Victimization experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals: A meta-analysis

Journal of Sex Research

Volumn 49, Issue 2-3, 2012, Pages 142-167

  Katz Wise, Sabra L ^a   Hyde, Janet S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMAN; MALE; META ANALYSIS; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES; VICTIM;

CRIME VICTIMS; FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMANS; MALE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84859203548     PISSN: 00224499     EISSN: 15598519     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2011.637247     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. American Association of University Women. (2001). Hostile hallways: Bullying, teasing, and sexual harassment in school. New York, NY: Harris/Scholastic Research.
2. Anhalt, K., &, Morris, T. L. (1998). Developmental and adjustment issues of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 215-230. doi: 10.1023/A:1022660101392 (Pubitemid 128691604)
3. Balsam, K. F., &, D'Augelli, A. R. (2006). The victimization of older LGBT adults: Patterns, impact, and implications for intervention. In D. Kimmel., T. Rose. & S. David. (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender aging: Research and clinical perspectives (pp. 110-130). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
4. Berrill, K. T. (1992). Anti-gay violence and victimization in the United States: An overview. In G. M. Herek. & K. T. Berrill. (Eds.), Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men (pp. 19-45). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
5. Bontempo, D. E., &, D'Augelli, A. R. (2002). Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths' health risk behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30, 364-374. doi: 10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00415-3 (Pubitemid 34462127)
6. Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., &, Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. West Sussex, England: Wiley.
7. Briere, J. (1992). Child abuse trauma: Theory and treatment of the lasting effects. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
8. Burke, B. P., &, White, J. C. (2001). Wellbeing of gay, lesbian, and bisexual doctors. British Medical Journal, 322, 422-425. doi: 10.1136/bmj.322.7283.422
9. Carbone-Lopez, K., Esbensen, F. A., &, Brick, B. T. (2010). Correlates and consequences of peer victimization: Gender differences in direct and indirect forms of bullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 8, 332-350.
10. Cogan, J. C. (1996). The prevention of anti-lesbian/gay hate crimes through social change and empowerment. In E. Rothblum. & L. A. Bond. (Eds.), Preventing heterosexism and homophobia (pp. 219-238). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
11. Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavior sciences. (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: Academic. doi: 10.1007/s10211-004-0095-z
12. Craig, K. (2002). Examining hate-motivated aggression: A review of the social psychological literature on hate crimes as a distinct form of aggression. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 7, 85-101. doi: 10.1016/S1359-1789(00)00039- 2 (Pubitemid 34003001)
13. Croteau, J. M. (1996). Research on the work experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people: An integrative review of methodology and findings. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48, 195-209. doi: 10.1006/jvbe.1996.0018 (Pubitemid 126162068)
14. D'Augelli, A. R. (1992). Lesbian and gay male undergraduates'; experiences of harassment and fear on campus. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7, 383-395. doi: 10.1177/088626092007003007
15. D'Augelli, A. R. (1993). Preventing mental health problems among lesbian and gay college students. Journal of Primary Prevention, 13, 245-261. doi: 10.1007/BF01324561 (Pubitemid 23170765)
16. D'Augelli, A. R. (2002). Mental health problems among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths ages 14 to 21. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 433-456. doi: 10.1177/1359104502007003039
17. D'Augelli, A. R., &, Grossman, A. H. (2001). Disclosure of sexual orientation, victimization, and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 1008-1027. doi: 10.1177/088626001016010003 (Pubitemid 33337679)
18. D'Augelli, A. R., Grossman, A. H., &, Starks, M. T. (2006). Childhood gender atypicality, victimization, and PTSD among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 1462-1482. doi: 10.1177/0886260506293482 (Pubitemid 44563780)
19. D'Augelli, A. R., Pilkington, N. W., &, Hershberger, S. L. (2002). Incidence and mental health impact of sexual orientation victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths in high school. School Psychology Quarterly, 17, 148-167. doi: 10.1521/scpq.17.2.148.20854 (Pubitemid 36774454)
20. Davis, J. A., Smith, T. W., &, Marsden, P. V. (2010). General Social Surveys, 1972-2008. Storrs, CT: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. doi: 10.3886/ICPSR25962
21. Dworkin, S. H., &, Yi, H. (2003). LGBT identity, violence, and social justice: The psychological is political. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 25, 269-279. doi: 10.1023/B:ADCO.0000005526.87218.9f (Pubitemid 39046317)
22. Elliott, D. M., Mok, D. S., &, Briere, J. (2005). Adult sexual assault: Prevalence, symptomatology, and sex differences in the general population. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 203-211. doi: 10.1023/B:JOTS. 0000029263.11104.23
23. Espelage, D. L., &, Holt, M. L. (2001). Bullying and victimization during early adolescence: Peer influences and psychosocial correlates. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2 (3), 123-142. doi: 10.1300/J135v02n02-08 (Pubitemid 34406459)
24. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. (2009). Uniform crime report: Hate crime statistics, 2008. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2008/index.html
25. Fernald, J. L. (1995). Interpersonal heterosexism. In B. Lott. & D. Maluso. (Eds.), The social psychology of interpersonal discrimination (pp. 80-117). New York, NY: Guilford.
