretation
-
(summarizing California case law on the admissibility of DNA evidence and arguing that random-match statistics should be inadmissible because "a racial probability estimate does not reasonably affect the trier of fact's assessment of the defendant's guilt").
-
Christian B. Sundquist, Science Fictions and Racial Fables: Navigating the Final Frontier of Genetic Interpretation, 25 HARV. BLACKLETTER L.J. 57, 78-93 (2009) (summarizing California case law on the admissibility of DNA evidence and arguing that random-match statistics should be inadmissible because "a racial probability estimate does not reasonably affect the trier of fact's assessment of the defendant's guilt").
-
(2009)
Harv. Blackletter L.J.
, vol.25
, Issue.57
, pp. 78-93
-
-
Sundquist, C.B.1
-
15
-
-
84859308188
-
Race no longer relevant in DNA trial evidence
-
(summarizing that for random-match estimates, "race is used to generate odds, whereas in DNA profiling odds are used to generate race").
-
Jonathan Kahn, Race No Longer Relevant in DNA Trial Evidence, 24 CRIM. JUST. 39, 39 (2009) (summarizing that for random-match estimates, "race is used to generate odds, whereas in DNA profiling odds are used to generate race").
-
(2009)
Crim. Just.
, vol.24
, Issue.39
, pp. 39
-
-
Kahn, J.1
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16
-
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84859339287
-
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Basic Biology of DNA, DNA INITIATIVE(last visited Aug. 26,) [hereinafter Basic Biology of DNA, DNA INITIATIVE].
-
Basic Biology of DNA, DNA INITIATIVE, http://www.dna.gov/basics/biology (last visited Aug. 26, 2011) [hereinafter Basic Biology of DNA, DNA INITIATIVE].
-
(2011)
-
-
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17
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84859301190
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The science of DNA identification: From the laboratory to the courtroom (and beyond)
-
David H. Kaye, The Science of DNA Identification: From the Laboratory to the Courtroom (and Beyond), 8 MINN. J.L. SCI. & TECH. 409, 410 (2007).
-
(2007)
Minn. J.L. Sci. & Tech.
, vol.8
, Issue.409
, pp. 410
-
-
Kaye, D.H.1
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18
-
-
36849003317
-
Genetic residues of ancient migrations: An end to biological essentialism and the reification of race
-
William M. Richman, Genetic Residues of Ancient Migrations: An End to Biological Essentialism and the Reification of Race, 68 U. PITT. L. REV. 387, 393 (2006).
-
(2006)
U. Pitt. L. Rev.
, vol.68
, Issue.387
, pp. 393
-
-
Richman, W.M.1
-
19
-
-
84859370598
-
-
About Forensic DNA, DNA INITIATIVE (last visited Aug. 26, [hereinafter About Forensic DNA, DNA INITIATIVE].
-
About Forensic DNA, DNA INITIATIVE, http://www.dna.gov/basics (last visited Aug. 26, 2011) [hereinafter About Forensic DNA, DNA INITIATIVE].
-
(2011)
-
-
-
20
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33745319027
-
Just evidence: The limits of science in the legal process
-
Sheila Jasanoff, Just Evidence: The Limits of Science in the Legal Process, 34 J.L. MED. & ETHICS 328, 338 (2006)
-
(2006)
J.L. Med. & Ethics
, vol.34
, Issue.328
, pp. 338
-
-
Jasanoff, S.1
-
21
-
-
33745294105
-
About face: Forensic genetic testing for race and visible traits
-
Pilar N. Ossorio, About Face: Forensic Genetic Testing for Race and Visible Traits, 34 J.L. MED. & ETHICS 277, 279 (2006).
-
(2006)
J.L. Med. & Ethics
, vol.34
, Issue.277
, pp. 279
-
-
Ossorio, P.N.1
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22
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84859328475
-
-
More information about the Human Genome Project can be found at its website
-
More information about the Human Genome Project can be found at its website, http://www.ornl.gov/techresources/Human-Genome/home.shtml.
