Ovarian cancer: Insights into genetics and pathogeny

Histology and Histopathology

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 707-719

  Liliac, Ludmila ^a   Amǎlinei, Cornelia ^a   Balan, Raluca ^a   Grigoraş, Adriana ^a   Cǎruntu, Irina Draga ^a  

^a GRIGORE T POPA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY   (Romania)

Author keywords

Epithelial mesenchymal transition; Genetics; Ovarian cancer; Pathogeny; Proteomics

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; CELL TRANSFORMATION; EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; OVARY TUMOR; PATHOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PROGNOSIS; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

ANIMALS; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; OVARIAN NEOPLASMS; PHENOTYPE; PROGNOSIS; PROTEOMICS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

EID: 84859296765     PISSN: 02133911     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Acloque H., Adams M.S., Fishwick K., Fraser M.B. and Nieto M.A. (2009). Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions:the importance of changing cell state in development and disease. J. Clin. Invest. 119, 1438-1449.
2. Aghajanian C., Dizon D.S., Sabbatini P., Raizer J.J., Dupont J. and Spriggs D.R. (2005). Phase I trial of bortezomib and carboplatin in recurrent ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 5943-5949.
3. Ahmed N., Maines-Bandiera S., Quinn M.A., Unger W.G., Dedhar S. and Auersperg N. (2006). Molecular pathways regulating EGFinduced epitheliomesenchymal transition in human ovarian surface epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. 290, 1532-1542.
4. American Cancer Society. (2009). Cancer facts and figures http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/500809web.pdf.
5. Anderson G.L., McIntosh M., Wu L., Barnett M., Goodman G., Thorpe J.D., Bergan L., Thornquist M.D., Scholler N., Kim N., O'Briant K., Drescher C. and Urban N. (2010). Assessing lead time of selected ovarian cancer biomarkers: a nested case-control study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 102, 26-38.
6. Annunziata C.M., Azad N., Dhamoon A.S., Whiteley G. and Kohn E.C. (2008). Ovarian cancer in the proteomics era. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 18 (Suppl 1), 1-6.
7. Annunziata C.M., Stavnes H.T., Kleinberg L., Berner A., Hernandez L.F., Birrer M.J., Steinberg S.M., Davidson B. and Kohn E.C. (2010). Nuclear factor kappaB transcription factors are coexpressed and convey a poor outcome in ovarian cancer. Cancer 116, 3276-3284.
8. Auersperg N., Pan J., Grove B.D., Peterson T., Fisher J., Maines-Bandiera S., Somasiri A. and Roskelley C.D. (1999). E-cadherin induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in human ovarian surface epithelium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 6249-6254.
9. Bagnato A. and Rosanò L. (2007). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer progression: a crucial role for the endothelin axis. Cells Tissues Organs 185, 85-94.
10. Banz C., Ungethuem U., Kuban R.J., Diedrich K., Lengyel E. and Hornung D. (2010). The molecular signature of endometriosisassociated endometrioid ovarian cancer differs significantly from endometriosis-independent endometrioid ovarian cancer. Fertil. Steril. 94, 1212-1217.
11. Barnett J.C., Bean S.M., Whitaker R.S., Kondoh E., Baba T., Fujii S., Marks J.R., Dressman H.K., Murphy S.K. and Berchuck A. (2010). Ovarian cancer tumor infiltrating T-regulatory T(reg) cells are associated with a metastatic phenotype. Gynecol. Oncol. 116, 556-562.
12. Bast R.C., Hennessy B. and Mills G.B. (2009). The biology of ovarian cancer: new opportunities for translation. Nat. Rev. Cancer 9, 415-428.
13. Bast R.C. Jr, Feeney M., Lazarus H., Nadler L.M., Colvin R.B. and Knapp R.C. (1981). Reactivity of a monoclonal antibody with human ovarian carcinoma. J. Clin. Invest. 68, 1331-1337.