26. Finkelhor, D., &, Kendall-Tackett, K. (1997). A developmental perspective on the childhood impact of crime, abuse, and violent victimization. In D. Cicchetti. & S. L. Toth. (Eds.), Developmental perspectives on trauma: Theory, research and intervention. Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychology (Vol. 8, pp. 1-32). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
27. Franklin, K. (2000). Antigay behaviors among young adults: Prevalence, patterns, and motivators in a noncriminal population. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 339-362. doi: 10.1177/088626000015004001
28. Garnets, L., Herek, G. M., &, Levy, B. (1990). Violence and victimization of lesbians and gay men: Mental health consequences. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 366-383. doi: 10.1177/088626090005003010
29. Harper, G. W., &, Schneider, M. (2003). Oppression and discrimination among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered people and communities: A challenge for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 243-252. doi: 10.1023/A:1023906620085 (Pubitemid 39550177)
30. Haslam, N., &, Levy, S. R. (2006). Essentialist beliefs about homosexuality: Structure and implications for prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 471-485. doi: 10.1177/0146167205276516
31. Hebl, M. R., Foster, J. B., Mannix, L. M., &, Dovidio, J. F. (2002). Formal and interpersonal discrimination: A field study of bias toward homosexual applicants. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 815-825. doi: 10.1177/0146167202289010 (Pubitemid 41269842)
32. Herek, G. M. (1986). The Yale Sexual Orientation Survey: A report on the experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual members of the Yale community. Unpublished manuscript.
33. Herek, G. M. (1992). Hate crimes against lesbians and gay men: Issues for research and policy. In W. R. Dynes. & S. Donaldson. (Eds.), Discrimination, criminology, and the law (pp. 216-223). New York, NY: Garland.
34. Herek, G. M. (1994). Heterosexism, hate crimes, and the law. In M. Costanzo. & O. Oskamp. (Eds.), Violence and the law (pp. 89-112). London, England: Sage.
35. Herek, G. M. (2009). Hate crimes and stigma-related experiences among sexual minority adults in the United States: Prevalence estimates from a national probability sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 54-74. doi: 10.1177/0886260508316477
36. Herek, G. M., &, Berrill, K. T. (1990). Documenting the victimization of lesbians and gay men: Methodological issues. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 301-315. doi: 10.1177/088626090005003005
37. Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., &, Cogan, J. C. (1999). Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 945-951. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.945
38. Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., Cogan, J. C., &, Glunt, E. K. (1997). Hate crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 195-215. doi: 10.1177/088626097012002003
39. Hershberger, S. L., &, D'Augelli, A. R. (1995). The impact of victimization on the mental health and suicidality of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Developmental Psychology, 31, 65-74. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.31.1.65
40. Hooper, L. M., Stockton, P., Krupnick, J. L., &, Green, B. L. (2011). Development, use, and psychometric properties of the Trauma History Questionnaire. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16, 258-283. doi: 10.1080/15325024.2011.572035
41. Horn, S. S., &, Nucci, L. (2006). Harassment of gay and lesbian youth and school violence in America. In C. Daiute., Z. Beykont., C. Smith-Higson. & L. Nucci. (Eds.), International perspectives on youth conflict and development (pp. 139-155). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
42. Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581-592. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.581 (Pubitemid 41396749)
43. Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., &, Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
44. Kosciw, J. G., &, Diaz, E. M. (2006). The 2005 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth in our nation's schools. New York, NY: Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network. http://www.glsen.org/binary-data/GLSEN-ATTACHMENTS/file/585-1.pdf
45. Koss, M. P., &, Oros, C. J. (1982). Sexual Experiences Survey: A research instrument investigating sexual aggression and victimization. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 455-457. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.50.3. 455 (Pubitemid 13212743)
46. Landrine, H., &, Klonoff, E. A. (1996). The schedule of racist events: A measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences. Journal of Black Psychology, 22, 144-168. (Pubitemid 126064833)
47. Landrine, H., Klonoff, E. A., Alcaraz, R., Scott, J., &, Wilkins, P. (1995). Multiple status variables in discrimination. In B. Lott. & D. Maluso. (Eds.), The social psychology of interpersonal discrimination (pp. 183-224). New York, NY: Guilford.