-
-
-
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23
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12344321539
-
Esther warshauer-baker & Francis S. Collins, race and ethnicity in the genome era: The complexity of the constructs
-
Vence L. Bonham, Esther Warshauer-Baker & Francis S. Collins, Race and Ethnicity in the Genome Era: The Complexity of the Constructs, 60 AM. PSYCHOLOGIST 9, 12 (2005).
-
(2005)
Am. Psychologist
, vol.60
, Issue.9
, pp. 12
-
-
Bonham, V.L.1
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24
-
-
36049001953
-
Inclusiveness, effectiveness and intrusiveness: Issues in the developing uses of dna profiling in support of criminal investigations
-
Robin Williams & Paul Johnson, Inclusiveness, Effectiveness and Intrusiveness: Issues in the Developing Uses of DNA Profiling in Support of Criminal Investigations, 34 J.L. MED. & ETHICS 234, 234 (2006)
-
(2006)
J.L. Med. & Ethics
, vol.34
, Issue.234
, pp. 234
-
-
Williams, R.1
Johnson, P.2
-
25
-
-
84859328476
-
-
History of Forensic DNA Analysis, DNA INITIATIVE, (last visited Aug. 26, 2011) [hereinafter History of Forensic DNA Analysis, DNA INITIATIVE].
-
History of Forensic DNA Analysis, DNA INITIATIVE, http://www.dna.gov/ basics/analysishistory (last visited Aug. 26, 2011) [hereinafter History of Forensic DNA Analysis, DNA INITIATIVE].
-
-
-
-
26
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84859324959
-
-
CODIS-Crime, FBI, (last visited Aug. 26, [hereinafter FBI, CODIS-Crime].
-
CODIS-Crime, FBI, http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/lab/codis/codis-crime (last visited Aug. 26, 2011) [hereinafter FBI, CODIS-Crime].
-
(2011)
-
-
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27
-
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33745348875
-
The expanding use of DNA in law enforcement: What role for privacy?
-
Mark A. Rothstein & Meghan K. Talbott, The Expanding Use of DNA in Law Enforcement: What Role for Privacy?, 34 J.L. MED. & ETHICS 153, 153 (2006).
-
(2006)
J.L. Med. & Ethics
, vol.34
, Issue.153
, pp. 153
-
-
Rothstein, M.A.1
Talbott, M.K.2
-
28
-
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84859370602
-
-
Combined DNA Index System, DNA INITIATIVE(last visited Aug. 26
-
Combined DNA Index System, DNA INITIATIVE, http://www.dna.gov/dna- databases/codis (last visited Aug. 26, 2011)
-
(2011)
-
-
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29
-
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84859324974
-
-
CODIS-NDIS Statistics, FBI, (last visited Aug. 26,) [hereinafter FBI, CODIS-NDIS Statistics]. The latter Web page also contains state-by-state statistics.
-
CODIS-NDIS Statistics, FBI, http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/lab/codis/ndis- statistics (last visited Aug. 26, 2011) [hereinafter FBI, CODIS-NDIS Statistics]. The latter Web page also contains state-by-state statistics.
-
(2011)
-
-
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30
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84859339309
-
-
Steps in DNA Sample Processing, DNA INITIATIVE (last visited Aug. 26, . Information about other methods of DNA identification, such as Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA analyses, is available at this site.
-
Steps in DNA Sample Processing, DNA INITIATIVE, http://www.dna.gov/ basics/analysis/steps (last visited Aug. 26, 2011). Information about other methods of DNA identification, such as Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA analyses, is available at this site.
-
(2011)
-
-
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31
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84859324977
-
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STR Analysis, DNA INITIATIVE (last visited Aug. 26.