14. Bonome T., Lee J.Y., Park D.C., Radonovich M., Pise-Masison C., Brady J., Gardner G.J., Hao K., Wong W.H., Barrett J.C., Lu K.H., Sood A.K., Gershenson D.M., Mok S.C. and Birrer M.J. (2005). Expression profiling of serous low malignant potential, low-grade, and high-grade tumors of the ovary. Cancer Res. 65, 10602-10612.
15. Braem M.G., Schouten L.J., Peeters P.H., den Brandt P.A. and Onland-Moret N.C. (2011). Genetic susceptibility to sporadic ovarian cancer: A systematic review. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1816, 1321-1346.
16. Cadron I., Van Gorp T., Timmerman D., Amant F., Waelkens E. and Vergote I. (2009). Application of proteomics in ovarian cancer: which sample should be used? Gynecol. Oncol. 115, 497-503.
17. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. (2011). Integrated genomic analyses of ovarian carcinoma. Nature 474, 609-615.
18. Cavallaro U. and Christofori G. (2004). Cell adhesion and signalling by cadherins and Ig-CAMs in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4, 118-132.
19. Cho K.R. and Shih I.M. (2009). Ovarian Cancer. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 4, 287-313.
20. Coward J., Kulbe H., Chakravarty P., Leader D., Vassileva V., Leinster D.A., Thompson R., Schioppa T., Nemeth J., Vermeulen J., Singh N., Avril N., Cummings J., Rexhepaj E., Jirström K., Gallagher W.M., Brennan D.J., McNeish I.A. and Balkwill F.R. (2011). Interleukin-6 as a therapeutic target in human ovarian cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 6083-6096.
21. Curiel T.J., Coukos G., Zou L., Alvarez X., Cheng P., Mottram P., Evdemon-Hogan M., Conejo-Garcia J.R., Zhang L., Burow M., Zhu Y., Wei S., Kryczek I., Daniel B., Gordon A., Myers L., Lackner A., Disis M.L., Knutson K.L., Chen L. and Zou W. (2004). Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat. Med. 10, 942-949.
22. Despierre E., Lambrechts D., Neven P., Amant F., Lambrechts S. and Vergote I. (2010). The molecular genetic basis of ovarian cancer and its roadmap towards a better treatment. Gynecol. Oncol. 117, 358-365.
23. Ding J.X., Feng Y.J., Yao L.Q., Yu M., Jin H.Y. and Yin L.H. (2006). The reinforcement of invasion in epithelial ovarian cancer cells by 17'-Estradiol is associated with up-regulation of Snail. Gynecol. Oncol. 103, 623-630.
24. Dubeau L. (2008). The cell of origin of ovarian epithelial tumours. Lancet Oncol. 9, 1191-1197.
25. Gallo D., Ferlini C. and Scambia G. (2010). The epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the estrogen-signaling in ovarian cancer. Curr. Drug. Targets 11, 474-481.
26. Gates M.A., Rosner B.A., Hecht J.L. and Tworoger S.S. (2010). Risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer by histologic subtype. Am. J. Epidemiol. 171, 45-53.
27. Geisler J.P., Hatterman-Zogg M.A., Rathe J.A. and Buller R.E. (2002). Frequency of BRCA1 dysfunction in ovarian cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 94, 61-67.
28. Gómez-Raposo C., Mendiola M., Barriuso J., Hardisson D. and Redondo A. (2010). Molecular characterization of ovarian cancer by gene-expression profiling. Gynecol. Oncol. 118, 88-92.
29. Grant K., Loizidou M. and Taylor I. (2003). Endothelin-1: a multifunctional molecule in cancer. Br. J. Cancer 88, 163-166.
30. Hays J.L., Kim G., Giuroiu I. and Kohn E.C. (2010). Proteomics and ovarian cancer: Integrating proteomics information into clinical care. J. Proteomics 73, 1864-1872.
31. Hegymegi-Barakonyi B., Eros D., Szántai-Kis C., Breza N., Bánhegyi P., Szabó G.V., Várkondi E., Peták I., Orfi L. and Kéri G. (2009). Tyrosine kinase inhibitors -small molecular weight compounds inhibiting EGFR. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 11, 308-321.
