The regulation of location-based services: Challenges to the European Union data protection regime

Journal of Location Based Services

Volumn 5, Issue 3-4, 2011, Pages 223-241

  Cuijpers, Colette ^a   Pekárek, Martin ^a  

^a TILBURG UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

data protection; European Union; legal framework; location data; location based services

Indexed keywords

CORE ELEMENTS; DATA PROTECTION; DATA PROTECTION DIRECTIVE; EU REGULATIONS; EUROPEAN UNION; GEOLOCATIONS; INFORMATION SOCIETY; LEGAL FRAMEWORKS; LOCATION DATA; SERVICE PROVIDER; TELECOM OPERATORS; TRAFFIC DATA; WORKING PARTIES;

DATA PROCESSING; LAWS AND LEGISLATION; LOCATION BASED SERVICES; METALS; MOBILE DEVICES;

SECURITY OF DATA;

EID: 84859322026     PISSN: 17489725     EISSN: 17489733     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17489725.2011.637081     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Aplin, D.G., 2011. Art. 29 Party opinion parses data protection rules application to geolocation information [online]. Hunton & Williams LLP. Available from: http://www.hunton.com/files/News/791aaa7e-615c-44e2-ac99-f961e00fe8c0/Presentation/NewsAttachment/2cd53010-327a-4188-90dc-fac015603b88/Article_29_Party_Opinion_Nauwelaerts_quoted_5.11.pdf [Accessed 20 June 2011]
2. Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, 2000. Opinion 7/2000 On the European Commission Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector of 12 July 2000 COM (2000) 385, adopted on 2 November 2000 (WP 36) [online]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/policies/privacy/docs/wpdocs/2000/wp36en.pdf [Accessed 20 June 2011]
3. Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, 2005. Opinion on the use of location data with a view to providing value added services, adopted November 2005 (WP 115) [online]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/policies/privacy/docs/wpdocs/2005/wp115_en.pdf [Accessed 20 June 2011]
4. Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, 2006. Opinion 8/2006 on the review of the regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications and Services, with focus on the Eprivacy Directive, adopted on 26 September 2006 (WP 126) [online]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/policies/privacy/docs/wpdocs/2006/wp126_en.pdf [Accessed 20 June 2011]
5. Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, 2007. Opinion 4/2007 on the concept of personal data, adopted on 20 June 2007 (WP 136) [online]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/policies/privacy/docs/wpdocs/2007/wp136_en.pdf [Accessed 28 July 2011]
6. Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, 2008. Opinion 2/2008 on the review of the Directive 2002/58/EC on privacy and electronic communications (ePrivacy Directive), adopted on 15 May 2008 (WP 150) [online]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/policies/privacy/docs/wpdocs/2008/wp150_en.pdf [Accessed 20 June 2011]
7. Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, 2009. Opinion 1/2009 on the proposals amending Directive 2002/58/EC on privacy and electronic communications (e-Privacy Directive), adopted on 10 February 2009 (WP 159) [online]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/policies/privacy/docs/wpdocs/2009/wp159_en.pdf [Accessed 11 July 2011]
8. Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, 2010. Opinion 8/2010 on applicable law, adopted on 16 December 2010 (WP 179) [online]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/policies/privacy/docs/wpdocs/2010/wp179_en.pdf [Accessed 27 June 2011]
9. Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, 2011. Opinion 13/2011 on Geolocation services on smart mobile devices, adopted on 16 May 2011 (WP 185) [online]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/policies/privacy/docs/wpdocs/2011/wp185_en.pdf [Accessed 20 June 2011]
10. Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000/C 364/01) [online]. Available from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf [Accessed 12 July 2011]
11. Cuijpers, C and Koops, BJ. 2008. How fragmentation in European law undermines consumer protection: the case of location-based services. European Law Review, 6: 880-897.
12. Custers, B. 2004. The power of knowledge. Ethical, legal, and technological aspects of data mining and group profiling in epidemiology, Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
13. Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, OJ L 281, 23.11.1995, pp. 31-50 [online]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31995L0046:en:HTML [Accessed 20 June 2011]
14. Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services (Framework Directive), OJ L 108, 24.4.2002, pp. 33-50 and Article 1 (2) of Directive 98/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 July 1998 amending Directive 98/34/EC laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations, OJ L 217, 05/08/1998, pp. 0018-0026 [online]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:108:0033:0033:EN:PDF [Accessed 27 June 2011]
15. Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (Directive on privacy and electronic communications), OJ L 201, 31.7.2002, pp. 37-47 [online]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0058:EN:HTML [Accessed 27 June 2011]
16. Directive 2009/136/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 amending Directive 2002/22/EC on universal service and users' rights relating to electronic communications networks and services, Directive 2002/58/EC concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 on cooperation between national authorities responsible for the enforcement of consumer protection laws (Text with EEA relevance), OJ L 337, 18.12.2009, pp. 11-36 [online]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:337:0011:0036:En:PDF [Accessed 27 June 2011]
17. European Commission, 2010a. A comprehensive approach on personal data protection in the European Union, COM (2010) 609 final, p. 18 [online]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/news/consulting_public/0006/com_2010_609_en.pdf [Accessed 11 July 2011]
18. European Commission, 2010b. Summary of replies to the public consultation about the future legal framework for protecting personal data. Brussels, 4 November 2010, p. 5 [online]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/news/consulting_public/0003/summary_replies_en.pdf [Accessed 11 July 2011]
19. European Data Protection Supervisor, 2010. Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) on the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending, among others, Directive 2002/58/EC concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (Directive on privacy and electronic communications) (2008/C 181/01) 18.7.2008 EN Official Journal of the European Union C 181/1 [online]. Available from: http://www.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/webdav/site/mySite/shared/Documents/Consultation/Opinions/2008/08-04-10_e-privacy_EN.pdf [Accessed 7 July 2011]
20. Fon, 2011. What is Fon [online]. Available from: http://corp.fon.com/en/this-is-fon [Accessed 4 July 2011]
21. Fritsch, L. 2008. "Profiling and Location-Based Services (LBS)". In Profiling the European citizen, Edited by: Hildebrandt, M. and Gutwirth, S. 147-168. Netherlands: Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
22. ITU, 2005. The internet of things. ITU reports-executive summary, 1-28, International Telecommunications Union
23. Koops, B.-J., 2008. Reply: some reflections on profiling, power shifts and protection paradigms. In: M. Hildebrandt and S. Gutwirth, eds. Profiling the European citizen, Netherlands: Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 326-337
24. McDonald's, 2010. GRATIS draadloos Internet in uw McDonald's restaurant! [online]. Available from: http://www.mcdonalds.be/nl/index_NL.php?page=restaurants:hotspots [Accessed 11 July 2011]
25. OPTA, 2010. Toezichtsactie registratieplicht bij 15 internetleveranciers in de hotelbranche [online]. Available from: http://www.opta.nl/nl/actueel/alle-publicaties/publicatie/?id=3296 [Accessed 4 July 2011]
26. Poullet, Y., 2010. About the e-privacy directive: towards a third generation of data protection legislation? In: S. Gutwirth, Y. Poullet, and P. de Hert, eds. Data protection in a profiled world, Dordrecht: Springer,pp. 3-30
27. Purtova, N. 2011. Property rights in personal data: a European perspective, Oisterwijk: BOXPress.
28. Schoemaker, R., 2010. OPTA jaagt op hotels met internet [online]. Available from: http://webwereld.nl/nieuws/67458/opta-jaagt-op-hotels-met-internet.html [Accessed 4 July 2011]
29. Schreurs, W. 2008. "Cogitas, ergo sum. The role of data protection law and non-discrimination law in group profiling in the private sector". In Profiling the European citizen, Edited by: Hildebrandt, M. and Gutwirth, S. 241-270. Netherlands: Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
30. Thatcher, S. 2008. "Reply". In Profiling the European citizen, Edited by: Hildebrandt, M. and Gutwirth, S. 264-270. Netherlands: Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
31. Zwaag, G. v.d., 2010. Vanaf vandaag gratis draadloos internet bij 219 McDonalds-vestigingen [online]. Available from: http://www.iphoneclub.nl/62757/vanaf-vandaag-gratis-draadloos-internet-bij-219-mcdonalds-vestigingen [Accessed 11 July 2011]