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STR Analysis, DNA INITIATIVE, http://www.dna.gov/basics/analysis/str (last visited Aug. 26, 2011)
-
(2011)
-
-
-
32
-
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84859328477
-
-
[hereinafter STR Analysis, DNA INITIATIVE]. For information about the thirteen core STR loci, visit
-
[hereinafter STR Analysis, DNA INITIATIVE]. For information about the thirteen core STR loci, visit http://www.cstl.nist.gov/biotech/strbase/fbicore. htm.
-
-
-
-
33
-
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84859347660
-
-
Combined DNA Index System, DNA INITIATIVE, (last visited Aug. 26
-
Combined DNA Index System, DNA INITIATIVE, http://www.dna.gov/dna- databases/codis (last visited Aug. 26, 2011)
-
(2011)
-
-
-
34
-
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84859367280
-
-
CODIS-NDIS Statistics, FBI, (last visited Aug. 26
-
CODIS-NDIS Statistics, FBI, http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/lab/codis/ndis- statistics (last visited Aug. 26, 2011) [hereinafter FBI, CODIS-NDIS Statistics]. The latter Web page also contains state-by-state statistics.
-
(2011)
-
-
-
35
-
-
84859367285
-
-
Steps in DNA Sample Processing, DNA INITIATIVE (last visited Aug. 26. Information about other methods of DNA identification, such as Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA analyses, is available at this site.
-
Steps in DNA Sample Processing, DNA INITIATIVE, http://www.dna.gov/ basics/analysis/steps (last visited Aug. 26, 2011). Information about other methods of DNA identification, such as Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA analyses, is available at this site.
-
(2011)
-
-
-
36
-
-
84859367287
-
-
STR Analysis, DNA INITIATIVE (last visited Aug. 26 [hereinafter STR Analysis, DNA INITIATIVE].
-
STR Analysis, DNA INITIATIVE, http://www.dna.gov/basics/analysis/str (last visited Aug. 26, 2011) [hereinafter STR Analysis, DNA INITIATIVE].
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(2011)
-
-
-
37
-
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84859339317
-
-
For information about the thirteen core STR loci, visit
-
For information about the thirteen core STR loci, visit http://www.cstl.nist.gov/biotech/strbase/fbicore.htm.
-
-
-
-
38
-
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84859324983
-
Policy implications of defining race and more by genome profiling
-
May
-
Susanne B. Haga, Policy Implications of Defining Race and More by Genome Profiling, GENOMICS, SOC'Y & POL'Y J., May 2006, at 57-59;
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(2006)
Genomics, Soc'y & Pol'y J.
, pp. 57-55
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Haga, S.B.1
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39
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77249143290
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DNA sampling: Privacy and police investigation in a suspect society
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Laura A. Matejik, DNA Sampling: Privacy and Police Investigation in a Suspect Society, 61 ARK. L. REV. 53, 62 (2008).
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, vol.61
, Issue.53
, pp. 62
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Matejik, L.A.1
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40
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79955754066
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Less privacy please, we're british: Investigating crime with DNA in the U.K. and the US
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Duncan Carling, Less Privacy Please, We're British: Investigating Crime with DNA in the U.K. and the U.S., 31 HASTINGS INT'L & COMP. L. REV. 487 (2008).
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, vol.31
, pp. 487
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Carling, D.1
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41
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84859347680
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Victims challenge police use of controversial DNA dragnets
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Sept. 27
-
Kevin Bersett, Victims Challenge Police Use of Controversial 'DNA Dragnets,' THE NEW STANDARD (Sept. 27, 2004), http://newstandardnews.net/ content/index.cfm/items/1044.
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(2004)
The New Standard
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Bersett, K.1
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42
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3042849237
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The blooding of America: Privacy and the DNA dragnet
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Jeffrey S. Grand, The Blooding of America: Privacy and the DNA Dragnet, 23 CARDOZO L. REV. 2277, 2280-81 (2002)).
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Cardozo L. Rev.
, vol.23
, Issue.2277
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Grand, J.S.1
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43
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85051453862
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Can DNA reveal your roots?
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July 5, available at
-
Anita Hamilton, Can DNA Reveal Your Roots?, TIME MAGAZINE, July 5, 2005, available at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079508,00.html.