32. Hennessy B.T., Coleman R.L. and Markman M. (2009). Ovarian cancer. Lancet 374, 1371-1382.
33. Hernandez L., Hsu S.C., Davidson B., Birrer M.J., Kohn E.C. and Annunziata C.M. (2010). Activation of NF-kappaB signaling by inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase beta increases aggressiveness of ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 70, 4005-4014.
34. Hilton J.L., Geisler J.P., Rathe J.A., Hattermann-Zogg M.A., DeYoung B. and Buller R.E. (2002). Inactivation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in ovarian cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 94, 1396-1406.
35. usseinzadeh N. (2011). Status of tumor markers in epithelial ovarian cancer: has there been any progress? A review. Gynecol. Oncol. 120, 152-157.
36. Inan S., Vatansever S., Celik-Ozenci C., Sanci M., Dicle N. and Demir R. (2006). Immunolocalizations of VEGF, its receptors flt-1, KDR and TGF-''s in epithelial ovarian tumors. Histol. Histopathol. 21, 1055-1064.
37. Jazaeri A.A. (2009). Molecular profiles of hereditary epithelial ovarian cancers and their implications for the biology of this disease. Mol. Oncol. 3, 151-156.
38. Jelovac D. and Armstrong D.K. (2011). Recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer. CA Cancer J. Clin. 61, 183-203.
39. Kalluri R. and Weinberg R.A. (2009). The basics of epithelialmesenchymal transition. J. Clin. Invest. 119, 1420-1428.
40. Kandalaft L.E., Motz G.T., Duraiswamy J. and Coukos G. (2011). Tumor immune surveillance and ovarian cancer. Lessons on immune mediated tumor rejection or tolerance. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 30, 141-151.
41. Kim K., Visintin I., Alvero A.B. and Mor G. (2009). Development and validation of a protein-based signature for the detection of ovarian cancer. Clin. Lab. Med. 29, 47-55.
42. Kindelberger D.W., Lee Y., Miron A., Hirsch M.S., Feltmate C., Medeiros F., Callahan M.J., Garner E.O., Gordon R.W., Birch C., Berkowitz R.S., Muto M.G. and Crum C.P. (2007). Intraepithelial carcinoma of the fimbria and pelvic serous carcinoma: Evidence for a causal relationship. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 31, 161-169.
43. Kozak K.R., Su F., Whitelegge J.P., Faull K., Reddy S. and Farias-Eisner R. (2005). Characterization of serum biomarkers for detection of early stage ovarian cancer. Proteomics 5, 4589-4596.
44. Kuk C., Kulasingam V., Gunawardana C.G., Smith C.R., Batruch I. and Diamandis E.P. (2009). Mining the ovarian cancer ascites proteome for potential ovarian cancer biomarkers. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 8, 661-669.
45. Kuo K.T., Mao T.L., Jones S., Veras E., Ayhan A., Wang T.L., Glas R., Slamon D., Velculescu V.E., Kuman R.J. and Shih Ie. M. (2009). Frequent activating mutations of PIK3CA in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Am. J. Pathol. 174, 1597-1601.
46. Kurman R.J. and Shih I.M. (2010). The origin and pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer. A proposed unifying theory. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 34, 433-443.
47. Kuwabara Y., Yamada T., Yamazaki K., Du W.L., Banno K., Aoki D. and Sakamoto M. (2008). Establishment of an ovarian metastasis model and possible involvement of E-cadherin down-regulation in the metastasis. Cancer Sci. 99, 1933-1939.
48. Lalwani N., Prasad S.R., Vikram R., Shanbhogue A.K., Huettner P.C. and Fasih N. (2011). Histologic, molecular, and cytogenetic features of ovarian cancers: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Radiographics 31, 625-646.
49. Lauchlan S.C. (1972). The secondary Müllerian system. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 27, 133-146.
50. Lee J.M., Han J.J., Altwerger G. and Kohn E.C. (2011). Proteomics and biomarkers in clinical trials for drug development. J. Proteomics 74, 2632-2641.