48. Lewis, R. J., Derlega, V. J., Berndt, A., Morris, L. M., &, Rose, S. (2001). An empirical analysis of stressors for gay men and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 42, 63-88. doi: 10.1300/J082v42n01 (Pubitemid 34303726)
49. Lipsey, M. W., &, Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. London, England: Sage.
50. Loftus, E. (2001). America's liberalization in attitudes toward homosexuality, 1973-1998. American Sociological Review, 66, 762-782. doi: 10.2307/3088957
51. Mays, V. M., &, Cochran, S. D. (2001). Mental health correlates of perceived discrimination among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the united states. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1869-1876. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1869 (Pubitemid 33031748)
52. McCormack, M. (2011). The declining significance of homohysteria for male students in three sixth forms in the south of England. British Educational Research Journal, 37, 337-353. doi: 10.1080/01411921003653357
53. McDevitt, J., Balboni, J., Garcia, L., &, Gu, J. (2001). Consequences for victims: A comparison of bias-and non-bias-motivated assaults. American Behavioral Scientist, 45, 697-713. doi: 10.1177/00027640121957321 (Pubitemid 33361782)
54. Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674-697. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674 (Pubitemid 37394946)
55. Neisen, J. H. (1993). Healing from cultural victimization: Recovery from shame due to heterosexism. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 2, 49-63. doi: 10.1300/J236v02n01-04
56. Paul, B. (2009). Predicting Internet pornography use and arousal: The role of individual difference variables. Journal of Sex Research, 46, 344-357. doi: 10.1080/00224490902754152
57. Peplau, L. A., &, Fingerhut, A. W. (2007). The close relationships of lesbians and gay men. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 405-424. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085701
58. Rankin, S. R. (2003). Campus climate for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people: A national perspective. New York, NY: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute.
59. Rieger, G., Linsenmeier, J. A. W., Gygax, L., Garcia, S., &, Bailey, J. M. (2010). Dissecting gaydar: Accuracy and the role of masculinity- femininity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 124-140. doi: 10.1007/s10508-008- 9405-2
60. Rivers, I., &, D'Augelli, A. R. (2001). The victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. In A. R. D'Augelli. & C. J. Patterson. (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities and youth: Psychological perspectives (pp. 199-223). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
61. Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638-641. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638
62. Russell, S. T., &, Seif, H. (2002). Bisexual female adolescents: A critical analysis of past research and results from a national survey. Journal of Bisexuality, 2, 73-94. doi: 10.1300/J159v02n02-05
63. Ryan, C., &, Rivers, I. (2003). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: Victimization and its correlates in the USA and UK. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 5, 103-119. doi: 10.1080/1369105011000012883 (Pubitemid 36511496)
64. Ryan, S., &, Whitlock, C. (2006). Becoming parents: Lesbian mothers' adoption experience. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services: Issues in Practice, Policy & Research, 19, 1-23. doi: 10.1080/10538720802131642
65. Savin-Williams, R. C. (1994). Verbal and physical abuse as stressors in the lives of lesbian, gay male, and bisexual youths: Associations with school problems, running away, substance abuse, prostitution, and suicide. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 261-269. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.62.2.261 (Pubitemid 24129503)
66. Savin-Williams, R. C. (2001). A critique of research on sexual-minority youths. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 5-13. doi: 10.1006/jado.2000.0369 (Pubitemid 32236902)
67. Savin-Williams, R. C. (2005). The new gay teenager. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
68. Savin-Williams, R. C., &, Diamond, L. M. (1999). Sexual orientation. In W. K. Silverman. & T. H. Ollendick. (Eds.), Developmental issues in the clinical treatment of children (pp. 241-258). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
69. Selvidge, M. (2000). The relationship of sexist events, heterosexist events, self-concealment and self-monitoring to psychological well-being in lesbian and bisexual women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN.
70. Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Finkelhor, D., Moore, D. W., &, Runyan, D. (1998). Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 249-270. doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00174-9 (Pubitemid 28158814)
71. Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
72. Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., &, Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62, 271-286. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271
73. Szymanski, D. M. (2006). Does internalized heterosexism moderate the link between heterosexist events and lesbians' psychological distress? Sex Roles, 54, 227-234. doi: 10.1007/s11199-006-9340-4 (Pubitemid 44127161)
74. Udry, J. R., &, Chantala, K. M. (2002). Risk assessment of adolescents with same-sex relationships. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31, 84-92. doi: 10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00374-9 (Pubitemid 34667301)
75. U.S. Department of Justice. (1999). Hate crime data collection guidelines: Uniform crime reporting. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/hcguidelinesdc99.pdf
76. United States Congress (101st Congress). (1990). Hate Crime Statistics Act (Public Law 101-275). Washington, DC: Author.
77. Waldo, C. R. (1999). Working in a majority context: A structural model of heterosexism as minority stress in the workplace. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 218-232. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.46.2.218 (Pubitemid 29432045)
78. Warner, M. (1991). Introduction: Fear of a queer planet. Social Text, 29, 3-17.