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(2005)
Time Magazine
-
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Hamilton, A.1
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44
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84859367296
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To sketch a thief: Genes draw likeness of suspects
-
Mar. 27, available at
-
Gautam Naik, To Sketch a Thief: Genes Draw Likeness of Suspects, WALL ST. J., Mar. 27, 2009, available at http://online.wsj.com/article/ SB123810863649052551.html.
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(2009)
Wall St. J.
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Naik, G.1
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45
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67349093019
-
Forensic DNA phenotyping: Regulatory issues
-
(explaining a 2003 amendment to the Dutch code of criminal procedure, Wetboek van Strafvordering, which allows law enforcement to assess crime scene DNA for phenotypic markers and draw conclusions about an unknown suspect's race based on these "externally perceptible traits").
-
Bert-Jaap Koops & Maurice Schellekens, Forensic DNA Phenotyping: Regulatory Issues, 9 COLUM. SCI. & TECH. REV. 158, 168-69 (2008) (explaining a 2003 amendment to the Dutch code of criminal procedure, Wetboek van Strafvordering, which allows law enforcement to assess crime scene DNA for phenotypic markers and draw conclusions about an unknown suspect's race based on these "externally perceptible traits").
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(2008)
Colum. Sci. & Tech. Rev.
, vol.9
, Issue.158
, pp. 168-169
-
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Koops, B.-J.1
Schellekens, M.2
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46
-
-
84859347682
-
-
(discussing the differences in income level, education, patterns of neighborhood segregation, and interracial marriage that continue to exist in America)
-
ARIELA J. GROSS, WHAT BLOOD WON'T TELL: A HISTORY OF RACE ON TRIAL IN AMERICA 305 (2008) (discussing the differences in income level, education, patterns of neighborhood segregation, and interracial marriage that continue to exist in America)
-
(2008)
What Blood Won'T Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America
, vol.305
-
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Gross, A.J.1
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47
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12344288037
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Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race
-
(citing present-day inequalities across racial groups in education, health care, and mortgage lending).
-
Audrey Smedley & Brian D. Smedley, Race as Biology Is Fiction, Racism as a Social Problem Is Real: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives on the Social Construction of Race, 60 AM. PSYCHOLOGIST 16, 22-23 (2005) (citing present-day inequalities across racial groups in education, health care, and mortgage lending).
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(2005)
Am. Psychologist
, vol.60
, Issue.16
, pp. 22-23
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-
Smedley, A.1
Smedley, B.D.2
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48
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27744536525
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Miscegenation law, court cases, and ideologies of "race" in twentieth-century America
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Martha Hodes ed., ("[T]he legal system does more than just reflect social or scientific ideas about race; it also produces and reproduces them.")
-
Peggy Pascoe, Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of "Race" in Twentieth-Century America, in SEX, LOVE, RACE: CROSSING BOUNDARIES IN NORTH AMERICAN HISTORY 464, 466 (Martha Hodes ed., 1999) ("[T]he legal system does more than just reflect social or scientific ideas about race; it also produces and reproduces them.")
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Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History
, vol.464
, pp. 466
-
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Pascoe, P.1
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49
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37949038344
-
Critical legal histories
-
examining how legal categories mold social perceptions and arguing that "the power exerted by a legal regime consists less in the force that it can bring to bear against violators of its rules than in its capacity to persuade people that the world described in its images and categories is the only attainable world in which a sane person would want to live").
-
Robert W. Gordon, Critical Legal Histories, 36 STAN. L. REV. 57, 109 (1984) (examining how legal categories mold social perceptions and arguing that "the power exerted by a legal regime consists less in the force that it can bring to bear against violators of its rules than in its capacity to persuade people that the world described in its images and categories is the only attainable world in which a sane person would want to live").