51. Lurie G., Wilkens L.R., Thompson P.J., Mcduffie K.E., Carney M.E., Terada K.Y. and Goodman M.T. (2009). Genetic polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) gene and the risk of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Causes Control 20, 47-55.
52. Markman B., Atzori F., Pérez-García J., Tabernero J. and Baselga J. (2010). Status of PI3K inhibition and biomarker development in cancer therapeutics. Ann. Oncol. 21, 683-691.
53. Meinhold-Heerlein I., Bauerschlag D., Hilpert F., Dimitrov P., Sapinoso L.M., Orlowska-Volk M., Bauknecht T., Park T.W., Jonat W., Jacobsen A., Sehouli J., Luttges J., Krajewski M., Krajewski S., Reed J.C., Arnold N. and Hampton G.M. (2005). Molecular and prognostic distinction between serous ovarian carcinomas of varying grade and malignant potential. Oncogene 24, 1053-1065.
54. Milliken D., Scotton C., Raju S., Balkwill F. and Wilson J. (2002). Analysis of chemokines and chemokine receptor expression in ovarian cancer ascites. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 1108-1114.
55. Moore R.G., MacLaughlan S. and Bast R.C. Jr (2010). Current state of biomarker development for clinical application in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 116, 240-245.
56. Nelson B.H. (2008). The impact of T-cell immunity on ovarian cancer outcomes. Immunol. Rev. 222, 101-116.
57. Nosov V., Su F., Amneus M., Birrer M., Robins T., Kotlerman J., Reddy S. and Farias-Eisner R. (2009). Validation of serum biomarkers for detection of early stage ovarian cancer. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 200, 639. e1-5.
58. Oyesanya R.A., Lee Z.P., Wu J., Chen J., Song Y., Mukherjee A., Dent P., Kordula T., Zhou H. and Fang X. (2008). Transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms for lysophosphatidic acid-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in ovarian cancer cells. FASEB J. 22, 2639-2651.
59. Park S.H., Cheung L.W., Wong A.S. and Leung P.C. (2008). Estrogen regulates snail and slug in the down-regulation of e-cadherin and induces metastatic potential of ovarian cancer cells through estrogen receptor alpha. Mol. Endocrinol. 22, 2085-2098.
60. Pejovic T., Anderson L. and Odunsi K. (2009). Molecular biology of ovarian cancer. In: Genomic and personalized medicine. Ginsburg W. (ed). Elsevier. Amsterdam. pp 913-920.
61. Peters D.G., Kudla D.M., Deloia J.A., Chu T.J., Fairfull L., Edwards R.P. and Ferrell R.E. (2005). Comparative gene expression analysis of ovarian carcinoma and normal ovarian epithelium by serial analysis of gene expression. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14, 1717-1723.
62. Petri A.L., Simonsen A.H., Yip T.T., Hogdall E., Fung E.T., Lundvall L. and Hogdall C. (2009). Three new potential ovarian cancer biomarkers detected in human urine with equalizer bead technology. Acta. Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 88, 18-26.
63. Petricoin E.F., Ardekani A.M., Hitt B.A., Levine P.J., Fusaro V.A., Steinberg S.M., Mills G.B., Simone C., Fishman D.A., Kohn E.C. and Liotta L.A. (2002). Use of proteomic patterns in serum to identify ovarian cancer. Lancet 359, 572-577.
64. Plebani M. (2005). Proteomics: the next revolution in laboratory medicine? Clin. Chim. Acta 357, 113-122.
65. Press J.Z., De Luca A., Boyd N., Young S., Troussard A., Ridge Y., Kaurah P., Kalloger S.E., Blood K.A., Smith M., Spellman P.T., Wang Y., Miller D.M., Horsman D., Faham M., Gilks C.B., Gray J. and Huntsman D.G. (2008). Ovarian carcinomas with genetic and epigenetic BRCA1 loss have distinct molecular abnormalities. BMC Cancer 8, 17.
66. Rho S.B., Kim B.R. and Kang S. (2011). A gene signature-based approach identifies thioridazine as an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3?-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway in ovarian cancer cells. Gynecol. Oncol. 120, 121-127.
