Golden geese or white elephants? The paradoxes of world heritage sites and community-based tourism development in Agra, India

Community Development

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 359-376

  Chakravarty, Surajit ^a   Irazábal, Clara ^b  

^a ALHOSN UNIVERSITY   (United Arab Emirates)

^b Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

Agra; community based tourism; India; planning; world heritage sites

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859324646     PISSN: 15575330     EISSN: 19447485     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15575330.2010.519042     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Agra Municipal Corporation. 2006. Agra City Development Plan, Agra: AMC.
2. Ashley, C. and Roe, D. 2001. Making tourism work for the poor: Strategies and challenges in Southern Africa. Development Southern Africa, 19: 61-82.
3. Ashworth, G. 2006. Book Review (The Politics of World Heritage: Negotiating Tourism and Conservation, Edited by David Harrison and Michael Hitchcock. Channel View Publications, 2005). Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 33(1): 273-275. 2006
4. ASI. 2011. Activities Retrieved March 20, 2008, from http://asi.nic.in/asi_aboutus_activities.asp
5. Bowen, Heather. 2004. Book Review (Cultural tourism: the partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management. Bob McKercher and Hilary du Cross; The Haworth Hospitality Press, Binghamton, New York, 2002). Tourism Management, 25: 409-416
6. Brohman, J. 1996. New directions in tourism for third world development. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1): 48-70.
7. Department of Tourism, Government of India. 2002. Final report on 20 years perspective plans for Uttar Pradesh, November, 2002 Prepared by A.F. Ferguson and Co. Delhi. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from http://tourism.gov.in/pplan/up.pdf
8. Drost, A. 1996. Research notes: Developing sustainable tourism for world heritage sites. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2): 479-492.
9. Edensor, T. 1998. Tourists at the Taj: Performance and meaning at a symbolic site, Routledge: London.
10. Hall, C.M. 2007. Pro-poor tourism-who benefits? Perspectives on tourism and poverty reduction, Clevedon: Channel View Publications. Current Themes in Tourism
11. Harrison, D. and Hitchcock, M. 2005. Politics of world heritage: Negotiating tourism and conservation, Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
12. Harrison, D. and Schipani, S. 2007. "Lao tourism and poverty alleviation: Commounity-based tourism and the private sector". In Pro-poor tourism-who benefits? Perspectives on tourism and poverty reduction, Edited by: Hall, C.M. 84-117. Clevedon: Channel View Publications. Current Themes in Tourism
13. Indian Express. 2008. Lack of coordination continues to haunt JNNURM in the state Retrieved March 20, 2008, from http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/lack-of-coordination- continues-to-haunt-jnnurm-in-the-state/285067/
14. Indo-US Financial Institutions Reform and Expansion Project. 2007. Project Note no. 37: Leveraging Agra's Lesser-known Heritage Sites for Improving Sanitation and Livelihood in Low-income Communities Crosscutting Agra Project (CAP), Uttar Pradesh, India, New Delhi: Indo-US FIRE(D).
15. Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services. 2006a. "IL&FS IDC Services offered for JNNURM and UIDSSMT Schemes". Accessed on November 14, 2009 from http://www.ilfsindia.com/downloads/bus_concept/JNNURM.pdf
16. Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services. 2006b. Projects: Jal Mahal, Jaipur. Accessed on November 14, 2009 from http://www.ilfsindia.com/projects1.asp?Category=1&Project=8&subLink=16
17. Irazábal, C. 2005. City making and urban governance in the Americas: Curitiba and Portland, Aldershot: Ashgate.
18. Irazábal, C. 2009a. Realizing planning's emancipatory promise: Learning from regime theory to strengthen communicative action. Planning Theory, 8(2): 115-139.
19. Irazábal, C. (Un)Planning Costa Rican coastal development: Tourism and the Nature-City Paradox in Jacó. Paper presented at the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning Conference, "Reinvesting in America: The New Metropolitan Planning Agenda". October 1-4, Crystal City, Virginia.
20. Irazábal, C. and Morán, O. Planning implications of tourism development: The Mexican Pacific Riviera. Paper presented at the Joint Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP) and Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) Conference. July 6-11, Chicago.
21. Kakwani, N. and Pernia, E.M. 2000. What is pro-poor growth?. Asian Development Review, 18(1): 1-16.
22. Khosla, R. 2009. "Personal Interview, 2 January".
23. Leask, A. and Fyall, A. 2006. Managing world heritage sites, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
24. McKercher, B. and du Cross, H. 2002. Cultural tourism: The partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management, Binghampton, New York: The Haworth Hospitality Press.
25. Ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation. 2006. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission: Overview Retrieved 20 March, 2008, from http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/Overview.pdf
26. NIUA. 2001. City profile, Agra Retrieved March 20, 2008, from http://www.niua.org/city_des.asp
27. Nuryanti, W. 1996. Heritage and postmodern tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2): 249-260.
28. Roy, A. 2009. Why India cannot plan its cities: Informality, insurgence and the idiom of urbanization. Planning Theory, 8(1): 76-87.
29. Russoa, A.P. and van der Borg, J. 2002. Planning considerations for cultural tourism: A case study of four European cities. Tourism Management, 23: 631-637.
30. Ryan, C. 2002. Equity, management, power sharing and sustainability issues of the 'new tourism. Tourism Management, 23: 17-26.
31. Schyvens, R. "Exploring the tourism-poverty nexus". In Pro-poor tourism-who benefits? Perspectives on tourism and poverty reduction, Edited by: Hall, C.M. 127-141. Clevedon: Channel View Publications. Current Themes in Tourism
32. Shanks, C. 2009. The global compact: The conservative politics of international tourism. Futures, 41(6): 360-366.
33. Shetawy, A.A.A. and El Khateeb, S.M. 2009. The pyramids plateau: A dream searching for survival. Tourism Management, 30(6): 819-827.
34. UNESCO. 2002. State of conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region Retrieved January 10, 2009, from http://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/apa/cycle01/section2/252-summary.pdf
35. Vaidya, C. 2008. Personal interview, 31 December
36. Wager, J. 1995. Developing strategy for the Angkor World Heritage Site. Tourism Management, 16(7): 515-523.
37. Wager, J. Developing a strategy for the Angkor World Heritage Site. Tourism Management, 16(7)515-523.