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, vol.36
, Issue.57
, pp. 109
-
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Gordon, R.W.1
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50
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0003580737
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("The necessary persistence of legal classifications of race gives law a continuing role in the construction of racial identities by legitimating the practice of categorization and by limiting possible conceptions of who we are.")
-
IAN HANEY-LÓPEZ, WHITE BY LAW: THE LEGAL CONSTRUCTION OF RACE 125 (1996) ("The necessary persistence of legal classifications of race gives law a continuing role in the construction of racial identities by legitimating the practice of categorization and by limiting possible conceptions of who we are.")
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White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race
, vol.125
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Haney-López, I.1
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51
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The color of desire: Fulfilling adoptive parents' racial preferences through discriminatory state action
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("Legal institutions can express culture, or they can shape it. Where legal institutions help shape culture, they do so in part by instantiating and reinforcing particular conceptions of the nature of persons and their good."
-
R. Richard Banks, The Color of Desire: Fulfilling Adoptive Parents' Racial Preferences Through Discriminatory State Action, 107 YALE L.J. 875, 960 (1998).
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("Legal institutions can express culture, or they can shape it. Where legal institutions help shape culture, they do so in part by instantiating and reinforcing particular conceptions of the nature of persons and their good." (quoting
-
("Legal institutions can express culture, or they can shape it. Where legal institutions help shape culture, they do so in part by instantiating and reinforcing particular conceptions of the nature of persons and their good." (quoting MARGARET JANE RADIN, CONTESTED COMMODITIES 173 (1996))).
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Margaret Jane Radin, Contested Commodities
, vol.173
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53
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The meaning of race in the DNA era: Science, history and the law
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Christian B. Sundquist, The Meaning of Race in the DNA Era: Science, History and the Law, 27 TEMP. J. SCI. TECH. & ENVTL. L. 231, 239 (2008).
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, vol.27
, Issue.231
, pp. 239
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Sundquist, C.B.1
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54
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Bryan v. Walton
-
Bryan v. Walton, 20 Ga. 480 (1856)
-
(1856)
Ga.
, vol.20
, pp. 480
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55
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84859297923
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aff'd
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aff'd, 30 Ga. 834 (1860).
-
(1860)
Ga.
, vol.30
, Issue.834
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56
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84859367295
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aff'd
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aff'd, 33 Ga. Supp. 11 (1864)
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(1864)
Ga.
, vol.33
, Issue.11
-
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57
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84859297924
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Wood
-
Negro John Davis v. Wood, 14 U.S. 6, 8 (1816) (ruling that evidence of "general reputation" was admissible to determine the petitioner's race, though not slave status).
-
(1816)
U.S.
, vol.14
, Issue.6
, pp. 8
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Davis, N.J.1
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58
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84859308803
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Evelyn brooks higginbotham, African-American women's history and the metalanguage of race
-
As late as the 1920s, even the Supreme Court struggled to interpret racial categories.
-
Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, African-American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race, 17 SIGNS: J. WOMEN IN CULTURE & SOC. 251, 253 (1992)). As late as the 1920s, even the Supreme Court struggled to interpret racial categories.
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See, e.g., United States v. Thind (holding that an Indian man applying for citizenship under the same statute was ineligible because "'free white persons' are words of common speech, to be interpreted in accordance with the understanding of the common man, synonymous with the word 'Caucasian' only as that word is popularly understood")
-
See, e.g., United States v. Thind, 261 U.S. 204, 214-15 (1923) (holding that an Indian man applying for citizenship under the same statute was ineligible because "'free white persons' are words of common speech, to be interpreted in accordance with the understanding of the common man, synonymous with the word 'Caucasian' only as that word is popularly understood")
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60
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84859339326
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Ozawa v. United States
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Ozawa v. United States, 260 U.S. 178, 195, 198 (1922) (holding that a Japanese man applying for citizenship was not a "free white person" statutorily eligible for naturalization because "free white person" meant Caucasian).
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(1922)
U.S.