67. Ricciardelli C. and Oehler M.K. (2009). Diverse molecular pathways in ovarian cancer and their clinical significance. Maturitas 62, 270-275.
68. Roberts A.B., Anzano M.A., Lamb L.C., Smith J.M. and Sporn M.B. (1981). New class of transforming growth factors potentiated by epidermal growth factor: Isolation from non-neoplastic tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 5339-5343.
69. Rosanò L., Cianfrocca R., Spinella F., Di Castro V., Nicotra M.R., Lucidi A., Ferrandina G., Natali P.G. and Bagnato A. (2011). Acquisition of chemoresistance and EMT phenotype is linked with activation of the endothelin A receptor pathway in ovarian carcinoma cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 2350-2360.
70. Rosanò L., Spinella F., Di Castro V., Nicotra M.R., Dedhar S., De Herreros A.G., Natali P.G. and Bagnato A. (2005). Endothelin-1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res. 65, 11649-11657.
71. Sabatier R., Finetti P., Cervera N., Birnbaum D. and Bertucci F. (2009). Gene expression profiling and prediction of clinical outcome in ovarian cancer. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 72, 98-109.
72. Sabbah M., Emami S., Redeuilh G., Julien S., Prévost G., Zimber A., Ouelaa R., Bracke M., De Wever O. and Gespach C. (2008). Molecular signature and therapeutic perspective of the epithelial-tomesenchymal transitions in epithelial cancers. Drug. Resist. Updat. 11, 123-151.
73. Sato E., Olson S.H., Ahn J., Bundy B., Nishikawa H., Qian F., Jungbluth A.A., Frosina D., Gnjatic S., Ambrosone C., Kepner J., Odunsi T., Ritter G., Lele S., Chen Y.T., Ohtani H., Old L.J. and Odunsi K. (2005). Intraepithelial CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and a high CD8+/regulatory T cell ratio are associated with favorable prognosis in ovarian cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 18538-18543.
74. Saunders K.H., Nazareth S. and Pressman P.I. (2011). Case report: BRCA in the Ashkenazi population: are current testing guidelines too exclusive? Hered. Cancer Clin. Pract. 9, 3.
75. Schindl M., Schoppmann S.F., Ströbel T., Heinzl H., Leisser C., Horvat R. and Birner P. (2003). Level of Id-1 protein expression correlates with poor differentiation, enhanced malignant potential, and more aggressive clinical behavior of epithelial ovarian tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 9, 779-785.
76. Shepherd T.G. and Nachtigal M.W. (2003). Identification of a putative autocrine bone morphogenetic protein-signaling pathway in human ovarian surface epithelium and ovarian cancer cells. Endocrinology 144, 3306-3314.
77. Sinclair J., Metodieva G., Dafou D., Gayther S.A. and Timms J.F. (2011). Profiling signatures of ovarian cancer tumour suppression using 2D-DIGE and 2D-LC-MS/MS with tandem mass tagging. J. Proteomics 74, 451-465.
78. Song Y., Wu J., Oyesanya R.A., Lee Z., Mukherjee A. and Fang X. (2009). Sp-1 and c-Myc mediate lysophosphatidic acid-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in ovarian cancer cells via a hypoxia-inducible factor-1-independent mechanism. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 492-501.
79. Strauss R., Li Z.Y., Liu Y., Beyer I., Persson J., Sova P., Möller T., Pesonen S., Hemminki A., Hamerlik P., Drescher C., Urban N., Bartek J. and Lieber A. (2011). Analysis of epithelial and mesenchymal markers in ovarian cancer reveals phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity. PloS. One 6, 16186.
80. Sueblinvong T. and Carney M.E. (2009). Current understanding of risk factors for ovarian cancer. Curr. Treat. Options Oncol. 10, 67-81.
81. Sunde J.S., Donninger H., Wu K., Johnson M.E., Pestell R.G., Rose G.S., Mok S.C., Brady J., Bonome T. and Birrer M.J. (2006). Expression profiling identifies altered expression of genes that contribute to the inhibition of transforming growth factor-b signaling in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 66, 8404-8412.
82. Tainsky M.A. (2009). Genomic and proteomic biomarkers for cancer: a multitude of opportunities. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1796, 176-193.
83. Thériault B.L., Shepherd T.G., Mujoomdar M.L. and Nachtigal M.W. (2007). BMP4 induces EMT and Rho GTPase activation in human ovarian cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 28, 1153-1162.
84. Vergara D., Merlot B., Lucot J.P., Collinet P., Vinatier D., Fournier I. and Salzet M. (2010). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer. Cancer Lett. 291, 59-66.
85. Visintin I., Feng Z., Longton G., Ward D.C., Alvero A.B., Lai Y., Tenthorey J., Leiser A., Flores-Saaib R., Yu H., Azori M., Rutherford T., Schwartz P.E. and Mor G. (2008). Diagnostic markers for early detection of ovarian cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 1065-1072.
86. Voulgari A. and Pintzas A. (2009). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer metastasis: mechanisms, markers and strategies to overcome drug resistance in the clinic. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1796, 75-90.
87. Woolas R.P., Xu F.J., Jacobs I.J., Yu Y.H., Daly L., Berchuck A., Soper J.T., Clarke-Pearson D.L., Oram D.H. and Bast R.C. Jr (1993). Elevation of multiple serum markers in patients with stage I ovarian cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85, 1748-1751.
88. Wu C., Cipollone J., Maines-Bandiera S., Tan C., Karsan A., Auersperg N. and Roskelley C.D. (2008). The morphogenic function of Ecadherin-mediated adherens junctions in epithelial ovarian carcinoma formation and progression. Differentiation 76, 193-205.
89. Yamada S.D., Baldwin R.L. and Karlan B.Y. (1999). Ovarian carcinoma cell cultures are resistant to TGF-ß1-mediated growth inhibition despite expression of functional receptors. Gynecol. Oncol. 75, 72-77.
90. Yamaguchi K., Mandai M., Oura T., Matsumura N., Hamanishi J., Baba T., Matsui S., Murphy S.K. and Konishi I. (2010). Identification of an ovarian clear cell carcinoma gene signature that reflects inherent disease biology and the carcinogenic processes. Oncogene 29, 1741-1752.
91. Yang X., Fraser M., Moll U.M., Basak A. and Tsang B.K. (2006). Aktmediated cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer: modulation of p53 action on caspase-dependent mitochondrial death pathway. Cancer Res. 66, 3126-3136.
92. Yoshida J., Horiuchi A., Kikuchi N., Hayashi A., Osada R., Ohira S., Shiozawa T. and Konishi I. (2009). Changes in the expression of Ecadherin repressors, Snail, Slug, SIP1 and Twist, in the development and progression of ovarian carcinoma: the important role of Snail in ovarian tumorigenesis and progression. Med. Mol. Morphol. 42, 82-91.
93. Zhang B., Barekati Z., Kohler C., Radpour R., Asadollahi R., Holzgreve W. and Zhong X.Y. (2010). Proteomics and biomarkers for ovarian cancer diagnosis. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 40, 218-225.
94. Zhang B., Cai F.F. and Zhong X.Y. (2011). An overview of biomarkers for the ovarian cancer diagnosis. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 158, 119-123.
95. Zhang L., Conejo-Garcia J.R., Katsaros D., Gimotty P.A., Massobrio M., Regnani G., Makrigiannakis A., Gray H., Schlienger K., Liebman M.N., Rubin S.C. and Coukos G. (2003). Intratumoral T cells, recurrence, and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 16, 203-213.
96. Zhang Z., Bast R.C. Jr, Yu Y., Li J., Sokoll L.J., Rai A.J., Rosenzweig J.M., Cameron B., Wang Y.Y., Meng X.Y., Berchuck A., Van Haaften-Day C., Hacker N.F., de Bruijn H.W., van der Zee A.G., Jacobs I.J., Fung E.T. and Chan D.W. (2004). Three biomarkers identified from serum proteomic analysis for detection of early stage ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 64, 5882-5890.