, vol.260
, Issue.178
, pp. 195
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62
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Racial Integrity Act of 1924 (making marriage between a white person and a "colored" person a felony) (repealed
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Racial Integrity Act of 1924, VA. CODE ANN. 20-54, 20-59 (1924) (making marriage between a white person and a "colored" person a felony) (repealed 1968).
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(1968)
Va. Code Ann.
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63
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84859367292
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Johnson-Reed Act, ch.
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Johnson-Reed Act, ch. 190, 43 Stat. 153-159 (1924)
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(1924)
Stat.
, vol.190
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, pp. 153-159
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64
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84859367293
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Immigration Act of 1917, ch. 29
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Immigration Act of 1917, ch. 29, 39 Stat. 874, 875 .
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Stat.
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, pp. 875
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65
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84859347676
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Chinese Exclusion Act, ch. 126 (suspending immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years) (repealed 1943).
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Chinese Exclusion Act, ch. 126, 22 Stat. 58, 59 (1882) (suspending immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years) (repealed 1943).
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Stat.
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66
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, 561 (1896).
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, vol.163
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67
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Buck v. Bell
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Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200, 207 (1927).
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68
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Buck v. Bell
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Buck v. Bell, 130 S.E. 516, 519 (Va. 1925).
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69
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See Loving v. Virginia
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71
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United States v. Thind, 212
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United States v. Thind, 261 U.S. 204, 208-09, 212 (1923).
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, vol.261
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, pp. 208-209
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72
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Perez v. Lippold
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Perez v. Lippold, 198 P.2d 17, 27-28 (Cal. 1948).
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, pp. 27-28
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73
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Loving v. Virginia
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Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1, 11-12 & n.11 (1967).
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74
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McLaughlin v. Florida
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McLaughlin v. Florida, 379 U.S. 184, 193-96 (1964)
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75
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Brown v. Bd. of Educ.
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Brown v. Bd. of Educ., 347 U.S. 483, 495 (1954).
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Brown
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Brown, 347 U.S. at 495
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77
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The colorblindness doctrine comes not from Brown but from Plessy v. Ferguson, (Harlan, J., dissenting).
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The colorblindness doctrine comes not from Brown but from Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, 559 (1896) (Harlan, J., dissenting).
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, vol.163
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Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
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, vol.401
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, pp. 431-432
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79
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Arlington Heights v. Metro. Hous. Dev. Corp.
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Arlington Heights v. Metro. Hous. Dev. Corp., 429 U.S. 252, 266-68 (1977)
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Palmore v. Sidoti
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Adarand Constructors v. Pena
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Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 551-53 (Scalia, J., concurring and Marshall, J., dissenting).
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Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469, 520-30, 551-53 (1989) (Scalia, J., concurring and Marshall, J., dissenting).
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, vol.488
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A critique of "our constitution is color-blind
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Neil Gotanda, A Critique of "Our Constitution is Color-Blind," 44 STAN. L. REV. 1 (1991)
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Navigating the topology of race
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Chong-Soon Lee, Navigating the Topology of Race, 46 STAN. L. REV. 747 (1994).
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See Hernandez v. Texas, 347 U.S. 475, 479-80 (1954)
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, vol.347
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Hernandez v. New York
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Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 371 (1991).
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, vol.500
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, pp. 371
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88
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Morton v. Mancari
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Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. 535, 554 (1974).
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, vol.417
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, pp. 554
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Rice v. Cayetano
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Francis Coll. v. Al-Khazraji
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The Supreme Court has named distinct physiognomy (physical appearance) as a sufficient but not necessary basis for racial discrimination. Saint Francis Coll
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The Supreme Court has named distinct physiognomy (physical appearance) as a sufficient but not necessary basis for racial discrimination. Saint Francis Coll., 481 U.S. at 613.
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93
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Lynn B. Jorde & Stephen P. Wooding, Genetic Variation, Classification and "Race," in 36 NATURE GENETICS S28, S28 (Supp. 2004), available at http://www.genetics.wustl.edu/bio5488/papers-2005/jorde.pdf).
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